Misplaced Pages

#938061

94-397: The establishment of Royal Defense Command is said to have been established in ≪Sokdaejeon≫ by remodeling Namhansanseong Fortress in the 4th year of King Injo 's reign (1626) and establishing the administrative offices of Gwangju , etc., but the fact of its establishment cannot be found in the records of the time. Namhansanseong Fortress was rebuilt as a defensive position on the outskirts of

188-473: A contribution. There were also many "吹鐵牙兵" (blowing iron soldiers) and numerous "둔전" (guards) belonging to the Chongyungsa. Therefore, the Chongyungsa was operated not by the national treasury but by its own procurement expenses. Most of the troops were composed of local militias or private armies from the region, defending Seoul from internal and external threats. On the other hand, during the early stages when

282-507: A dual system was adopted, with Abyeong soldiers from the Left and Right divisions serving in the capital, and the Buyun appointed as Busa (deputy commander) overseeing Namhansanseong Fortress. However, the fundamental contradiction remained unresolved. Throughout its existence, Royal Defense Command underwent various changes in its organizational structure and leadership positions. During times of emergency,

376-462: A dual wall of defense military camps on the outskirts of the capital along with Command of the Northern Approaches. The Royal Defense Command abolished the camps of other provinces that were installed along the route of Jeokchim in the past and replacing them with Gyeonggi-do County. As a result, the three Yeongs of Gyeongju, Cheongju, and Jangsan on the left side of Gyeonggi Province belonged to

470-563: A military system called the "3 Yeongs (camps) and 2 Bus (divisions)" in 1704 (the 30th year of Sukjong's reign). The three Yeongs were established in Gwangju , Juk-san, and Yangju , and the organization consisted of a total of 5 sa (divisions) and 25 cho (sub-divisions). The two Bus were divided into the Left and Right divisions, consisting of Abyeong (infantry), Mabyeong (cavalry), Huneomabogun (training and mounted infantry), and Chinya-gun (personal guards). Abyeong had 16 cho, Mabyeong had 3 cho, and

564-683: A poor economic state for a few centuries. King Gwanghaegun , who was considered a wise diplomat, kept his neutral policy between the Ming dynasty , which was Joseon's traditional ally, and the growing Jurchens (later Manchus and Qing dynasty). However, following the fall of Gwanghaegun , conservative Westerners took a hard-line policy toward the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty , keeping their alliance with Ming dynasty. The Later Jin, who had up until that time remained mostly friendly to Joseon, began to regard Joseon as an enemy. Han Yun , who participated in

658-460: A regular army under the command of General Jang Man ( 张晚 ) and surrounded Hanseong in what is known as the Battle of Jeotan. Injo fled to Gongju , and Hanseong fell into the hands of the rebels. On February 11, 1624, Yi Gwal enthroned Prince Heungan (興安君, 흥안군) as the new King. However, General Jang Man soon returned with another regiment and defeated Yi Gwal 's forces. The Korean army recaptured

752-544: A reward for his role in the coup. In 1624, he rebelled against Injo after being sent to the Northern front as military commander of Pyongyang to fight against the expanding Manchus, while other significant leaders of the coup were rewarded with positions in the King's court. Yi Gwal led 12,000 troops, including 100 Japanese (who defected to Joseon during Japanese invasions of Korea ), to the capital, Hanseong , where Yi Gwal defeated

846-420: Is also recorded in the "Mangiyoram," stating that in the 15th year of Sukjong's reign, Yangju was renamed as Paju, but during the military reorganization in the 30th year of Sukjong's reign, it was changed to Jangdan, suggesting that Paju Daejeong came after that. Thus, the old military system of the 2nd division (internal camp) and the three-camp system (external camp) was reorganized into a three-camp system in

940-522: Is evident that the Chongyungsa, which had been responsible for overseeing the entire Gyeonggi Province until the resignation of Lee Seo in the twelfth year of King Injo's reign, exercised supervision over the Suwonseong. During the reign of King Hyojong, the Suwonseong became a military camp, and the northern part of the capital came under the responsibility of the Command of the Northern Approaches centered around

1034-530: Is that of Silrok, who was replaced in November 10th year of King Injo's reign, with Lee Jeong-il as Sueosa and Shim Gi-won as his assistant. Therefore, it is thought that the fortress defense officer, who also served as Gwangju pastor, was changed to Sueosa in the 10s of King Injo and took full charge of fortress affairs, and the following year, the busa was changed to 別將, establishing the Sueosa and villa system. However, at

SECTION 10

#1732854938939

1128-566: The Qing dynasty , and proceeded to invade Joseon personally. The Qing forces purposely avoided battle with General Im Gyeong-eop , a prominent Joseon army commander who was guarding the Uiju Fortress at the time. A Qing army of 128,000 men marched directly into Hanseong before Injo could escape to Ganghwa Island , driving Injo to Namhan Mountain Fortress instead. Running out of food and supplies after

1222-525: The 16th year of King Sukjong (dual-won system), the 26th year of King Yeongjo (single-won system), and the Environmental Office (dual-won system) in the 35th year of King Yeongjo’s reign. The command structure consisted of a Sa (Commander), Junggun (Deputy Commander), Gunjang (Division Commander), Byeoljang (Brigade Commander), Cheonchong (Regiment Commander), Pachong (Battalion Commander), and Chogwan (Company Commander), similar to other garrisons. In

1316-454: The 2 brigades and three divisions. These Sogogun were based on duty, and the Asyeong were soldiers who made their living based on dunjeon. In particular, under the dual system, these subordinate soldiers were directly subordinate to the left and right villas of Cheongcheong (Sueocheong), but even after the unification of the mountain fortress, the mountain castle villa disappeared, and the left villa

1410-514: The 26th year of King Yeongjo's reign (1780), the Chongyungsa was temporarily merged with the Gyeongibyungsa due to financial constraints. They were sent to the Bukhansanseong fortress. However, in the 36th year, it was restored to the previous system, and for a brief period in the 40th year, it changed to a five-division system. In the 11th year of King Jeongjo 's reign (1787), it reverted to

1504-420: The 30th year of King Sukjong's reign (1704), and the internal camp was abolished. The central camp became the 3rd division, and the left and right camps became two divisions each. Each division had two units, and each unit had five seconds, resulting in a total of 15,181 regular soldiers. The remaining military personnel and newcomers were designated as military suppliers, and the yangin had to pay 12 du (6 du after

1598-484: The Bukhansanseong, while the southern part came under the jurisdiction of the Suwonseong. During the early reign of King Sunjo of Joseon , the Jangyong forces were abolished. The Command of the Northern Approaches existed until the 19th century, renamed as Chongwiyeong (총위영) in 1846 (during the reign of King Heonjong , 헌종 12), but restored to its original name in 1849 (during the reign of King Cheoljong ). In 1882 (during

1692-612: The Command of the Northern Approaches underwent a transformation into the Nei-Waiying system. In the twenty-fourth year of King Injo's reign, Chongyungsa Gwiryeon was appointed to select ten soldiers from the Command of the Northern Approaches as the Zhuangchaojun (壯抄軍) and three soldiers as the Tunzhuangchao (屯壯抄), who would be stationed in the capital for three months during winter to perform duties related to palace security. To reinforce

1786-585: The Command of the Northern Approaches was combined with the Gyeonggi Army, and the headquarters were established in Bukhansanseong in the form of a military expedition. In 1757, the Kyengrichong (Administration Bureau) that managed Bukhansanseong was transferred to the Chongyung Command, which became responsible for the defense of the northern outskirts of Gyeonggi Province centered around Bukhansanseong. In

1880-589: The Command. Yi Seo (李曙) became the first commander. He concurrently held the position of Dang Sang of the Bibyeonsa (the Ministry of Personnel Affairs) on a regular basis. In 1750 (the 26th year of King Yeongjo's reign), it was combined with the Gyeonggi Army, but was abolished in 1760. In 1764, it concurrently held the position of Jojiseojejo (the Chief of Paper Manufacturing Bureau) on a regular basis. The principal officer oversaw

1974-677: The Eoyeonggun and organizing the Chongyunggun centered around the Sokeogun in Gyeonggi Province. Lee Seo, the Gyeonggi governor at the time, was appointed as the responsible official and given the title of Gibojongyungsa (畿輔摠戎使). In June of the second year, his title was changed to Chongyunggun Gibojongyungsa, and the region under his jurisdiction, Gyeonggi Province, became known as the Chongyunggun for

SECTION 20

#1732854938939

2068-528: The Greater Northerners, such as Jeong In-hong and Yi I-cheom . The actions made Gwanghaegun even more unpopular among wealthy aristocrats, and they finally began plotting against him. In 1623, members of the ultra-conservative Westerners faction, Kim Ja-jeom , Kim Ryu , Yi Gwi and Yi Gwal , launched a coup that resulted in the dethroning of Gwanghaegun , who was sent into exile on Jeju Island . Jeong In-hong and Yi Yicheom were killed, and this

2162-607: The Jangyong Outer Forces centered around Hwaseong were established, and all Chongyung forces were incorporated into it. The primary role of the Command of the Northern Approaches was not to directly defend the capital and protect the king, but rather to indirectly contribute to the defense of the capital by guarding the outskirts against the Later Jin. To reinforce the Chongyung forces, the government attracted farmers to settle in

2256-811: The Jeongmyo War, the title of Suosa (defensive commander) was first introduced, and after the Byeongjahoran War in 1636, the Suo system centered around Suosa in Namhansanseong Fortress was established. Suocheong was organized under Gyeonggi Province, with Namhansanseong Fortress as its base. Conflicts arose between the Suosa, who held military authority as a high-ranking court official, and the Gwangju Buyun, responsible for administration. To address these contradictions,

2350-495: The Judge (Pangwan) also served as the commander of the whole camp. In the later period, the organization shifted from a 1 Yeong=5 Sa system to a 4 Sa system, but there were no changes in the 3 Yeongs and 2 Bus system. As a result, Gwangju Buyun was promoted to a higher position, and Suocheong was relocated to the fortress, creating a unified system where Suosa also held the position of Suosa in the fortress. However, this also did not resolve

2444-498: The Junic System was implemented), while the nogun had to pay 6 du. This brought the total number of troops to 23,157, completing the military camp system. Based on this, it seems that the internal camp system was merged into the three-camp system. However, the organization of the internal camp system is still intact within the military system of the Chongyungsa, indicating that the Chongyungsa itself, although conceptual, still maintained

2538-513: The Later Jin, but was unable to repel the invasion. Once again, Injo fled to Ganghwa Island . Meanwhile, the Later Jin had no reason to attack Joseon and decided to go back to prepare for war against the Ming, and peace soon settled. The Later Jin and Joseon dynasties were declared brother nations and the Later Jin withdrew from the Korean peninsula. However, most Westerners kept their hard-line policy despite

2632-702: The Manchu managed to cut all supply lines, Injo finally surrendered to the Qing dynasty ceremoniously bowing to the Hong Taiji nine times as Hong Taiji's servant, and agreeing to the Treaty of Samjeondo , which required Injo's first and second son to be taken to China as captives. Joseon then became a tributary state to the Qing dynasty, and the Qing went on to conquer the Central Plain in 1644. After Qing conquered Beijing in 1644,

2726-579: The Naeyoung system was not fully established, the external military camps operated under the 7-yeongje or 5-yeongje system without clear divisions. However, with the establishment of the internal and external military camp system, the Naeyoung adopted the Yangbu system, divided into left and right sections, while the external camps followed the 3-yeongje system. In particular, the outer regions of Gyeonggi Province, including Suwon and Yangju, experienced several changes in

2820-555: The Northern Approaches The Command of the Northern Approaches ( Korean :  총융청 ; RR :  Chongyungcheong ; MR :  Ch'ongyungch'ŏng ) was a military camp established during the late Joseon Dynasty in order to strengthen the defense of the outskirts of Hanseong through the Bukhansanseong Fortress. The Command of the Northern Approaches was established to strengthen

2914-600: The Northern Approaches had the Bukhansanseongcheong , Royal Defense Command also had the Namhansanseongcheong, so there was a separate organization below the Jeongseongjang (廣州留守兼). This system of 4 camps and 3 departments had some changes, such as the abolition of the sub-soldier registration system that used to serve as a military officer, but it was maintained until the 30s of King Sukjong's reign and formed

Royal Defense Command - Misplaced Pages Continue

3008-752: The Royal Defense Command, and the three Yeongs of Namyang , Suwonju , and Jangjeong on the Gyeonggi Udo Island belonged to the Command of the Northern Approaches and were responsible for guarding the outskirts of the capital from the north and south. All of the Hoseo infantry units belonging to the Northern Defense Command's headquarters were Chungcheong -do troops, and they were 12 seconds, 12 infantry heads (later 6 heads) and 6 female infantry heads (later 3 heads) of non-speeding military units. It

3102-782: The Seongjeong period are as follows. The outline of the subordinate camp system (Sokyeong taeje) in which nearby military forces entered the fortress and guarded it was first revealed around 1656 (the 7th year of Hyojong's reign). Initially, to defend Namhansanseong Fortress on the outskirts of Seoul, a temporary defense system was established by mobilizing 1,600 soldiers from Gwangju County, Juk-sanjin, Yangjujin, and Wonsu-jin in Gangwon Province, Hwiyangjin, and Chungjujin in Chungcheong Province. The organizational structure of Suocheong underwent several changes and gradually transformed into

3196-458: The Sokeogun of Gwangju , Yangju , Juk-san, and other regions defended the camp. After the Qing invasion of Joseon , various interests were intertwined between Sueosa of Gyeongbok, the military officer appointed as Minister of Huncheok surrounding Namhansanseong Fortress, and Busa, Gwangju Buyun (promoted from 牧使 in the first month of the 14th year of King Injo's reign), the administrative officer. In order to resolve these contradictions, sometimes

3290-515: The Southern faction supported more moderate measures. At the time of Seonjo 's death, the Northern faction, which gained control of the government at the time, was divided into left-wing Greater Northerners and more moderate Lesser Northerners. As Gwanghaegun inherited the throne, the Greater Northern political faction, which supported him as heir to the crown, became the major political faction in

3384-525: The Sureocheong), monks, and various military officers who were transferred from Cheongjeong were all mere Sumipogun. It had little use as a water fish group. In particular, there were as many as 5,000 people who belonged to the ranks of military officers, but they were all non-communicative, non-independent, and non-competitive, and the Nabmi army also used this to build stations, so it almost lost its effectiveness in

3478-473: The Suryeogyeongcheong is moved to the fortress and Gwangju Buyun is promoted to a military base to serve as a unitary system, and sometimes it is reduced to a dual system where a separate sueosa protects the fortress. In the midst of the struggle for military power, several changes took place. In other words, changes in the Ministry of Environment (single-won system) in the 9th year of King Sukjong (1683),

3572-530: The aim of strengthening royal authority, Jangyongyeong (壯勇營) was established. Most of the Gyeonggi troops were included in the Jangyongwaeyoung (the Jangyong's external army). The Royal Defense Command, which was also responsible for the Gyeonggi province, could not maintain its military organization and was completely abolished along with the Gyeongcheong making the defense of the fortress permanent and part of

3666-601: The authority of the Seoin faction , which accompanied the king and princess and provided security after the Injo Coup. It also organized the local military and defense forces in Gyeonggi Province into a unified command structure. The Command of the Northern Approaches was established in 1624 (the 2nd year of King Injo of Joseon 's reign) due to the need for defense in the outskirts of the capital following Yi Gwal's Rebellion and

3760-413: The basic composition. Notably, there are Dunchong and Dunabyeong, which cannot be found in other military camps, indicating that they may be the rear guards of the Chongyungsa, the central military headquarters. Therefore, even in the "Sokdaejeon," it is sometimes described as only 4sa (Pachong 4 officers) = 20cho (Chogwan 20 officers) alone. The commander (Chongyungsa) was an officer position in charge of

3854-422: The basic organizational structure, the Naeyoung also had training officers, military officers, and supervisory officers, similar to other military camps. It included officers for leisure activities (Kanryanggungwan, Zaijagungwan) and had 995 civilian soldiers responsible for miscellaneous tasks. In addition, there were "良軍需保" (good military suppliers) and "奴軍需保" (slave military suppliers). Each of them paid 6 du as

Royal Defense Command - Misplaced Pages Continue

3948-513: The capital or as a refuge in case of emergency to deal with the increasing pressure of the Later Jin Dynasty , whose power expanded during the period of domestic and international turmoil after the Japanese invasion of Korea . In other words, from July of the 2nd year of King Injo's reign, the work was completed in November of the 4th year of King Injo's reign, with Buddhist priests from all over

4042-434: The capital soon after, and Yi Gwal was murdered by his bodyguard, ending the rebellion. Even though Injo kept his throne, the uprising displayed the weaknesses of royal authority while asserting the superiority of the aristocrats, who had gained even more power by fighting against the rebellion. The economy, which was experiencing a slight recovery from Gwanghaegun 's reconstruction, was again ruined, and Korea would remain in

4136-513: The cattle units located in each town in the Gyeonggi Province, the right division comprised the infantry units located in each village in the Hoseo region, as well as 8,800 new recruits from towns in the Yeongseo region and 300 old cattle units from Hongju, Gyeongseong, and Seopyeong. In total, it was organized into a 4-young and 3-part system with about 20,000 Suseong-jol soldiers, and the Sanseong 僧廍 army

4230-418: The country as the main players, and Samnammunjeongsa Temple and others as Namhan Gujang-dang under the general supervision of Chongyungsa Lee Su. However, the Qing invasion of Joseon broke out before the necessary defense facilities and systems were in place. Therefore, various systems were established after this Horan, and in November of the 6th year of King Injo's reign, Lee Si-myeong, the governor of Gwangju,

4324-568: The deteriorating relationship with the Later Jin Dynasty . The installation of the Command of the Northern Approaches system was prompted by the vulnerability revealed when the rebel forces easily penetrated the defensive line in the outskirts of Gyeonggi Province and occupied Seoul the following year. When the Command of the Northern Approaches was initially established, a military camp was set up in Bukiyeong (North Second Camp) in Sajik-dong. Although

4418-411: The early stages of the unit's establishment, the main focus was on actual combat and defense forces. However, after the headquarters was relocated to Namhansanseong during King Jeongjo's reign, the number of gunners (artillery troops) gradually increased. During times of emergency, the Sokeogun of Gwangju, Yangju, Juk-san, and other regions defended the establishment of Suocheong, a central military camp in

4512-416: The establishment of Royal Defense Command (central military camp), "Sokdaejeon" records that in 1626 (the 4th year of Injo's reign), Namhansanseong Fortress was constructed and a cheong (headquarters) was established to properly manage the military affairs of Gwangju and other regions. However, the records from that time do not mention the actual establishment of Royal Defense Command. Around 1632, shortly after

4606-507: The first time. However, in 1669 (the 10th year of King Hyunjong's reign), it was relocated to Samcheong -dong and in 1747 (the 23rd year of King Yeongjo's reign), it was further moved to Yeonyungdae to manage Bukhansanseong , taking charge of the defense of the northern outskirts of the capital in Gyeonggi Province. Initially, the total strength of the Chongyung forces, which included the local military, defense forces, and detached cavalry, amounted to about 20,000 personnel. The Chongyunggun

4700-411: The following year's October 15th, with each army rotating its assigned positions every four cho. However, when they were not on duty, civilian soldiers had to pay 6 du, while slave soldiers had to pay 3 du. Additionally, based on the assigned names like Chochong, it seems that they were selected from among the conscripts and had to offer their share of jebeonmi if they were assigned military duties. Besides

4794-522: The fortress. In addition, this 4-Yeong 3-part system, like the Command of the Northern Approaches, is an inner-outer-yeong system with three inner-yeongs centered on listening and four outer-yeongs centered on inner-yeong. The unit was organized into a system of 3 divisions and 2 brigades. The majority of the troops in the Royal Defense Command Garrison were from Gyeonggi Province. The soldiers were Sogogun and junior soldiers who belonged to

SECTION 50

#1732854938939

4888-415: The fundamental contradiction, leading to several changes, including the reintroduction of the capital. It was around the 7th year of King Hyojong's reign that the military administration system of Royal Defense Command, which was free of change, was established. In other words, at this time, the system for entering the mountain fortress was established for the first time. At this time, 16,000 people including

4982-439: The funeral period for his son. Later, Injo also executed Sohyeon's wife who tried to find out the real reason for her husband's death. King Injo appointed Grand Prince Bongrim as new Crown Prince (who later became King Hyojong ) rather than Prince Sohyeon's oldest son, Prince Gyeongseon. Soon after, Injo ordered the exile of Prince Sohyeon's three sons to Jeju Island (from which only the youngest son, Prince Gyeongan, returned to

5076-528: The governor of Gwangju, could not maintain the system of a military camp. There was a systematic structure in place, but in reality, ceremonies such as the Sungjo (rituals performed by the king) were rarely conducted. In other words, there were cases where a Sungjo was not performed for as long as 20 years due to reasons such as bad harvests, hindrance to agriculture, epidemic diseases, royal decrees, and royal visits. In 1795 (the 19th year of King Jeongjo's reign), with

5170-546: The governor, warrant officer, or defense officer.0517)In the 4th year of King Hyeonjong's reign (1663), this provincial system was changed again to a 4-yeong and 3-bu system. In other words, Chungju, which was part of the main office, was excluded from the entrance to the fortress to protect Yeongju, and Yeongwon (淮陽) was excluded from the fortress entrance to protect the northern road, and four provinces were created into Guangju, Yangju, Jeoksan, and Wonju, and Jeonghwaeong and Wonju were appointed instead. The left division consisted of

5264-452: The head. Legends say that Injo killed his own son with an ink slab that Sohyeon brought from China; however, some historians suggest he was poisoned by the fact that he had black spots all over his body after his death and that his body decomposed rapidly. Many, including his wife, tried to uncover what happened but Injo ordered immediate burial and greatly reduced the grandeur of the practice of Crown Prince's funeral. King Injo even shortened

5358-444: The internal camp system (本廳) and the external camp system (屬營) in the form of the 2nd and 3rd divisions. The initial organization of the military in Gyeonggi Province consisted of five divisions: Suwon , Gwangju , Yangju , Changpum, and Namyang , with three units in each camp, three companies in each unit, and three squads in each company, totaling about 20,000 soldiers. In November of the second year of King Injo's reign (1624), it

5452-482: The introduction of the title Suosa (defensive commander). After the invasion in 1636, the Suo system centered around the Suosa in Namhansanseong Fortress was established. Subsequently, the subordinate camp system, known as Sokyeong taeje, was developed around 1656. This system involved nearby military forces entering the fortress to provide defense. Initially, temporary defenses were organized by mobilizing soldiers from various regions. When Suosa combined with Gwangju Buyun,

5546-400: The jurisdiction of military officers due to the dynamics between the camps. However, around the 13th year of King Sukjong's reign (1687), the 3-yeongje system was firmly established. According to the "Mangiyoram," it states, "In the 13th year of Sukjong's reign, at the request of Suocheong, Namyang was moved to Nampo, and only Suwon, Changnyeon, and Yangju were established." This 3-yeongje system

5640-491: The late Joseon period, is recorded in historical documents. Initially, Namhansanseong Fortress was constructed in 1626, and a cheong (headquarters) was established to manage military affairs in Gwangju and surrounding regions. However, the actual establishment of Suocheong is not explicitly mentioned in the records from that time. It is thought that Sueosa was appointed in the 10th year of King Injo's reign. The first record of Sueosa

5734-518: The later period. There is a systematic structure institutionally, but in reality, tongs, etc. are rarely performed. In other words, there were cases in which a person did not perform sexual intercourse even once for 20 years due to reasons such as age, fatigue, illness, physical activity, and fatigue. In particular, during the reign of King Jeongjo, Jangyongyeong was established to strengthen the royal authority, and most of Gyeonggi-gun belonged to Jangyongyeong, so Royal Defense Command, which also served as

SECTION 60

#1732854938939

5828-584: The local population were added, establishing the Inner Unit system within the Chongyungcheong. From this point on, the Chongyungcheong adopted a structure with two inner units (Neiying) and three outer units (Waiying). In 1674 (the coronation year of King Sukjong), 10 units of Ayong (牙兵) and 3 units of Dunayong (屯牙兵) were added as subordinate troops to the Chongyung Command, and the Inner and Outer Military System (內營制)

5922-473: The mainland alive) and the execution of Sohyeon's wife, Crown Princess Minhoe, for treason. Today, Injo is mostly regarded as a weak, indecisive and unstable ruler; for he caused the Yi Gwal Rebellion, two wars with the Qing dynasty, and a devastation of the economy. He is often compared negatively to his predecessor, Gwanghaegun, who was dethroned, while Injo had almost no achievements during his reign and

6016-448: The national defense system (Gwangju Yusu) and the jurisdiction of Gwangju Buyun, breaking away from the Gyeonggi military gate and becoming an independent military unit. Injo of Joseon Injo ( Korean :  인조 ; Hanja :  仁祖 ; 7 December 1595 – 17 June 1649), personal name Yi Jong ( 이종 ; 李倧 ), was the 16th monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea . He

6110-584: The northern forces, in 1644, Gu In-gi, the Chongyung Commander, selected 10 units of Jangcho (將抄軍) and 3 units of Dunjangcho (屯將抄) to station in the capital for three months during the winter, assuming the task of guarding the royal palace perimeter. In the reign of King Sukjong , ten soldiers known as Yabing (牙兵) were stationed in the Bonting (本廳) located in Samcheong-dong, and three soldiers selected from

6204-559: The numbers for Huneomabogun and Chinya-gun are unknown. The 3 Yeongs and 2 Bus system consisted of a total of 32,000 personnel, including 16,500 soldiers and various support personnel such as Pyoha-gun (subordinate soldiers) and Gunsu-nobo (military supply slaves). Also, like the Command of the Northern Approaches, other Pyohagun, and military personnel under the basic system of commanders, central soldiers, byeoljang, dispatch commanders, first officers, drill officers, military officers, and Hanryang military officers. In addition, just as Command of

6298-444: The rebellion of Yi Gwal , fled to Manchuria and urged the Later Jin ruler Nurhaci to attack Joseon; thus the friendly relationship between the Later Jin and Joseon ended. In 1627, 30,000 Manchu cavalry under General Amin (阿敏) and former Korean General Gang Hong-rip invaded Joseon , calling for the restoration of Gwanghaegun and the execution of Westerners leaders, including Kim Ja-jeom . General Jang Man again fought against

6392-404: The rebellion was suppressed, both domestic and external difficulties increased. This vulnerability highlighted not only the relationship with Later Jin but also the weakness of royal authority as King Injo was forced to flee to Gongju due to Yi Gwal's pursuit. To address this vulnerability, the Chongyunggun, focused on defending royal authority, was established, strengthening the existing army called

6486-576: The reign of King Gojong, 고종 19), the Chingunyeongje (親軍營制) was introduced, and the Chongyungcheong, Oyeongcheong (御營廳), and Geumwiyeong (禁衛營) were integrated into the Jangeoyeong (壯禦營), but later returned to the system of five military camps. They regained their function temporarily before being disbanded in 1884 (the 21st year of King Gojong 's reign) when the Chingunyeong (Capital Guard Command) system

6580-471: The royal court. Meanwhile, the conservative Western political faction remained a minor player, unable to gain power; however many members of the Western faction continued to look for opportunities to return to politics as the ruling faction. Although King Gwanghaegun (光海君, 광해군) was an outstanding administrator and great diplomat, he was largely unsupported by many politicians, scholars, and aristocrats because he

6674-536: The selection of soldiers for the Byungjo Ilgunsaek (one army color) and was responsible for the rotational training of the five commands: Suwon, Gwangju (廣州), Yangju, Jangdan, and Namyang. Under the Chongyungsa, there were one Zhongjun (中軍), two Chonchong (千摠), six Pachong (把摠), twenty-six Chogwan (哨官), five Gungwan (軍官), seventeen Gyoryeongwan (敎鍊官), and other positions such as Bujang (部將). The headquarters (職廳) were located outside Changuimun Gate (彰義門). These internal troops were divided into three armies from October 15 to

6768-564: The three troops of Gyeonggi-do's Gwangju, Yeoju, Icheon, Cheongsan-jin, and Yangju-jin, the Yangjin of Gangwon-do's Wonju-jin and Cheongyang-jin, and the Chungcheong-do's Jinju. However, under the jurisdiction of Sueosa, in reality, in times of emergency, the defense officer of Gwangju took charge of all military affairs of the 3 Yeonggi Provinces of Gyeonggi Province, and the soldiers of other provinces were allowed to enter Namhansanseong Fortress by

6862-411: The three-division system. At that time, the "마" (cavalry) and "보" (infantry) divisions, which were organized into 83 units, were reduced to a total of 43 units, consisting of 12 units of infantry (束伍步軍) with 2 units per division, 6 units of "別騎士" (renamed cavalry from the previous system), and 1 unit of "欄後軍" (rear guard) assigned to the central division, according to the "Mangiyoram." The Chongyung system

6956-508: The throne. At the time, the government was divided by various political factions and the liberal Eastern political faction came out strong after the Japanese invasions of 1582–1598 , as they fought most actively against the Japanese. The Eastern faction split during the last days of King Seonjo into the Northern and Southern political factions . The Northern faction wanted radical reform, while

7050-455: The time, Namhansanseong Fortress was not an independent military camp in name and reality of Royal Defense Command because it was within the three-yeong system of Gwangju Moksa, Sueosa, and Chongyungsa Iseo, which controlled the military jurisdiction of the entire Gyeonggi Province. In February of the 12th year of King Injo's reign, when Chongyungsa Yi Seo was replaced by Byeong, the dual system of Gwangju Moksa and Sueosa Temple changed. Suocheong

7144-493: The two princes returned to Korea. Injo's first son, Crown Prince Sohyeon , brought many new products from the western world, including Christianity , and urged Injo for reform. However, the conservative Injo would not accept his ideas and persecuted the Crown Prince for attempting to bring in foreign Catholicism and Western science into Korea. The Crown Prince was mysteriously found dead in the King's room, bleeding severely from

7238-467: The villages of each division and extensively cultivated farmland to secure military provisions. The forces operated under a self-sustaining system where they provided their own provisions and were paid with boin (保人) certificates according to the military rank system. In 1624 (the second year of King Injo's reign), Namhansanseong Fortress was reconstructed, and subsequently, the Suocheong (Command Headquarters)

7332-459: The war. Nurhaci, who had generally good opinion toward Korea, did not invade Korea again; however, when Nurhaci died and Hong Taiji succeeded him as ruler, the Later Jin again began to seek another chance for war. King Injo provided refuge to Ming general Mao Wenlong and with his unit, after they fled from the Later Jin and came to Korea; this action caused the Later Jin to invade Korea once again. In 1636, Hong Taiji officially renamed his dynasty

7426-482: Was a grandson of King Seonjo and the eldest son of Prince Jeongwon . He ascended to the throne after leading a coup d'état against his uncle, Gwanghaegun , in 1623. Today, Injo is considered a weak and incompetent king, as during his reign the country experienced Yi Gwal's Rebellion , the Later Jin invasion , the Qing invasion , and an economic recession, while the government was corrupt and ineffective. King Injo

7520-419: Was also organized. Therefore, in order to defend against foreign invasions from the south and north, the organization of the Royal Defense Command was centered on Namhansanseong Fortress. From the beginning, it was not only organized into the military of Gyeonggi-do, but even the military of villages that could become enemy infiltration routes were incorporated into the subordinate system and made efforts to defend

7614-540: Was appointed as Busa (deputy commander). However, the fundamental contradiction was not resolved. The finances of the Sueocheong, like the Command of the Northern Approaches , were based on its own economic base, such as the opening of Dunjeon, non-transcending production, or military maintenance, but it was always insufficient and could not avoid its smallness. The Royal Defense Command system began to take shape around 1632 with

7708-406: Was appointed as the commander of Namhansanseong Fortress, and at the same time, he moved the capital to the inside of the fortress and was given 20 Gyeol of Guangju County to begin establishing a defense system.0516) Initially, it started with Yi Seo, who served as both a military officer in Gyeonggi Province and the chief commander overseeing the construction of Namhansanseong Fortress. In regard to

7802-436: Was born in 1595 as a son of Prince Jeongwon , whose father was the ruling monarch King Seonjo . In 1607, Prince Jeongwon 's son was given the title, Lord Neungyang (綾陽都正, 능양도정) and later Prince Neungyang (綾陽君, 능양군); and lived as a royal family member, unsupported by any political factions that were in control of Korean politics at the time. In 1608, King Seonjo fell sick and died, and his son, Gwanghaegun , succeeded him to

7896-511: Was established as a military branch, and it can be seen that this was a military branch established for financial preservation rather than a purely military function. As the Royal Defense Command was permanently deployed to Namhansanseong Fortress during the reign of King Jeongjo, the Pyohagun, Abyeong, Byeolpajin, Gyeongju Army (those within the precincts of Gyeongju as the Yeongju Army belonged to

7990-582: Was established, gradually dividing the defense of the Gyeonggi area between Namhansanseong and Suocheong. After the Manchu invasion in 1636, conscription by the Qing Dynasty mainly targeted the Seoin faction. However, with the establishment of the Suwonseong (Suwon Fortress) in the fourth year of King Injo's reign, the defense of the southern part of Gyeonggi Province gradually shifted to the Suwonseong. Therefore, it

8084-621: Was established. Thus, the Chongyung forces were organized into two divisions, the Inner Forces and the Outer Forces, as shown in the diagram. Each division and unit had training officers, such as the Zhigugwan (知穀官) and Gipaegwan (旗牌官), and when Suwon was promoted to Yusubu, the Central Forces were relocated to Paju. In 1750 (the 26th year of King Yeongjo 's reign), due to financial constraints,

8178-457: Was followed suddenly by the Westerners replacing the Greater Northerners as the ruling political faction. The Westerners brought Injo to the palace and crowned him as the new King of Joseon . Although Injo was king, he did not have any authority since almost all of the power was held by the Western faction that had dethroned Gwanghaegun . Yi Gwal thought he was mistreated and received too small

8272-438: Was not the first-born and he was born of a concubine. Greater Northerners tried to stomp out those opinions, suppressing Lesser Northerners and killing Prince Imhae (臨海君, 임해군), the oldest son of Seonjo , and Grand Prince Yeongchang (永昌大君, 영창대군), the queen's son. It was not Gwanghaegun 's plan to keep his throne; and in fact, he actually tried to bring minor factions into the government, but was blocked by opposition from members of

8366-447: Was organized under Gyeonggi Province, with Namhansanseong Fortress as its base. As a result, various conflicts arose between Suosa, who was appointed as the military authority as a high-ranking court official, and Gwangju Buyun, who was responsible for administration. To overcome these contradictions, a dual system was adopted where the Left and Right divisions' Abyeong served in the capital, and when overseeing Namhansanseong Fortress, Buyun

8460-484: Was organized with various troops, including the Jeonggun (正軍), Sokogun (束伍軍), and Byeoldaemagun (別隊馬軍), in Gyeonggi Province. The internal organizational structure consists of 2bu (divisions) = 6sa (brigades) = 26cho (regiments) (壯抄 10cho, 牙兵 10cho, 屯牙兵 3cho, 屯壯抄牙兵 3cho), with 1 officer assigned to each cho, 1 officer for the central army, 2 officers for Cheonchong, 6 officers for Pachong, and 26 officers for Chogwan, forming

8554-607: Was reorganized according to the score system described in General Cheokgyegwang's "Ryeonbyeongshilgi" (練兵實記), with seven camps, twelve units, twenty-five companies, and 123 squads, to defend the outskirts of the capital. However, after the Qing invasion of Joseon , conscription by the Qing Dynasty was conducted in the Eoyeonggun, the Royal Army, resulting in weakened defense capabilities. To strengthen this weakened defense,

8648-499: Was still given a temple name. Blamed for not taking care of his kingdom, many people regard King Injo as a model for politicians not to follow; yet, he is credited for reforming the military and expanding the defense of the nation to prepare for war, since the nation had several military conflicts from 1592 to 1636. Injo died in 1649. His tomb is located in Paju , Gyeonggi Province . Consort(s) and their respective issue Command of

8742-568: Was taken over by the Yeoju cattle commander, and the right villa was taken over by the Rikgwa branch commander. These soldiers of the subordinate army served as mounts in each camp and participated in the Great Battle at the mountain fortress once every three years to learn the rules of righteousness, practice military skills, and repair the military camp. The subordinate forces and positions mobilized during

8836-453: Was temporarily restored to the two-division, three-district structure, but after 1792 (the 16th year of King Jeongjo's reign), the Inner and Outer Military System was maintained, avoiding the Inner Forces system. However, while the Chongyung forces numbered 83 units during the reign of King Yeongjo, it was significantly reduced to 43 units during the reign of King Jeongjo. After 1793, as part of King Jeongjo's efforts to strengthen royal authority,

#938061