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50-460: The Roviana alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet and consists of the above letters. allophones: [h] ~ [ɦ] ([+voiced]) / V_V → /huhuβe/ [huɦuβe] 'bathing' [ŋ] ~ [ɲ] / _V [-back] → /ŋiɾa/ [ɲiɾa] 'strong' /r/ is lightly trilled in unstressed syllables and strongly trilled in stressed syllables. V → V: / stressed Vs V → Ṽ / _N [a] ~ [ə] / _V → /leana/ [leəna] (C) V (C represents

100-534: A "doubled" letter, making the list BeGeD KePoReT . ( Sefer Yetzirah , 4:1) The following table contains the pronunciation of the Hebrew letters in reconstructed historical forms and dialects using the International Phonetic Alphabet . The apostrophe-looking symbol after some letters is not a yud but a geresh . It is used for loanwords with non-native Hebrew sounds. The dot in the middle of some of

150-416: A Hebrew text with these letters would require using the spelling in the language from which the transliteration to Hebrew was originally made). The non-standard " ו׳ ‎" and " וו ‎" are sometimes used to represent / w / , which like / d͡ʒ / , / ʒ / and / t͡ʃ / appears in Hebrew slang and loanwords. The Sound / χ / (as "ch" in loch ) is often transcribed "ch", inconsistently with

200-720: A cantillation mark used for Torah recitation, though its visual appearance and function are different in that context. In much of Israel 's general population, especially where Ashkenazic pronunciation is prevalent, many letters have the same pronunciation. They are as follows: * Varyingly Some of the variations in sound mentioned above are due to a systematic feature of Ancient Hebrew. The six consonants /b ɡ d k p t/ were pronounced differently depending on their position. These letters were also called BeGeD KeFeT letters / ˌ b eɪ ɡ ɛ d ˈ k ɛ f ɛ t / . The full details are very complex; this summary omits some points. They were pronounced as plosives [b ɡ d k p t] at

250-641: A central dot called dagesh ( דגש ‎), while the soft sounds lack a dagesh . In modern Hebrew, however, the dagesh only changes the pronunciation of ב ‎ bet , כ ‎ kaf , and פ ‎ pe , and does not affect the name of the letter. The differences are as follows: In other dialects (mainly liturgical) there are variations from this pattern. The sounds [ t͡ʃ ] , [ d͡ʒ ] , [ ʒ ] , written ⟨ צ׳ ‎⟩, ⟨ ג׳ ‎⟩, ⟨ ז׳ ‎⟩, and [ w ] , non-standardly sometimes transliterated ⟨ וו ‎⟩, are often found in slang and loanwords that are part of

300-438: A different final form used at the end of words, the final forms are displayed beneath the regular form. The block (square, or "print" type) and cursive ("handwritten" type) are the only variants in widespread contemporary use. Rashi is also used, for historical reasons, in a handful of standard texts. Following the adoption of Greek Hellenistic alphabetic numeration practice, Hebrew letters started being used to denote numbers in

350-682: A form of the paleo-Hebrew script called the Samaritan alphabet . After the fall of the Persian Empire in 330 BCE, Jews used both scripts before settling on the square Assyrian form. The square Hebrew alphabet was later adapted and used for writing languages of the Jewish diaspora – such as Karaim , the Judeo-Arabic languages , Judaeo-Spanish, and Yiddish. The Hebrew alphabet continued in use for scholarly writing in Hebrew and came again into everyday use with

400-501: A number of reverse letter orders; such as vav - he , chet - zayin , pe - ayin , etc. A reversal to pe-ayin can be clearly seen in the Book of Lamentations , whose first four chapters are ordered as alphabetical acrostics. In the Masoretic text , the first chapter has the now-usual ayin-pe ordering, and the second, third and fourth chapters exhibit pe-ayin . In

450-735: A second kind of indirect or alienable possessions: Hie This sa Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object In linguistic typology , a verb–subject–object ( VSO ) language has its most typical sentences arrange their elements in that order, as in Ate Sam oranges (Sam ate oranges). VSO is the third-most common word order among the world's languages, after SOV (as in Hindi and Japanese ) and SVO (as in English and Mandarin Chinese ). Language families in which all or many of their members are VSO include

500-455: A single consonant and V represents a monophthong or diphthong.) There are five diphthongs; /ei/ , /ai/ , /ae/ , /au/ , and /oi/ The majority of lexical morphemes consist of two or three syllables. Lexical morphemes consisting of four syllables or a single syllable are uncommon whereas morphemes consisting of more than four syllables have never occurred. Stress is not contrastive. The nominalising infix ⟨ in ⟩ occurs within

550-424: A vowel instead of a consonant (which would be, respectively, /ʔ/, /ʕ/, /v/ and /j/ ). When they do, ו ‎ and י ‎ are considered to constitute part of the vowel designation in combination with a niqqud symbol – a vowel diacritic (whether or not the diacritic is marked), whereas א ‎ and ע ‎ are considered to be mute, their role being purely indicative of the non-marked vowel. Niqqud

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600-619: Is a true alphabet, with all vowels rendered in the spelling, except in the case of inherited Hebrew words, which typically retain their Hebrew consonant-only spellings. The Arabic and Hebrew alphabets have similarities because they are both derived from the Aramaic alphabet, which in turn derives either from paleo-Hebrew or the Phoenician alphabet , both being slight regional variations of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet used in ancient times to write

650-613: Is assigned independently to each root in a compound: Roviana word order is verb–subject–object (VSO). These are suffixed to direct/ inalienable possessions such as kin terms and parts of the body. lima-na hand- 3SG lima-na hand-3SG 'his/her/its hand' tama-qu father- 1SG tama-qu father-1SG 'my father' These are suffixed to indirect or alienable possessions : nana POSS : 3SG hore canoe nana hore POSS:3SG canoe 'his/her canoe' mia POSS : 2SG popoa home mia popoa POSS:2SG home 'their home' These are suffixed to

700-472: Is called a gershayim and is a punctuation mark used in the Hebrew language to denote acronyms. It is written before the last letter in the acronym, e.g. ר״ת ‎. Gershayim is also the name of a cantillation mark in the reading of the Torah , printed above the accented letter, e.g. א֞ ‎. The following table displays typographic and chirographic variants of each letter. For the five letters that have

750-519: Is simply pronounced /t/. Likewise, historical /ð/ is simply pronounced /d/. Shin and sin are represented by the same letter, ש ‎, but are two separate phonemes . When vowel diacritics are used, the two phonemes are differentiated with a shin -dot or sin -dot; the shin -dot is above the upper-right side of the letter, and the sin -dot is above the upper-left side of the letter. Historically, left-dot-sin corresponds to Proto-Semitic * ś , which in biblical-Judaic-Hebrew corresponded to

800-487: Is the system of dots that help determine vowels and consonants. In Hebrew, all forms of niqqud are often omitted in writing, except for children's books, prayer books, poetry, foreign words, and words which would be ambiguous to pronounce. Israeli Hebrew has five vowel phonemes, /i e a o u/ , but many more written symbols for them: Note 1: The circle represents whatever Hebrew letter is used. Note 2: The pronunciation of tsere and sometimes segol – with or without

850-559: The Ktav Ashuri , Jewish script , square script and block script , is an abjad script used in the writing of the Hebrew language and other Jewish languages , most notably Yiddish , Ladino , Judeo-Arabic , and Judeo-Persian . In modern Hebrew, vowels are increasingly introduced. It is also used informally in Israel to write Levantine Arabic , especially among Druze . It is an offshoot of

900-528: The Dead Sea Scrolls version (4QLam/4Q111), reversed ordering also appears in the first chapter (i.e. in all the first four chapters). The fact that these chapters follows the pre-exilic pe-ayin order is evidence for them being written shortly after the events described, rather than being later, post-exilic compositions. The descriptions that follow are based on the pronunciation of modern standard Israeli Hebrew. pronunciation By analogy with

950-612: The Imperial Aramaic alphabet , which flourished during the Achaemenid Empire and which itself derives from the Phoenician alphabet . Historically, a different abjad script was used to write Hebrew: the original, old Hebrew script, now known as the paleo-Hebrew alphabet , has been largely preserved in a variant form as the Samaritan alphabet , and is still used by the Samaritans . The present "Jewish script" or "square script", on

1000-577: The Proto-Canaanite alphabet , called the paleo-Hebrew alphabet by scholars, began to emerge around 800 BCE. An example is the Siloam inscription ( c.  700 BCE ). The paleo-Hebrew alphabet was used in the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah . Following the Babylonian exile of the Kingdom of Judah in the 6th century BCE, Jews began using a form of the Imperial Aramaic alphabet , another offshoot of

1050-454: The Tanakh : בָּרָא Bara created verb אֱלֹהִים Elohim God subject אֵת et PTCL   הַשָּׁמַיִם ha-shamayim... the heavens object בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים אֵת הַשָּׁמַיִם Bara Elohim et ha-shamayim... created God PTCL {the heavens} verb subject {} object God created the heavens... ^* et is a particle marking the direct object of

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1100-412: The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative /ɬ/ (or /ś/). Historically, the consonants ב ‎ bet , ג ‎ gimmel , ד ‎ daleth , כ ‎ kaf , פ ‎ pe and ת ‎ tav each had two sounds: one hard ( plosive ), and one soft ( fricative ), depending on the position of the letter and other factors. When vowel diacritics are used, the hard sounds are indicated by

1150-559: The 2006 precise transliteration system of the Academy of the Hebrew Language; for " צ ‎" SBL uses "ṣ" (≠ AHL "ẓ"), and for בג״ד כפ״ת with no dagesh, SBL uses the same symbols as for with dagesh (i.e. "b", "g", "d", "k", "f", "t"). In transliterations of modern Israeli Hebrew, initial and final ע ‎ (in regular transliteration), silent or initial א ‎, and silent ה ‎ are not transliterated. To

1200-410: The Hebrew alphabet, and not loanwords . Geresh is also used to denote an abbreviation consisting of a single Hebrew letter, while gershayim (a doubled geresh ) are used to denote acronyms pronounced as a string of letters; geresh and gershayim are also used to denote Hebrew numerals consisting of a single Hebrew letter or of multiple Hebrew letters, respectively. Geresh is also the name of

1250-455: The beginning of a syllable, or when doubled. They were pronounced as fricatives [v ɣ ð x f θ] when preceded by a vowel (commonly indicated with a macron, ḇ ḡ ḏ ḵ p̄ ṯ). The plosive and double pronunciations were indicated by the dagesh . In Modern Hebrew the sounds ḏ and ḡ have reverted to [d] and [ɡ] , respectively, and ṯ has become [t] , so only the remaining three consonants /b k p/ show variation. ר ‎ resh may have also been

1300-521: The contrary, is a stylized form of the Aramaic alphabet and was technically known by Jewish sages as Ashurit (lit. "Assyrian script"), since its origins were known to be from Assyria ( Mesopotamia ). Various "styles" (in current terms, " fonts ") of representation of the Jewish script letters described in this article also exist, including a variety of cursive Hebrew styles. In the remainder of this article,

1350-425: The everyday Hebrew colloquial vocabulary. The symbol resembling an apostrophe after the Hebrew letter modifies the pronunciation of the letter and is called a geresh . The pronunciation of the following letters can also be modified with the geresh diacritic. The represented sounds are however foreign to Hebrew phonology , i.e., these symbols mainly represent sounds in foreign words or names when transliterated with

1400-459: The eye of readers orientating themselves on Latin (or similar) alphabets, these letters might seem to be transliterated as vowel letters; however, these are in fact transliterations of the vowel diacritics – niqqud (or are representations of the spoken vowels). E.g., in אִם ("if", [ʔim] ), אֵם ("mother", [ʔe̞m] ) and אֹם (" nut ", [ʔo̞m] ), the letter א ‎ always represents the same consonant: [ ʔ ] ( glottal stop ), whereas

1450-477: The first syllable of the root, it always receives stress; All material which precedes the root (prefixes and reduplicated material) is assigned stress as if it were a single root; The transitive suffix /-i/ takes stress; Other suffixes, however, do not take stress and are ignored in determining the placement of stress. Material following the root is not treated as a unit for the purpose of stress assignment; The suffix /-ɣami/ does not receive stress. Stress

1500-471: The following: Many languages, such as Greek, have relatively free word order , where VSO is one of many possible orders. Other languages, such as Spanish and Romanian, allow rather free subject-verb inversion . However, the most basic, common, and unmarked form in these languages is SVO, so they are classified as SVO languages. Standard Arabic is an example of a language that uses VSO: يَقْرَأُ yaqraʼu reads verb ٱلْمُدَرِّسُ l-mudarrisu

1550-621: The juxtapositions ת״ק ‎, ת״ר ‎, ת״ש ‎, ת״ת ‎, and תת״ק ‎ respectively. Adding a geresh (" ׳ ‎") to a letter multiplies its value by one thousand, for example, the year 5778 is portrayed as ה׳תשע״ח ‎, where ה׳ ‎ represents 5000, and תשע״ח ‎ represents 778. The following table lists transliterations and transcriptions of Hebrew letters used in Modern Hebrew . Clarifications: Note: SBL's transliteration system, recommended in its Handbook of Style , differs slightly from

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1600-468: The language to children. The Tiberian system also includes a set of cantillation marks , called trope or te'amim , used to indicate how scriptural passages should be chanted in synagogue recitations of scripture (although these marks do not appear in the scrolls). In everyday writing of modern Hebrew, niqqud are absent; however, patterns of how words are derived from Hebrew roots (called shorashim or "triliterals") allow Hebrew speakers to determine

1650-539: The late 2nd century BC, and performed this arithmetic function for about a thousand years. Nowadays alphanumeric notation is used only in specific contexts, e.g. denoting dates in the Hebrew calendar , denoting grades of school in Israel, other listings (e.g. שלב א׳ , שלב ב׳ – "phase a, phase b"), commonly in Kabbalah ( Jewish mysticism ) in a practice known as gematria , and often in religious contexts. The numbers 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 are commonly represented by

1700-482: The letter yod – is sometimes ei in Modern Hebrew. This is not correct in the normative pronunciation and not consistent in the spoken language. Note 3: The dagesh , mappiq , and shuruk have different functions, even though they look the same. Note 4: The letter ו ‎ ( waw/vav ) is used since it can only be represented by that letter. By adding a vertical line (called Meteg ) underneath

1750-510: The letter and to the left of the vowel point, the vowel is made long. The meteg is only used in Biblical Hebrew , not Modern Hebrew . By adding two vertical dots (called Sh'va ) underneath the letter, the vowel is made very short. When sh'va is placed on the first letter of the word, mostly it is "è" (but in some instances, it makes the first letter silent without a vowel (vowel-less): e.g. וְ wè to "w") The symbol ״ ‎

1800-771: The letter is combined with a previous vowel and becomes silent, or by imitation of such cases in the spelling of other forms. Also, a system of vowel points to indicate vowels (diacritics), called niqqud , was developed. In modern forms of the alphabet, as in the case of Yiddish and to some extent Modern Hebrew , vowels may be indicated. Today, the trend is toward full spelling with the weak letters acting as true vowels. When used to write Yiddish , vowels are indicated, using certain letters, either with niqqud diacritics (e.g. אָ ‎ or יִ ‎) or without (e.g. ע ‎ or י ‎), except for Hebrew words, which in Yiddish are written in their Hebrew spelling. To preserve

1850-408: The letters י ו ה א can also function as matres lectionis , which is when certain consonants are used to indicate vowels. There is a trend in Modern Hebrew towards the use of matres lectionis to indicate vowels that have traditionally gone unwritten, a practice known as " full spelling ". The Yiddish alphabet , a modified version of the Hebrew alphabet used to write Yiddish,

1900-628: The letters, called a " dagesh kal", also modifies the sounds of the letters ב ‎, כ ‎ and פ ‎ in modern Hebrew (in some forms of Hebrew it modifies also the sounds of the letters ג ‎, ד ‎ and/or ת ‎; the "dagesh chazak" – orthographically indistinguishable from the "dagesh kal" – designates gemination , which today is realized only rarely – e.g. in biblical recitations or when using Arabic loanwords ). س ‎ א ‎ alef , ע ‎ ayin , ו ‎ waw/vav and י ‎ yod are letters that can sometimes indicate

1950-429: The normal form in the following table (letter names are Unicode standard ). Although Hebrew is read and written from right to left, the following table shows the letters in order from left to right: As far back as the 13th century BCE, ancient Hebrew abecedaries indicate a slightly different ordering of the alphabet. The Zayit Stone , Izbet Sartah ostracon , and one inscription from Kuntillet Ajrud each contain

2000-479: The other dotted/dotless pairs, dotless tav, ת ‎, would be expected to be pronounced /θ/ ( voiceless dental fricative ), and dotless dalet ד ‎ as /ð/ ( voiced dental fricative ), but these were lost among most Jews due to these sounds not existing in the countries where they lived (such as in nearly all of Eastern Europe). Yiddish modified /θ/ to /s/ (cf. seseo in Spanish), but in modern Israeli Hebrew, it

2050-535: The proper vowel sounds, scholars developed several different sets of vocalization and diacritical symbols called nequdot ( נקודות‎ ‎, literally "points"). One of these, the Tiberian system , eventually prevailed. Aaron ben Moses ben Asher , and his family for several generations, are credited for refining and maintaining the system. These points are normally used only for special purposes, such as Biblical books intended for study, in poetry or when teaching

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2100-579: The rebirth of the Hebrew language as a spoken language in the 18th and 19th centuries, especially in Israel . In the traditional form, the Hebrew alphabet is an abjad consisting only of consonants , written from right to left . It has 22 letters, five of which use different forms at the end of a word. In the traditional form, vowels are indicated by the weak consonants Aleph ( א ‎), He ( ה ‎), Waw/Vav ( ו ‎), or Yodh ( י ‎) serving as vowel letters, or matres lectionis :

2150-615: The same family of scripts, which flourished during the Achaemenid Empire . The Samaritans , who remained in the Land of Israel, continued to use the paleo-Hebrew alphabet. During the 3rd century BCE, Jews began to use a stylized, "square" form of the Aramaic alphabet that was used by the Persian Empire (and which in turn had been adopted from the Assyrians ), while the Samaritans continued to use

2200-452: The teacher subject ٱلْكِتابَ l-kitāba the book object يَقْرَأُ ٱلْمُدَرِّسُ ٱلْكِتابَ yaqraʼu l-mudarrisu l-kitāba reads {the teacher} {the book} verb subject object The teacher reads the book ^* Arabic script is written right-to-left Another Semitic language, Biblical Hebrew , uses VSO, as in Genesis 1:1, which is seen here, and many other places in

2250-642: The term "Hebrew alphabet" refers to the square script unless otherwise indicated. The Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters. It does not have case . Five letters have different forms when used at the end of a word. Hebrew is written from right to left . Originally, the alphabet was an abjad consisting only of consonants , but is now considered an " impure abjad ". As with other abjads, such as the Arabic alphabet , during its centuries-long use scribes devised means of indicating vowel sounds by separate vowel points, known in Hebrew as niqqud . In both biblical and rabbinic Hebrew,

2300-426: The text being transliterated), resulting in "im", "em" and "om", respectively. The diacritic geresh – " ׳ ‎" – is used with some other letters as well ( ד׳ ‎, ח׳ ‎, ט׳ ‎, ע׳ ‎, ר׳ ‎, ת׳ ‎), but only to transliterate from other languages to Hebrew – never to spell Hebrew words; therefore they were not included in this table (correctly translating

2350-461: The various Canaanite languages (including Hebrew, Moabite, Phoenician, Punic, et cetera). The Canaanite dialects were largely indistinguishable before around 1000 BCE. An example of related early Semitic inscriptions from the area include the tenth-century Gezer calendar over which scholars are divided as to whether its language is Hebrew or Phoenician and whether the script is Proto-Canaanite or paleo-Hebrew . A Hebrew variant of

2400-421: The verb. ^* The Hebrew script is written from right to left. In Welsh , some tenses use simple verbs, which are found at the beginning of the sentence and are followed by the subject and any objects. An example is the preterite : Siaradodd spoke Verb Hebrew script The Hebrew alphabet ( Hebrew : אָלֶף־בֵּית עִבְרִי , Alefbet ivri ), known variously by scholars as

2450-539: The vowel-structure of a given word from its consonants based on the word's context and part of speech. Unlike the Paleo-Hebrew writing script, the modern Hebrew script has five letters that have special final forms , called sofit ( Hebrew : סופית , meaning in this context "final" or "ending") form, used only at the end of a word, somewhat as in the Greek or in the Arabic and Mandaic alphabets . These are shown below

2500-444: The vowels /i/, /e/ and /o/ respectively represent the spoken vowel, whether it is orthographically denoted by diacritics or not. Since the Academy of the Hebrew Language ascertains that א ‎ in initial position is not transliterated, the symbol for the glottal stop   ʾ   is omitted from the transliteration, and only the subsequent vowels are transliterated (whether or not their corresponding vowel diacritics appeared in

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