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52-619: On 12 March 1867, the American barque Rover shipwrecked at the southern tip of Taiwan. The vessel sank but the captain, his wife, and some men escaped on two boats. One boat landed at a small bay near the Bi Mountains inhabited by the Koaluts (Guizaijiao) tribe of the Paiwan people . The Koaluts aborigines captured them and mistook the captain's wife for a man. They killed her. The captain, two white men, and

104-575: A deputy consul in north Taiwan, visited the Keelung mines, and gathered information from United States merchants. On June 19, one hundred and eighty-one officers, sailors, and marines provided with four days' rations and water landed in Taiwan under Commander George Belknap of the USS ; Hartford who was accompanied by Lieutenant Commander Alexander Slidell MacKenzie , fleet lieutenant as second in command. In

156-462: A hefty price on top of inviting all members of the community to a banquet with the purpose of gaining the community's approval. Less noble women had different tattoo designs than noblewomen. The painful tattooing process represented dignity and honor and the suffering that one could endure. The tattooing process lasts as long as it needs to with consideration for many taboos and nuances, such as praying. For example, pregnant women were not allowed to watch

208-462: A hefty price on top of inviting all members of the community to a banquet with the purpose of gaining the community's approval. Less noble women had different tattoo designs than noblewomen. The painful tattooing process represented dignity and honor and the suffering that one could endure. The tattooing process lasts as long as it needs to with consideration for many taboos and nuances, such as praying. For example, pregnant women were not allowed to watch

260-563: A letter of introduction to take to the prefect of Taiwan asking him to cooperate with Le Gendre; but the Viceroy also added that "if the consul takes measures to manage the case himself, please invite him not to do so, for these savages might give him more trouble that he thinks." Le Gendre commissioned the United States steamer Ashuelot , under the command of Captain John C. Febiger , in order to visit

312-536: A location on Dawu mountain (Tawushan) that was called "Paiwan", where heaven is said to exist. Paiwan people have spread out from this location, so the name of the original place was assumed as their group name. According to some group members, "Paiwan" also means "human being". One of the most important figures in Paiwan history was supreme chief Tok-a-Tok ( c.  1817 –1874), who united 18 tribes of Paiwan under his rule, and after defeating American Marines during

364-652: Is also very active. The number of young people attending though is falling. In May 2015, two Paiwan totem poles were listed as ROC national treasures by the Bureau of Cultural Heritage under the Ministry of Culture. Both of these artifacts were acquired by the National Taiwan University during the Japanese colonial period (1895–1945). They were submitted for national treasure listing earlier in 2015. The Paiwan language

416-433: Is also very active. The number of young people attending though is falling. In May 2015, two Paiwan totem poles were listed as ROC national treasures by the Bureau of Cultural Heritage under the Ministry of Culture. Both of these artifacts were acquired by the National Taiwan University during the Japanese colonial period (1895–1945). They were submitted for national treasure listing earlier in 2015. The Paiwan language

468-505: Is one of Taiwan's 42 indigenous tongues and dialects, being one of nine that are listed as vulnerable on the UNESCO atlas of endangered languages. Paiwan people The Paiwan ( Paiwan : Kacalisian ; Chinese : 排灣 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Pâi-oan ; Zhuyin Fuhao : ㄆㄞˊㄨㄢ ) are an indigenous people of Taiwan . They speak the Paiwan language . In 2014, the Paiwan numbered 96,334. This

520-409: Is said to exist. Paiwan people have spread out from this location, so the name of the original place was assumed as their group name. According to some group members, "Paiwan" also means "human being". One of the most important figures in Paiwan history was supreme chief Tok-a-Tok ( c.  1817 –1874), who united 18 tribes of Paiwan under his rule, and after defeating American Marines during

572-606: Is traditionally seen as being inherited by blood-line. However, a decline in the number of Paiwan shamans has raised concerns that traditional rituals might be lost; and has led to the founding of a shamanism school to pass on the rituals to a new generation. Thousands of Paiwan people in Taiwan converted to Christianity in the late 1940s and 1950s, sometimes whole villages. Today the Presbyterian church in Taiwan claims 14,900 Paiwan members, meeting in 96 congregations. The New Testament has been translated into Paiwan. The Catholic Church

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624-551: Is traditionally seen as being inherited by blood-line. However, a decline in the number of Paiwan shamans has raised concerns that traditional rituals might be lost; and has led to the founding of a shamanism school to pass on the rituals to a new generation. Thousands of Paiwan people in Taiwan converted to Christianity in the late 1940s and 1950s, sometimes whole villages. Today the Presbyterian church in Taiwan claims 14,900 Paiwan members, meeting in 96 congregations. The New Testament has been translated into Paiwan. The Catholic Church

676-594: The Chinese Civil War , between 1946 and 1949, many Paiwan men were forcibly enlisted in the Kuomintang forces. When the war ended, some of the Paiwan remained behind in China and formed their own communities. Tsai Ing-wen , elected as President of Taiwan in 2016, is 1/4 Paiwan via her grandmother. In 2023 the skulls of four Paiwan warriors taken as trophies during the Japanese invasion of Taiwan in 1874 and transferred to

728-435: The Chinese Civil War , between 1946 and 1949, many Paiwan men were forcibly enlisted in the Kuomintang forces. When the war ended, some of the Paiwan remained behind in China and formed their own communities. Tsai Ing-wen , elected as President of Taiwan in 2016, is 1/4 Paiwan via her grandmother. In 2023 the skulls of four Paiwan warriors taken as trophies during the Japanese invasion of Taiwan in 1874 and transferred to

780-528: The Formosa Expedition in 1867 he concluded a formal agreement with Chinese and Western leaders to ensure the safety of foreign ships landing on their coastal territories in return for amnesty for Paiwan tribesmen who had killed the crew of the barque Rover in March 1867 (see Rover incident ). In 1871, a Ryūkyūan vessel shipwrecked on the southern tip of Taiwan, and 54 of the 66 survivors were beheaded by

832-420: The Formosa Expedition in 1867 he concluded a formal agreement with Chinese and Western leaders to ensure the safety of foreign ships landing on their coastal territories in return for amnesty for Paiwan tribesmen who had killed the crew of the barque Rover in March 1867 (see Rover incident ). In 1871, a Ryūkyūan vessel shipwrecked on the southern tip of Taiwan, and 54 of the 66 survivors were beheaded by

884-540: The Paiwan language . In 2014, the Paiwan numbered 96,334. This was approximately 17.8% of Taiwan's total indigenous population, making them the second-largest indigenous group. The majority of Paiwan people live in the southern chain of the Central Mountain Range , from Damumu Mountain and the upper Wuluo River in the north of the southern chain to the Hengchun Peninsula in the south of it, and also in

936-849: The Rover Incident in 1867, another shipwreck triggered the Mudan Incident which subsequently was the justification for the Empire of Japan to invade and occupy a part of Taiwan in 1874, a decade later the French General Jacques Duchesne defeated the Chinese up the Keelung River. In addition, the Qing court established the Hengchun lighthouse (1888; now Eluanbi Lighthouse ) for the protection of

988-608: The Taiwan Strait and vessels transiting the Bashi Channel . In 2021 Public Television Service (PTS) of Taiwan has released a ten part mini-series named Seqalu: Formosa 1867 ( 斯卡羅 ) about the incident. Seqalu refers to the name of a Paiwan - Puyuma nation that existed from 1600 to 1931. Paiwan people The Paiwan ( Paiwan : Kacalisian ; Chinese : 排灣 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Pâi-oan ; Zhuyin Fuhao : ㄆㄞˊㄨㄢ ) are an indigenous people of Taiwan . They speak

1040-405: The Chinese sailors save for one who managed to escape to Takau , were also killed. The Cormorant , a British steamer, tried to help and landed near the shipwreck on 26 March. The aborigines fired muskets and shot arrows at them, forcing them to retreat. The American Asiatic Fleet's Henry H. Bell also landed at the Bi Mountains where they became lost, suffered heatstroke, and then was ambushed by

1092-615: The Paiwan have been polytheists. Their wooden carvings included images of human heads, snakes, deer, and geometric designs. In Taiwan, the Bataul branch of the Paiwan peoples holds a major sacrifice – called maleveq – every five years to invite the spirits of their ancestors to come and bless them. Djemuljat is an activity in the Maleveq in which the participants thrust bamboo poles into cane balls symbolizing human heads. Shamanism has been described as an important part of Paiwan culture. Paiwan shamanism

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1144-516: The Paiwan have been polytheists. Their wooden carvings included images of human heads, snakes, deer, and geometric designs. In Taiwan, the Bataul branch of the Paiwan peoples holds a major sacrifice – called maleveq – every five years to invite the spirits of their ancestors to come and bless them. Djemuljat is an activity in the Maleveq in which the participants thrust bamboo poles into cane balls symbolizing human heads. Shamanism has been described as an important part of Paiwan culture. Paiwan shamanism

1196-467: The Paiwan indigenous ( Mudan Incident ). When Japan sought compensation from Qing China, the court rejected the demand on the grounds that Taiwan's "raw" or "wild" natives ( Chinese : 臺灣 生番 ; pinyin : Táiwān shēngfān ) were outside its jurisdiction. This perceived renunciation of sovereignty led to the Japanese invasion of Taiwan in 1874 in which chief Tok-a-Tok was killed in action . During

1248-417: The Paiwan indigenous ( Mudan Incident ). When Japan sought compensation from Qing China, the court rejected the demand on the grounds that Taiwan's "raw" or "wild" natives ( Chinese : 臺灣 生番 ; pinyin : Táiwān shēngfān ) were outside its jurisdiction. This perceived renunciation of sovereignty led to the Japanese invasion of Taiwan in 1874 in which chief Tok-a-Tok was killed in action . During

1300-500: The Paiwan people: the Raval and the Butsul. The unique ceremonies in Paiwan are Masaru and Maleveq. The Masaru is a ceremony that celebrates the harvest of rice, whereas the Maleveq commemorates their ancestors or gods. The name "Paiwan" may have originated from a myth. According to the myth, Paiwan ancestors lived in a location on Dawu mountain (Tawushan) that was called "Paiwan", where heaven

1352-518: The Sun and Sun god are used solely for the nobility. These represent and bring power to those who have these symbols. Designs with human heads and ancestral spirits signifies protection, while warriors and crossed-shaped patterns are symbols shamans can use to ward off evil. Patterns with hunting knives and animals are common as well, and when you see butterflies it is to symbolize innocent young girls, as flowers and grass are for ordinary people. Traditionally

1404-472: The Sun and Sun god are used solely for the nobility. These represent and bring power to those who have these symbols. Designs with human heads and ancestral spirits signifies protection, while warriors and crossed-shaped patterns are symbols shamans can use to ward off evil. Patterns with hunting knives and animals are common as well, and when you see butterflies it is to symbolize innocent young girls, as flowers and grass are for ordinary people. Traditionally

1456-632: The aborigines, losing an officer. Following the wreck of the United States ship and killing of the surviving crew by aborigines, the American Consul to Amoy Charles William Le Gendre quickly traveled to Fuzhou , arriving on 2 April 1867, to persuade the Viceroys of Fujian and Zhejiang to intervene and put pressure on the Chinese authorities in Taiwan to resolve the issue. The Viceroy of Fujian gave Le Gendre permission to go to Taiwan himself and wrote him

1508-625: The area when the Rover had gone ashore. Tanketok (Toketok), explained that a long time ago the white men came and almost exterminated the Koaluts tribe and their ancestors passed down their desire for revenge. They came to an oral agreement that the mountain aborigines would not kill any more castaways, would care for them and hand them over to the Chinese at Langqiao. Le Gendre visited the tribe again in February 1869 and signed an agreement with them in English. It

1560-452: The collection of the University of Edinburgh in 1907 were returned to the tribe. Unlike other peoples in Taiwan, Paiwan society is divided into classes with a hereditary aristocracy. The Paiwan are not allowed to marry outside their group. On the day of their "five-yearly rite," all marriage-seeking Paiwan men try to cut down as many trees as possible and offer the firewood thus procured to

1612-400: The collection of the University of Edinburgh in 1907 were returned to the tribe. Unlike other peoples in Taiwan, Paiwan society is divided into classes with a hereditary aristocracy. The Paiwan are not allowed to marry outside their group. On the day of their "five-yearly rite," all marriage-seeking Paiwan men try to cut down as many trees as possible and offer the firewood thus procured to

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1664-496: The course of a long and difficult march into deep aboriginal lands in southern Taiwan (some of which required extensive road construction). Then, with the aid of William A. Pickering and James Horn, Le Gendre negotiated a Memorandum of the Understanding with Tauketok ( 南岬之盟 ) guaranteeing the safety of shipwrecked American and European sailors with Tok-a-Tok ( c.  1817 –1874), the chief of 18 Paiwan aboriginal tribes in

1716-480: The family of the girl they want to marry. Tattooed hands are a tradition of both Paiwan and Rukai peoples. Noble women used to receive these tattoos as a rite of passage into adulthood. However, since the Japanese colonial era, the practice has been less common as it was discouraged and fined during that time. In the tradition, shamans would tattoo hands in different patterns for different personal backgrounds. Less noble women could have received it, but they had to pay

1768-480: The family of the girl they want to marry. Tattooed hands are a tradition of both Paiwan and Rukai peoples. Noble women used to receive these tattoos as a rite of passage into adulthood. However, since the Japanese colonial era, the practice has been less common as it was discouraged and fined during that time. In the tradition, shamans would tattoo hands in different patterns for different personal backgrounds. Less noble women could have received it, but they had to pay

1820-453: The high society of the Paiwan people also use tattoos to distinguish themselves, too. Commoners with special achievements are honored with tattoo(s) on their body and/or hands. Embroidery is popularly done with bright colors over dark, commonly black, backgrounds. Embroidery is important to the Paiwan people because it is used for Telling stories, sharing one’s memories, and legends/folktales. Hundred-pacer snakes, elements, and symbols such as

1872-453: The high society of the Paiwan people also use tattoos to distinguish themselves, too. Commoners with special achievements are honored with tattoo(s) on their body and/or hands. Embroidery is popularly done with bright colors over dark, commonly black, backgrounds. Embroidery is important to the Paiwan people because it is used for Telling stories, sharing one’s memories, and legends/folktales. Hundred-pacer snakes, elements, and symbols such as

1924-408: The hills and coastal plains of southeastern Taiwan. There are two subgroups under the Paiwan people: the Raval and the Butsul. The unique ceremonies in Paiwan are Masaru and Maleveq. The Masaru is a ceremony that celebrates the harvest of rice, whereas the Maleveq commemorates their ancestors or gods. The name "Paiwan" may have originated from a myth. According to the myth, Paiwan ancestors lived in

1976-418: The indigenous Paiwan group have a unique kind of clothing scheme with details that differentiate societal class, gender, and ceremonies. Materials used for clothing started out as bark fibers and pelts, but linen , cotton , and wool fabrics later became popular. The men wear circular-collar long-sleeved short chest coverings with buttons down the front and kilts, and a shawl slung over the shoulder. Women of

2028-418: The indigenous Paiwan group have a unique kind of clothing scheme with details that differentiate societal class, gender, and ceremonies. Materials used for clothing started out as bark fibers and pelts, but linen , cotton , and wool fabrics later became popular. The men wear circular-collar long-sleeved short chest coverings with buttons down the front and kilts, and a shawl slung over the shoulder. Women of

2080-505: The indigenous group as well wear circular-collar robes but with buttons going down along their right side with panel skirts, and leggings. In addition, they wear head scarves, elaborate head rings, or forehead bands. In solemn ceremonies, Paiwan men wear ceremonial headwear, long vests, leg coverings, and sword baldrics. As for dance attire there is no difference in clothing, however it is common to wear one’s nicest clothes for special occasions. When children grew up and were about to get married,

2132-505: The indigenous group as well wear circular-collar robes but with buttons going down along their right side with panel skirts, and leggings. In addition, they wear head scarves, elaborate head rings, or forehead bands. In solemn ceremonies, Paiwan men wear ceremonial headwear, long vests, leg coverings, and sword baldrics. As for dance attire there is no difference in clothing, however it is common to wear one’s nicest clothes for special occasions. When children grew up and were about to get married,

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2184-400: The mothers personally made their traditional clothing for them. Intricate and grand patterns, totems, and clothing are exclusively for nobles and the chief in the Paiwan group. Be it designs with human heads, human figures or hundred pace vipers, these patterns are used to decipher those of high class society from the rest of the members belonging to the group. The chief and others belonging to

2236-400: The mothers personally made their traditional clothing for them. Intricate and grand patterns, totems, and clothing are exclusively for nobles and the chief in the Paiwan group. Be it designs with human heads, human figures or hundred pace vipers, these patterns are used to decipher those of high class society from the rest of the members belonging to the group. The chief and others belonging to

2288-468: The process and no one watching was allowed to sneeze. If any taboos were broken, the ritual would be put off until another day chosen. In February 2015, Li Lin, the oldest Paiwan with hand tattoos, died at the age of 102. Li Lin had her hand tattoos starting at the age of 14 before marrying a village head as a common girl. She played a large role in promoting the cultural art form and continues to be an icon of cultural identity even in her death. Those of

2340-468: The process and no one watching was allowed to sneeze. If any taboos were broken, the ritual would be put off until another day chosen. In February 2015, Li Lin, the oldest Paiwan with hand tattoos, died at the age of 102. Li Lin had her hand tattoos starting at the age of 14 before marrying a village head as a common girl. She played a large role in promoting the cultural art form and continues to be an icon of cultural identity even in her death. Those of

2392-570: The rights of the Emperor of China over aboriginal Formosa, such as we have said, are not absolute, as long as she remains uncivilized..." Le Gendre later moved to Japan and worked with the Japanese government as a foreign advisor on their China policy, including the development of the concept of the "East Asian crescent". According to the "East Asian crescent" concept, Japan should control Korea, Taiwan, and Ryukyu to affirm its position in East Asia. Following

2444-533: The scene of the wreck and to try (unsuccessfully) to get foreign officials in Taiwanfu (Taiwan's capital), where he arrived on 18 April) to act. After a subsequent failed punitive expedition carried out by Rear Admiral Henry H. Bell of the United States Navy , Le Gendre again returned to Taiwan—this time without any reference to his superiors. While in Taiwan, he asserted United States consular authority, selected

2496-542: The ships and soon departed from the island". The marines were under the command of Captain James Forney , who submitted the following report to Commander Belknap, dated on board the flagship Hartford , at sea, June 17: Upon return to South China, Le Gendre managed to persuade the Viceroy in Fuzhou to send a military force to Southern Taiwan. The force, significantly smaller than the 400 to 500 soldiers recommended by Le Gendre,

2548-422: The terrible heat, it was "almost impossible to conduct operations in the middle of the day, and many of the party were attacked by sunstroke. The savages, who had taken up a position in the jungle behind rocks and other places invisible...kept up a heavy fire whenever their foes appeared." MacKenzie received a mortal wound to his chest from enemy fire. The American force was "compelled to withdraw in some confusion to

2600-434: Was approximately 17.8% of Taiwan's total indigenous population, making them the second-largest indigenous group. The majority of Paiwan people live in the southern chain of the Central Mountain Range , from Damumu Mountain and the upper Wuluo River in the north of the southern chain to the Hengchun Peninsula in the south of it, and also in the hills and coastal plains of southeastern Taiwan. There are two subgroups under

2652-426: Was dispatched on 25 July 1867. Le Gendre then personally requested a gunboat from Admiral Bell, which he was denied, and eventually managed to commission the steamship Volunteer . He embarked for Taiwan on 4 September 1867 telling his superiors that "I am going there as a mere spectator.. . . I have no jurisdiction over the Chinese forces." Le Gendre quickly assumed de facto command of the mission from General Liu in

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2704-437: Was later discovered that Tanketok did not have absolute control over the tribes and some of them paid him no heed. Le Gendre castigated China as a semi-civilized power for not fulfilling the obligation of the law of nations, which is to seize the territory of a "wild race" and to confer upon it the benefits of civilization. Since China failed to prevent the aborigines from killing subjects or citizens of civilized countries, "we see

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