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64-567: On his return from the University of Göttingen , wishing to shed upon others some of the inspiration he had received, George Bancroft applied for leave to read lectures on history at Harvard University . His request was denied. After this disappointment, in an attempt to introduce some parts of the German system of education to the United States , and in conjunction with Joseph Cogswell, Bancroft founded

128-475: A century. The subject had attracted students such as Klemens Wenzel Lothar von Metternich , later diplomat and Prime Minister of Austria, and Wilhelm von Humboldt , who later established the University of Berlin . In the 19th century, Gustav Hugo , Karl Friedrich Eichhorn , and Georg Friedrich Sartorius , who taught law here, became the pioneers of the German Historical School of Jurisprudence. At

192-822: A diplomat and historian, had personal friendship with Otto von Bismarck during his two-year-long study in Göttingen. George Bancroft , a politician and historian, received his PhD from the University of Göttingen in 1820. In the 1930s, the university became a focal point for the Nazi crackdown on "Jewish physics", as represented by the work of Albert Einstein . In what was later called the "great purge" of 1933 , academics including Max Born , Victor Goldschmidt , James Franck , Eugene Wigner , Leó Szilárd , Edward Teller , Edmund Landau , Emmy Noether , and Richard Courant were expelled or fled. Most of them fled Nazi Germany for places like

256-530: A famous philosopher known as the father of phenomenology , moved to Göttingen to teach. Ludwig Prandtl joined the University of Göttingen in 1904, and developed it into a leader in fluid mechanics and in aerodynamics over the next two decades. In 1925, Prandtl was appointed as the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Fluid Mechanics. He introduced the concept of boundary layer and founded mathematical aerodynamics by calculating air flow in

320-513: A future concept does often, but not necessarily result in a superior overall budget compared to other German universities. For example, due to its small size, the University of Constance is, despite this additional funding, not included in the top 20 funded universities in Germany. According to the Third European Report on Science & Technology Indicators , an official document compiled by

384-418: A library with over 200,000 volumes. This period marked Göttingen's ascendancy in academic circles, emphasizing its role in fostering an environment conducive to scientific inquiry and innovation. In the first years of the University of Göttingen, it became known especially for its Faculty of Law . In the 18th century Johann Stephan Pütter , a scholar of public law at that time, taught jus publicum for half

448-468: A second consecutive time: HU Berlin (as part of the Berlin University Alliance), TU Dresden , and the University of Tübingen . The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology returned to excellence status for a second time after having been funded in the first round (2006). The three first-time excellence universities are the University of Bonn , University of Hamburg , and TU Berlin (as part of

512-631: A successful, international course." Source: Federal Ministry of Education and Research Whether the Excellence Initiative has had a positive effect is currently a matter of debate. A report by the WZB Berlin Social Science Centre indicates that the program failed to create more diverse education options and produced little in the way of lasting change. Additionally, the Goethe Institut claims that an additional criticism

576-572: A total of 38 additional centers and institutes (including associated centers and institutes but excluding institutes or departments within the faculties themselves). Natural Sciences, Mathematics, and Informatics Law, Economic Sciences, and Social Sciences Associated Institutes In the QS World University Rankings 2024, it was placed the 232nd internationally and the 13th nationally. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2024 ranked it as 111th globally and 10th at

640-701: Is a member of the European Union , university students have the opportunity to participate in the Erasmus Programme . The university also has exchange programs and partnerships with reputable universities outside Europe such as Tsinghua University , Peking University and Fudan University in China, Kyoto University and Waseda University in Japan and Amherst College in the United States. The most famous tradition of

704-500: Is no life outside Göttingen. Even if it is life, it is no life like here ). "Ancient university towns are wonderfully alike. Göttingen is like Cambridge in England or Yale in America: very provincial, not on the way to anywhere – no one comes to these backwaters except for the company of professors. And the professors are sure that this is the centre of the world. There is an inscription in

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768-457: Is that "competition up to now has focussed exclusively on the research rather than the teaching at universities", that prevailing qualitative imbalances in East and West German education systems may potentially be perpetuated via the program (by favoring more established Western universities over their younger Eastern counterparts), and, furthermore, that the funding may actually be insufficient to achieve

832-587: The European Commission , four of the Universities of Excellence are among Europe's top 10 universities: Technical University of Munich (joint 3rd), Freiburg (joint 6th), Karlsruhe (joint 6th), and Heidelberg (joint 9th). In the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2012, Technical University of Munich (53), LMU Munich (60), Heidelberg (62), and Freiburg (99) are included in the global top 100, heading

896-573: The Faculty of Law in Göttingen . Ursula von der Leyen , President of the European Commission , studied economics in Göttingen, where she met her husband Heiko von der Leyen . The university is spread out in several locations around the city. The central university complex with the Central Library and Mensa (student refectory/dining hall) is located right next to the inner city and comprises

960-576: The Georg August University of Göttingen ( German : Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , commonly referred to as Georgia Augusta ), is a public research university in the city of Göttingen , Lower Saxony , Germany . Founded in 1734 by George II , King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover , it began instruction in 1737 and is recognized as the oldest university in Lower Saxony. Recognized for its historic and traditional significance,

1024-560: The German Council of Science and Humanities and the German Research Foundation (DFG) aims to promote cutting-edge research and to create outstanding conditions for young scholars at universities, to deepen cooperation between disciplines and institutions, to strengthen international cooperation of research, and to enhance the international appeal of excellent German universities. It is the result of lengthy negotiations between

1088-551: The Göttingen school of history . Later, Max Weber , one of the most important theorists of the development of modern Western society, also studied history in Göttingen. The Brothers Grimm , the best-known storytellers of folktales like " Cinderella ", " The Frog Prince ", " Little Red Riding Hood ", " Sleeping Beauty ", and " Snow White ", taught here and compiled the first German dictionary. However, political disturbances, in which both professors and students were implicated, lowered

1152-773: The Max Planck Society , the Leibniz Association , the Fraunhofer Society , and the Helmholtz Association . With its extensive collection, the Göttingen State and University Library stands among Germany's largest libraries. In 1734, King George II of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover , commanded his Prime Minister in Hanover, Gerlach Adolph von Münchhausen, to establish a university in Göttingen to spread

1216-643: The 'Royal Society for Sciences'. The university maintains three botanical gardens: the Alter Botanischer Garten der Universität Göttingen, the Neuer Botanischer Garten der Universität Göttingen, and the Forstbotanischer Garten und Pflanzengeographisches Arboretum der Universität Göttingen. As of 2023, the university consists of 13 faculties and around 22,484 students are enrolled. 535 professors and over 4,000 academic staff work at

1280-452: The 18th century. Thereafter, Dirichlet and Riemann took over the chair successively and made significant contributions in the fields of algebra, geometry, and number theory. By 1900, David Hilbert and Felix Klein had attracted mathematicians from around the world to Göttingen, which made it a leading center of mathematics by the turn of the 20th century. In 1903, its teaching staff numbered 121 and its students 1529. Edmund Husserl ,

1344-441: The 19th century. Throughout the 18th century, the University of Göttingen was renowned among German universities for its commitment to the free spirit and scientific exploration. Georg Christoph Lichtenberg , a prominent scholar, held one of the first professorships dedicated to experimental physics in Germany from 1769 to 1799. By 1812, Göttingen had established itself as a modern, internationally recognized university, boasting

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1408-830: The 6th in the world on "2D rank" combining both categories of data. As of 2002, the University of Göttingen was associated with 44 Nobel laureates according to an official count released by the University of Göttingen in that year. By this number alone, the University of Göttingen ranked among the global top 15 universities. Recent Nobel laureates associated with the university are Klaus Hasselmann ( Nobel Prize in Physics , 2021), Stefan Hell ( Nobel Prize in Chemistry , 2014), Thomas C. Südhof ( Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , 2013), and Thomas Arthur Steitz ( Nobel Prize in Chemistry , 2009). Klaus Hasselmann received his PhD in physics from

1472-548: The 8th nationally. Within the framework of the 2006–07 German Universities Excellence Initiative , it won funding for its future concept "Tradition, Innovation, Autonomy," its graduate school "Neurosciences and Molecular Biosciences," and its research cluster "Microscopy at the Nanometer Range." In the 2012 Excellence Initiative, Göttingen succeeded in obtaining funds for its graduate school "Neurosciences and Molecular Biosciences" and its research cluster "Microscopy at

1536-477: The American banker J. P. Morgan , the seismologist Beno Gutenberg , the endocrinologist Hakaru Hashimoto , who studied there before World War I , and several notable Nobel laureates like Max Planck and Werner Heisenberg . Anthropologist Marlina Flassy earned her doctorate in Göttingen, before becoming the first woman and indigenous Papuan to be appointed Dean at Cenderawasih University . The German inventor of

1600-529: The Berlin University Alliance). Out of the 140 universities in Germany 11 universities were chosen, among them five new winners ( HU Berlin , University of Bremen , University of Cologne , TU Dresden , University of Tübingen ) and six title holders: RWTH Aachen , FU Berlin , Heidelberg University , University of Konstanz , LMU Munich , and Technical University of Munich . As in 2006 and 2007, also other universities were awarded for special clusters of excellence and renowned graduate schools. The funding for

1664-702: The German "Universities of Excellence" are sometimes considered the German Ivy League of public institutions, and these universities are commonly referred to by the media as "elite universities". The initiative is conducted by the DFG together with the German Science and Humanities Council (WR). More than 30 universities in total received funding. It includes three lines of funding: Altogether €2.7 billion (€1.9 billion for 2007–2012) of additional funds will be distributed over

1728-404: The German philosopher best known for his work The World as Will and Representation , became a student at the university, where he studied metaphysics and psychology under Gottlob Ernst Schulze , who advised him to concentrate on Plato and Kant . During this time, the University of Göttingen achieved renown for its critical work on history as well. An Enlightenment institution, it produced

1792-740: The International Court of Justice on behalf of the Federal Republic of Germany . Hsu Tzong-li , a Taiwanese judge who has served as the President of the Judicial Yuan (Taiwan's constitutional court) since 2016, earned his doctorate in law from University of Göttingen in 1986. Within the Göttingen Campus the university is organizationally and personally interlinked with the following independent and semi-independent institutions: As Germany

1856-430: The Nanometer Range". In September 2018, Göttingen succeeded in gaining funds for its research cluster "Multiscale Bioimaging". The University of Göttingen is a traditional institution with a significant historical standing. This is substantiated by a scientific study on the historical development of world university rankings starting in 2013, which examined a web dataset from 24 Misplaced Pages language versions, covering 59% of

1920-546: The Ratskeller there which reads 'Extra Gottingam non est vita', 'Outside Göttingen there is no life'. This epigram, or should I call it epitaph, is not taken as seriously by the undergraduates as by the professors." The university offers eight snack shops and six Mensas serving lunch at low prices for the students. One Mensa also provides dinner for students. Apart from those celebrities mentioned above, notable people that have studied or taught at Georg-August University include

1984-595: The Round Hill School. He left the school after a few years, leaving Cogswell in sole possession. During the first eight years of its history, it enrolled 293 pupils, drawn from 19 states and four foreign countries. The conductors of Round Hill put into practice ideas they had gathered in Germany , England , and Switzerland . In Switzerland, Cogswell had studied the schools of the two educators, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi at Yverdon , and Philipp Emanuel von Fellenberg at

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2048-578: The Shattuck School and St Mary's (Girls) School in Faribault, Minnesota (1858, 1866). The Muhlenberg-type school was more successful than Round Hill but the influence of Cogswell, Bancroft, et al. was evident in the objective of educating the whole person to excellence. 42°19′30″N 72°38′20″W  /  42.325°N 72.639°W  / 42.325; -72.639 University of G%C3%B6ttingen The University of Göttingen , officially

2112-572: The United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Following the great purge, in 1934 David Hilbert , by then a symbol of German mathematics, was dining with Bernhard Rust , the Nazi minister of education. Rust asked, "How is mathematics at Göttingen, now that it is free from the Jewish influence?" Hilbert replied, "There is no mathematics in Göttingen anymore." After World War II , the University of Göttingen

2176-463: The University of Göttingen had profound impacts on the US. A number of American politicians, lawyers, historians and writers received their education from both Harvard and Göttingen. For example, Edward Everett , once Secretary of State and President of Harvard University , stayed in Göttingen for two years of study. George Ticknor spent two years studying classics in Göttingen. Even John Lothrop Motley ,

2240-732: The University of Göttingen in 1957. Stefan Hell has been a lecturer (in Privatdozent capacity) at the University of Göttingen since 2004 and the director of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in the Göttingen Campus since 2002. Thomas Südhof , currently a professor at Stanford University , worked on his doctoral thesis at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in the lab of British biochemist Victor P. Whittaker and received his PhD in medical science from

2304-553: The University of Göttingen in 1982. Thomas Arthur Steitz was a Macy Fellow at the University of Göttingen during 1976–1977. Today, a number of judges in national and international courts of the highest level are still affiliated with the Faculty of Law . As of 2021, four out of sixteen in-office Justices of the Federal Constitutional Court ( German : Bundesverfassungsgericht ; abbreviated: BVerfG ), Germany's supreme constitutional court , are affiliated with

2368-471: The University of Göttingen: two of them ( Andreas Paulus & Christine Langenfeld) are, currently, professors at the Faculty of Law of the University of Göttingen, while two others (Ines Härtel & Henning Radtke) obtained their PhD in law (Dr.iur) from the University of Göttingen. Also in 2021, Georg Nolte , a former professor of public international law at the University of Göttingen, took office as Judge of

2432-551: The abolition, as far as possible, of fear and emulation. The lash was forbidden, out-of-door life was emphasized as a feature, while individual attention given to each pupil was employed as a stimulus instead of rivalry. All these ideas were subsequently put into practice at Round Hill. It was the first school in the country thoroughly impressed with the German ideas. The Round Hill School secured German scholar Charles Beck in February 1824 shortly after he arrived with Charles Follen on

2496-575: The attendance to 860 in 1834. The expulsion in 1837 of the seven professors – the so-called Die Göttinger Sieben (the Germanist Wilhelm Eduard Albrecht (1800–1876), the historian Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann (1785–1860), the orientalist Georg Heinrich August Ewald (1803–1875), the historian Georg Gottfried Gervinus (1805–1875), the physicist Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804–1891), and the philologist brothers Jakob (1785–1863) and Wilhelm Grimm (1786–1859)) – for protesting against

2560-539: The city are the departments of Anthropology and Educational Sciences as well as the Medical Faculty with its associated hospitals. Just north of the city a new scientific center has been built in which most of the natural sciences (chemistry, biology, plant pathology, agronomy, forestry, geology, physics, computer science) are now located, including the GZMB. Other institutes are set around the inner city. Closely linked with

2624-471: The city walls. By the university's centenary in 1837, it was known as the "university of law", as the students enrolled by the faculty of law often made up more than half of the university's students. At the end of the 19th century, the famous civil law scholar Rudolf von Jhering , who created the theory of "culpa in contrahendo" (fault in conclusion of a contract), remained a law professor in Göttingen until he died. Lassa Francis Lawrence Oppenheim , known as

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2688-629: The coming five years, most of this coming from the federal government. The WR is responsible for the third line of funding, and the DFG is responsible for the first and second lines of funding. 11 future concepts across 13 universities were selected for funding in 2019. Six universities retained their status for a third time: RWTH Aachen , FU Berlin (as part of the Berlin University Alliance ), Heidelberg University , University of Konstanz , LMU Munich , and Technical University of Munich . Three further universities retained their status for

2752-407: The down wind direction. Many of Prandtl's students went on to make fundamental contributions to aerodynamics. Between 1921 and 1933, the physics theory group was led by Max Born , who, during this time, became one of the three discoverers of the non-relativistic theory of quantum mechanics . He may also have been the first to propose its probabilistic relationship with classical physics. It was one of

2816-414: The estate of Hofwyl near Bern . He was impressed by the good order and success of the institution of Fellenberg even more than by that of Pestalozzi. The companionship of teacher and pupil, study mingled with play, uniform development, attention to the study of modern languages — these principles impressed him forcibly, and he introduced them later at his own Round Hill School. The German system also included

2880-605: The faculties for Theology, Social sciences, Law, Economics/Business Administration and Linguistics. The departments of Ancient History, Classics, various languages, Psychology and Philosophy are nearby. Located to the south of the city is the Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science with its main building, the Mathematisches Institut, on the same street as the German Aerospace Center and the Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organisation. In other parts of

2944-424: The father of the modern discipline of international law and author of the famous two-volume "International Law: A Treatise", earned his doctorate in law from the University of Göttingen in 1881. Likewise, the Faculty of Theology in conjunction with other orientalists and ancient historians across the university became an international center for the study of religion and antiquity. In 1809, Arthur Schopenhauer ,

3008-477: The federal government and the German states. Since almost all German universities are public (most private universities do not have the official German "Universitätsstatus"), and therefore mainly paid by taxes and generally egalitarian, there is no German Ivy League of private higher education institutions. However, the Excellence Initiative aims to strengthen some selected public universities more than others in order to raise their international visibility. Thus,

3072-575: The field of German universities by those criteria. Eight of the eleven Universities of Excellence are included in the world's top 250 universities, according to the QS World University Ranking 2012: Technical University of Munich (53); Heidelberg (55); LMU Munich (60); Free University of Berlin (87); Humboldt University of Berlin (130); Tübingen (144); RWTH Aachen (150); Cologne (247). The Times Higher Education World University Ranking 2012 ranks 8 of these 11 Universities of Excellence among

3136-511: The ideals of the Enlightenment . Napoleon famously remarked, "Göttingen belongs neither to a State, nor to Germany, and is the University of Europe". The initial university infrastructure was modest, comprising only a riding hall and a fencing house, with lectures held in the Paulinerkirche , Dominican monastery, or professors' homes. A university auditorium wasn't constructed until

3200-422: The jet engine, Pabst von Ohain , also studied aerodynamics under Ludwig Prandtl . Professor Gunther Heinrich von Berg (Doctor of Law), taught at the University of Göttingen between 1794 and 1800 before he entered politics. 51°32′31″N 9°56′04″E  /  51.54194°N 9.93444°E  / 51.54194; 9.93444 German Universities Excellence Initiative The Excellence Initiative of

3264-576: The main centers of the development of modern physics . Oppenheimer , the American scientist and "father of the atomic bomb", was one of Max Born 's most famous students and received his doctorate here. During this time, the German language became an international academic language. A number of dissertations in the UK and the US had German titles. One might be considered having had a complete academic training only when one had studied in Germany. Thus, many American students were proud of having studied in Germany, and

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3328-420: The national level. According to the 2023 ARWU World Rankings , the university holds a position within the 151–200 range internationally and between the 6th and 9th domestically. In the 2023 Center for World University Rankings (CWUR), the University of Göttingen was ranked the 97th worldwide and the 6th nationwide. In the 2022-2023 US News Best Global Universities Rankings , it was ranked the 163rd globally and

3392-503: The revocation by Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover , of the liberal constitution of 1833 hurt the reputation of the city and the university. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, the University of Göttingen achieved its academic peak. Göttingen maintained a strong focus on natural science, especially mathematics. The tradition began with Carl Friedrich Gauss , who was known as "the Prince of Mathematicians" and taught here in

3456-504: The same ship the previous Christmas. Beck was appointed teacher of Latin , and he soon established at Round Hill the first gym and the first school gymnastics program in the United States. The gym was an outdoor facility. Follen was a visitor at Round Hill, and in November 1824 proceeded to Harvard to teach German . Benjamin Peirce , Timothy Walker and Stiles French served in succession as

3520-530: The school's teacher of mathematics. The school was comparable to a German gymnasium . It closed in 1834 due to financial difficulties and overwork on the part of Cogswell. Round Hill had an influence on William Augustus Muhlenberg (1796-1877), who founded two model schools on Long Island in 1828 and 1836 and whose proteges established eleven schools in seven states -- including Saint James School in Maryland (1842), St. Paul's School, Concord, New Hampshire (1856), and

3584-623: The statue of Gänseliesel (a poor princess in an old fairy tale who was compelled to keep geese by a wicked woman and later regained her identity), kiss the Gänseliesel and give bouquets to her. There is an old saying about life in Göttingen, still inscribed in Latin nowadays on the wall of the entrance to the Ratskeller (the restaurant located in the basement of the old town hall): Latin : Extra Gottingam non est vita, si est vita, non est ita ( There

3648-538: The time, Göttingen was a very popular place for the study of law in Germany: Even the great German poet Heinrich Heine obtained a doctorate in law here in 1825. Otto von Bismarck , the main creator and the first Chancellor of the second German Empire , also studied law in Göttingen in 1833: he lived in a tiny house on the "Wall", now known as "Bismarck Cottage". According to oral tradition, he lived there because his rowdiness had caused him to be banned from living within

3712-639: The university has affiliations with 47 Nobel Prize winners by its own count. Previously backed by the German Universities Excellence Initiative , the University of Göttingen is a member of the U15 Group of major German research universities and the Coimbra Group of major European research universities, denoting its research prominence. The university is also closely linked with a number of leading Göttingen-based research institutions like

3776-462: The university is that PhD students who have just passed their Rigorosum (oral doctoral examination) or dissertation defense sit in a wagon – decorated with flowers and balloons and accompanied by relatives and friends, drive around the inner city and arrive at the Marktplatz – the central square where the old town hall and the Gänseliesel statue are located. The "newly born doctor" shall climb up to

3840-528: The university is the Göttingen State and University Library (German: Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, or SUB Göttingen). With around 9 million media units and precious manuscripts, the library is designed for Göttingen University as well as the central library for the German State of Lower Saxony (with its central catalogue) and for the Göttingen Academy of Sciences, founded as

3904-527: The university, assisted by a technical and administrative staff of over 7,000. The post-war expansion of the university led to the establishment of a new, modern "university quarter" in the north of the city. The architecture of the old university can still be seen in the Auditorium Maximum (1826/1865) and the Great Hall (1835/1837) at Wilhelmsplatz. The University of Göttingen encompasses 13 faculties and

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3968-414: The world's 250 top universities: LMU Munich (45); Heidelberg (73); Technical University of Munich (88); Humboldt University of Berlin (109); Free University of Berlin (151); RWTH Aachen (168); Tübingen (187); Konstanz (194). Federal Education Minister Annette Schavan said following the awards ceremony, "The excellence initiative is writing scientific history. Research at German universities finds itself on

4032-441: The world's population and accounting for 68% of all Misplaced Pages articles across 287 languages. This comprehensive analysis identified the most influential universities globally over the past ten centuries, resulting in the "2017 Misplaced Pages World University Rankings", where the University of Göttingen ranked the 20th in terms of "web page rank" (search engine data), the 8th on account of "chei rank" (interactive citation data), and

4096-443: Was the first university in the western Zones to be re-opened under British control in 1945. Göttingen's glorious history of affiliation with numerous celebrities continued: Jürgen Habermas , a famous German philosopher and sociologist, pursued his study in Göttingen. Later, Richard von Weizsäcker , a late President of Germany , earned his doctorate in law here. Gerhard Schröder , a former Chancellor of Germany , also graduated from

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