Misplaced Pages

#491508

50-579: Ronneby is regarded as the heart of "the Garden of Sweden", and in 2005 the park "Brunnsparken" in Ronneby was voted Sweden's most beautiful park. 2006 the park was voted Europe's 4th most beautiful park. The church Heliga Kors kyrka was founded in the 12th century, modified and extended until the 15th century, and badly damaged during Northern Seven Years' War in the 16th century. The city's oldest surviving city privileges are from 1387. The first recorded spelling of

100-690: A rebellion against Christian II. Vasa made an alliance with Lübeck and successfully conquered most of Sweden. He was elected King of Sweden in 1523, effectively ending the Kalmar Union. After the Northern Seven Years' War , the Treaty of Stettin (1570) saw Frederick II renounce all claims to Sweden. One of the last structures of the Union remained until 1536/1537 when the Danish Privy Council , in

150-579: A north-eastern direction, torching Hamar on their way, destroying Hamar Cathedral and the bishop's fortified palace Hamarhus . The Danish mercenary army was superior to the Swedish peasant army, but the professional army would not fight until their pay was current. Because only a fraction of the army would march, Denmark had to give up the plan to take the fortress of Kalmar and settle for an attack on Stockholm instead. In August 1564, Eric attacked Blekinge and his army occupied it cruelly (most infamously during

200-503: A six-hour assault on 4 September. This achieved the Danish aim of cutting off Sweden from the North Sea , blocking the all-important salt imports. Eric then attacked Halmstad , without result; the Swedish counterattack was driven back by the professional Danish army. After the king's departure from his army, Charles de Mornay stepped in as the commanding officer and was beaten by the Danish at

250-683: Is run by a company, called Thoren Framtid. Ronneby has an oceanic climate ( Cfb ), similar to most of Southern Sweden. The climate is very similar to neighbouring city Karlshamn , but has a somewhat higher rainfall and cooler nights throughout the year at the site located inside the premises of the local airport. These are two of the more prominent sports clubs in Ronneby: Northern Seven Years%27 War Status quo ante bellum in Scandinavia The Northern Seven Years' War (also known as

300-510: The Battle of Mared . At sea a battle broke out near Öland on 11 September, whereafter the war took a pause. On 30 May 1564 a battle broke out between the Swedish navy and the Danish–Lübeck navy between Gotland and Öland . The Swedish navy was under the command of Jakob Bagge , and the Danish–Lübeck navy was under the command of Herluf Trolle . Bagge was captured and the largest warship of

350-611: The Jegermesther . Thus ensured the command of the eastern Baltic by the Swedes that year. In January 1566 Sweden unsuccessfully laid siege to Bohus Fortress in Bohuslän (then a Norwegian province). Daniel Rantzau then moved his forces into Västergötland. At sea Horn returned to taking toll charges in the Baltic. An indecisive battle at sea outside of Öland occurred on 26 July 1566. On 28 July, half

400-697: The Livonian War . During this conflict, King Eric of Sweden successfully obstructed the Danish plans to conquer Estonia . He sought to dominate the Baltic Sea , while unsuccessfully pressing for Frederick to remove the traditionally Swedish insignia of Three Crowns from the Danish coat of arms ; a bone of contention since Christian III and Gustav Vasa. In February 1563, Swedish messengers were sent to Hesse to negotiate Eric's marriage with Christine of Hesse but were held back in Copenhagen . In retaliation, Eric added

450-1022: The Nordic Seven Years' War , the First Northern War, the Seven Years' War of the North or the Seven Years War in Scandinavia ) was fought between the Kingdom of Sweden and a coalition of Denmark–Norway , Lübeck , and Poland–Lithuania between 1563 and 1570. The war was motivated by the dissatisfaction of King Frederick II of Denmark with the dissolution of the Kalmar Union , and the will of King Eric XIV of Sweden to break Denmark's dominating position. The fighting continued until both armies had been exhausted, and many men died. The resulting Treaty of Stettin

500-712: The North Sea was dominated by the Danish Sound Dues and limited to a 20 kilometer stretch on the Kattegat in the vicinity of Älvsborg , close to modern Gothenburg . Furthermore, Denmark controlled the Baltic , limiting Swedish movement there. Gustav Vasa changed the military structure in Sweden, which did not bear immediate fruit in the Nordic Seven Years' War but was to have a lasting impact on Sweden's fortune. In 1544 he used

550-538: The Ronneby Bloodbath ), though the Danish later reclaimed this. Eric XIV turned insane, paralyzing the Swedish war effort. The Danish were exhausted and made no serious attacks until Rantzau attacked Småland and Östergötland with about 8,500 men. He burned every field and house and destroyed every head of livestock he could. An attempt to cut off his retreat over the Holaveden failed, as Rantzius' army went over

SECTION 10

#1732855681492

600-591: The Treaty of Malmö . The union was the work of Scandinavian aristocracy who sought to counter the influence of the Hanseatic League , a northern German trade league centered around the Baltic and North Seas. Denmark in particular was in a power struggle with the League and had recently suffered a humiliating defeat in the Danish-Hanseatic War (1361-1370) that allowed the League to become even more powerful. On

650-515: The abdication of Christian II, provided the opportunity for Gustav Vasa to consolidate control of Sweden and claim the throne in June 1523, with the support of peasants and the Hanseatic towns of Lübeck and Danzig . Under Vasa, the Kalmar Union was finally dissolved, and Sweden began establishing itself as a rival power of Denmark–Norway. Gustav Vasa's Sweden was in a weak position in 1523, as access to

700-500: The insignia of Norway and Denmark to his own coat of arms and refused Danish requests to remove these symbols. Lübeck , upset over obstacles to trade introduced by Eric to hinder the Russian trade as well as withdrawn trade privileges, joined Denmark in a war alliance. The Polish–Lithuanian union also joined, desiring control of the Baltic trade. Skirmishes broke out in May 1563, before war

750-521: The 1430s. The Engelbrekt rebellion , which started in 1434, led to the overthrow of King Erik (in Denmark and Sweden in 1439, as well as Norway in 1442). The aristocracy sided with the rebels. King Erik's foreign policy, in particular his conflict with the Hanseatic League, necessitated greater taxation and complicated exports of iron, which in turn may have precipitated the rebellion. Discontent with

800-472: The 400 Swedish soldiers were repelled from Trøndelag, Sweden continued to occupy Jämtland and Härjedalen. These provinces were later regained by Denmark–Norway following the peace process in 1570. Sweden also launched attacks towards Eastern Norway. In the south-east Sweden captured Båhus Fortress , but lost it in 1566. Another part of the army marched through the valley Østerdalen in 1567, captured Hamar , and continued towards Oslo . They reached as far as

850-544: The Baltic, the Mars (also known as the Makalös ), sunk. The Swedish navy retreated to Stockholm leaving a sea blockade in effect. Klas Horn became the new commander and met the Danish fleet at the island Jungfrun north of Öland 14 August. An inconclusive fight left the sea blockade in effect. Horn attacked the provinces Halland and Skåne in 1565 and made several attempts at Bohuslän and Uddevalla . The Danish burned old Lödöse in

900-613: The Danish–Lübeck Navy was lost in a storm at sea. Horn was then called to command troops on land, where he died 9 September. Sweden occupied the undefended Norwegian province of Jemtland , which was quickly reconquered by a counterattack by forces under command of the Norwegian governor of Trøndelag . The forces were unwilling to launch a counterattack on Swedish land. In 1564 the Swedes marched under Claude Collart and re-occupied Jemtland, as well as Herjedalen and Trøndelag, including

950-551: The Skiensfjord, and torched Skien at one point. In Oslo, however, citizens torched the city before invaders could seize it. From the south-east, more Swedish forces were then sent to aid in capturing Akershus Fortress near Oslo. These forces torched Konghelle and Sarpsborg on their way. They were repelled from Oslo by local forces together with men belonging to Erik Rosenkrantz and the King of Denmark and Norway. The Swedes retreated in

1000-642: The Union was broken by the successful Swedish War of Liberation from 1521 to 1523. Christian II was condemned by the Pope, and he abdicated in 1523. The subsequent Danish kings Frederick I and Christian III , turned their attention mainly on the Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein and the Count's Feud civil war, and relations with Sweden were generally peaceful. In Sweden, the internal power vacuum, combined with

1050-610: The Younger (1512–1520). Sten Sture the Younger was killed in the 1520 Battle of Bogesund when the Danish king Christian II invaded Sweden with a large army. Subsequently, Christian II was crowned King of Sweden, and supporters of Sten Sture were executed en masse in the Stockholm Bloodbath . After the Stockholm Bloodbath, Gustav Vasa (whose father, Erik Johansson , was executed) travelled to Dalarna , where he organized

SECTION 20

#1732855681492

1100-509: The aftermath of the Count's Feud , unilaterally declared Norway to be a Danish province . This did not happen. Instead, Norway became a hereditary kingdom in a real union with Denmark. Norway continued to remain a part of the realm of Denmark–Norway under the Oldenburg dynasty for nearly three centuries, until it was transferred to Sweden in 1814. The ensuing union between Sweden and Norway lasted until 1905, when prince Carl of Denmark ,

1150-613: The banner of the House of Griffin . His coronation was held in Kalmar on 17 June 1397. One main impetus for its formation was to block German expansion northward into the Baltic region . The main reason for its failure to survive was the perpetual struggle between the monarch, who wanted a strong unified state, and the Swedish and Danish nobility, which did not. The Union lost territory when Orkney and Shetland were pledged by Christian I , in his capacity as King of Norway, as security against

1200-471: The best-preserved wreckages from the early modern period . Ronneby did use a coat of arms with the letter R between a star and a crescent at least since 1542. In 1882, the arms were redesigned, with the R substituted with the Ronnebyå River. The same coat of arms is used today by the municipality. Ronneby also has many schools for lower ages, all run by the municipality save for a secondary school which

1250-487: The city of Trondheim . Initially facing little opposition from the locals, their subsequent ill treatment of the Trøndelag natives, along with tax pressure, laid the groundwork for later resistance to Swedish invasion. Also, Trøndelag was assisted by the governor of Bergenhus , Erik Rosenkrantz, who forced 3500 local peasants to assist him and his 50 professional soldiers. The Swedes saw Bergenhus as their next target. Although

1300-405: The city rights of Ronneby. But Ronneby did attract some industries in the 18th century. Besides the industry, it also hosted the Ronneby spa , with water believed to have healing qualities. The park around the spa can still be visited. The first source of chalybeate ( ferruginous ) water was found in May 1705. But the high period of the spa was in the 19th century. After a fire in 1864, Ronneby

1350-430: The crown of Norway. Margaret became regent of Denmark and Norway when Olaf died in 1387, leaving her without an heir. She adopted her great-nephew Eric of Pomerania the same year. The following year, 1388, Swedish nobles called upon her help against King Albert . After Margaret defeated Albert in 1389, her heir Eric was proclaimed King of Norway. Eric was subsequently elected King of Denmark and Sweden in 1396 under

1400-457: The death of Karl, Sweden was mostly ruled by a series of "protectors of the realm" ( riksföreståndare ), with the Danish kings attempting to assert control. First of these protectors was Sten Sture, who kept Sweden under his control until 1497 when the Swedish nobility deposed him. A peasant rebellion led Sture to become regent of Sweden again in 1501. After his death, Sweden was ruled by Svante Nilsson (1504–1512) and then Svante's son Sten Sture

1450-517: The ground. Erik later reported that "The Water was red from blood of the Danes." The number of victims was heavily exaggerated, for different propagandistic reasons, by both sides. Following the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, whereby Blekinge and other southern provinces became Swedish, a navy base was built in Karlskrona – east of Ronneby – which accordingly was granted city rights, while revoking

1500-585: The humiliating Danish defeat against the small peasant republic of Ditmarsh , which was defeated in a matter of a few weeks and brought under the Danish-Norwegian crown. During the next year, the Danish expansion continued with the possession of the Baltic Sea island of Ösel . In 1561, when a sizeable remnant of the Order states in the northern Baltics were secularized by its grand master Gotthard Kettler , both Denmark and Sweden were attracted to intervene in

1550-453: The ice of lake Sommen and in the middle of February 1568 he returned to Halland . Attempts were made to make peace between the fighting nations during these years. Negotiators included the dukes of Pomerania , French messenger Charles Dancay , and Holy Roman Emperors Ferdinand I and Maximilian II . The emperors wanted Denmark and Sweden to give back the territories won in Livonia , during

Ronneby - Misplaced Pages Continue

1600-486: The king. After the deaths of Christian III and Gustav Vasa, in 1559 and 1560 respectively, both countries now had young and hawkish monarchs, Eric XIV of Sweden and Frederick II of Denmark . Frederick II envisioned the resurrection of the Kalmar Union under Danish leadership, while Eric wanted to finally break the dominating position of Denmark. Shortly after his coronation in 1559, King Frederick II of Denmark ordered his ageing field-commander Johan Rantzau to avenge

1650-447: The leadership of the Bonde – Sture nobles. In 1520, Christian II of Denmark reconquered Sweden and took a bloody revenge on the anti-Union faction at the Stockholm Bloodbath . More than 80 noble men and ladies, including leading citizens of Stockholm , were executed, but the result severely backfired on Christian II. The violence elicited strong reactions in Sweden for years to come, and

1700-475: The meeting place of Rostock no Swedes appeared. On 13 August 1563, war was declared by emissaries from Denmark and Lübeck in Stockholm . The same month, Danish king Frederik II attacked Älvsborg . At the beginning of the war the Danes advanced from Halland with a 25,000-strong army of professional mercenaries and captured Sweden's gateway to the west, Älvsborg Fortress , after only three days of bombardment and

1750-519: The name (around the year 1300) is Rotnæby , "the village upon the roaring (river)", so named because of the rapids on the spot. In the Middle Ages , Ronneby was an important trading and shipping town. In 1564, Ronneby was the location of a bloody battle during the Northern Seven Years' War between the Swedish and the Danish armies during which the Swedes under King Erik XIV besieged the city, killed many inhabitants ( Ronneby Bloodbath ) and burnt it to

1800-469: The nature of King Erik's regime has also been cited as a motivating factor for the rebellion. King Erik also lacked a standing army and had limited tax revenues. The death of Christopher of Bavaria (who had no heirs) in 1448 ended a period in which the three Scandinavian kingdoms were uninterruptedly united for a lengthy period. Karl Knutsson Bonde ruled as king of Sweden (1448–1457, 1464–1465 and 1467–1470) and Norway (1449-1450). Christian of Oldenburg

1850-642: The old Scandinavian concept of Uppbåd (levy or the prerogative to call up some fraction of men from each district in an emergency) to establish one of the first native standing armies in Europe. The men served on standby, remaining at home in peacetime, and being paid by tax concessions, but were required to assemble and drill. This system was later expanded as the Swedish allotment system . By 1560 when Gustav Vasa died, every ten peasants were required to provide one soldier who must serve anywhere domestic or foreign as required by

1900-541: The ongoing Livonian War , but Sweden refused to give in to those demands. In 1568, the Swedish duke John staged a successful coup d'etat against his brother, King Eric. Enthroned as king with the name John III, he began negotiations with Denmark, and on 18 November the same year this led to a draft peace agreement in Roskilde . This was turned down by the Swedes, however, and in 1569 war stirred again. The Danes attacked and reclaimed Varberg , on 13 November. The Swedes on

1950-519: The other hand now had great success in Skåne . At this point, both armies were exhausted, leading to further negotiations toward peace. In September 1570 a meeting began in Stettin and peace was finally reached on 13 December 1570 with the Treaty of Stettin . The Swedish king withdrew the claims to Norway, Skåne, Halland, Blekinge , and Gotland , while the Danes withdrew their claims to Sweden. The Baltic Sea

2000-407: The payment of the dowry of his daughter Margaret , betrothed to James III of Scotland in 1468. The money was never paid, so in 1472 the islands were annexed by the Kingdom of Scotland . Diverging interests (especially the Swedish nobility 's dissatisfaction with the dominant role played by Denmark and Holstein ) gave rise to a conflict that hampered the union in several intervals starting in

2050-535: The personal level, the union was achieved by Queen Margaret I of Denmark (1353–1412). She was a daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark and had married King Haakon VI of Norway and Sweden, who was the son of King Magnus IV of Sweden , Norway and Scania . Margaret succeeded in having her and Haakon's son Olaf recognized as heir to the throne of Denmark. In 1376, Olaf inherited the crown of Denmark from his maternal grandfather as King Olaf II, with his mother as guardian; when Haakon VI died in 1380, Olaf also inherited

Ronneby - Misplaced Pages Continue

2100-465: The province of Västergötland . Eric initially led the army against the Danish himself, but then turned over command to Nils Boije, who on 28 August 1564 took Varberg . The Danish army under Daniel Rantzau beat the Swedish army in the Battle of Axtorna on 20 October 1565. The Swedes fared better at sea. Horn, commanding the Swedish navy, pursued a Danish–Lübeck fleet onto the German coast where most of it

2150-657: Was a personal union in Scandinavia , agreed at Kalmar in Sweden as designed by Queen Margaret of Denmark. From 1397 to 1523, it joined under a single monarch the three kingdoms of Denmark , Sweden (then including much of present-day Finland ), and Norway , together with Norway's overseas colonies (then including Iceland , Greenland , the Faroe Islands , and the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland ). The union

2200-428: Was a stalemate, with neither party gaining any new territory. The Kalmar Union of the three former Scandinavian Kingdoms of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark lasted on and off from 1397 to 1523, until it finally collapsed following the continued Swedish resentment of Danish domination. A successful rebellion in 1471 led to Swedish victory at the Battle of Brunkeberg , which established a powerful anti-Union movement under

2250-588: Was declared sovereign Danish. In addition, the Kalmar Union was declared dissolved. The Swedes ransomed Älvsborg with 150,000 riksdaler and had to hand back captured warships. The disputes concerning the Three Crowns insignia were unresolved and remained a source of future conflict. The result between Denmark–Norway and Sweden is disputed, some claim that the war ended in a Danish victory, while others claim that it ended inconclusively. Kalmar Union Chronological history The Kalmar Union

2300-459: Was destroyed. After this victory Horn steered for Öresund and levied a toll on passing ships. On 4 June 1565, the Battle at Buchow took place on the Mecklenburg coast, in which the Danish–Lübeck commander Herluf Trolle was mortally wounded. In the Battle of 7 July 1565 , the Swedish navy under Horn defeated a Danish–Lübeck navy under Otto Rud near Bornholm, where Sweden captured the Danish flagship

2350-495: Was king of Denmark (1448–1481), Norway (1450–1481) and Sweden (1457–1464). Karl and Christian fought over control of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, leading Christian to seize Sweden from him from 1457 to 1464 before a rebellion led Karl to become king of Sweden again. When Karl died in 1470, Christian tried to become king of Sweden again, but was defeated by Sten Sture the Elder in the 1471 battle of Brunkeberg outside Stockholm. After

2400-454: Was not quite continuous; there were several short interruptions. Legally, the countries remained separate sovereign states . However, their domestic and foreign policies were directed by a common monarch. Gustav Vasa 's election as King of Sweden on 6 June 1523, and his triumphant entry into Stockholm eleven days later, marked Sweden's final secession from the Kalmar Union. Formally, the Danish king acknowledged Sweden's independence in 1524 at

2450-460: Was officially declared in August that year. In May, the first movements of the war started as a Danish fleet under Jakob Brockenhuus sailed towards the Baltic. At Bornholm, on 30 May 1563 , the fleet fired on the Swedish navy under Jakob Bagge , even though war had not officially been declared. A battle arose that ended with Danish defeat. German royal emissaries were sent to negotiate a peace, but at

2500-421: Was rebuilt according to a check pattern, which is still the model of today. Ronneby finally regained its city title in 1882. From 1971 it is the seat of the larger Ronneby Municipality . In the 1970s, the local diving club discovered a shipwreck off the coast of Ronneby that was eventually identified by archaeologists as Gribshunden , a 15th-century Danish warship . The shipwreck is significant as one of

#491508