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86-441: Among the pieces of music with the title Romantic Symphony are: Symphony No. 4 (Bruckner) ( Romantische ), WAB 104, by Anton Bruckner, 1874 Symphony No. 4 (Chávez) ( Sinfonía romántica ), by Carlos Chávez, 1953 Symphony No. 2 (Hanson) , Opus 30, by Howard Hanson, 1930 Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

172-415: A bluish-black crown , black neck, throat, bib and head, and white cheeks and ear coverts. The breast is bright lemon-yellow and there is a broad black mid-line stripe running from the bib to vent. There is a dull white spot on the neck turning to greenish yellow on the upper nape . The rest of the nape and back are green tinged with olive. The wing-coverts are green, the rest of the wing is bluish-grey with

258-437: A considerable amount of intelligence and the ability to solve problems with insight learning, that is to solve a problem through insight rather than trial and error. In England, great tits learned to break the foil caps of milk bottles delivered at the doorstep of homes to obtain the cream at the top. This behaviour, first noted in 1921, spread rapidly in the next two decades. In 2009, great tits were reported killing, and eating

344-567: A copy of the autograph score (manuscript Mus.Hs.6032), when he prepared the score for a planned performance – which ultimately fell through. The 1876 variant, that has been premiered in November 2020 by Jakub Hrůša with the Bamberger Symphoniker, has been issued by Benjamin Korstvedt  [ fr ] in 2021. When he had completed the original version of the symphony, Bruckner turned to

430-427: A day. Both parents provision the chicks with food and aid in nest sanitation by removing faecal packets, with no difference in the feeding effort between the sexes. The nestling period is between 16 and 22 days, with chicks being independent of the parents eight days after fledging . Feeding of the fledgeling may continue after independence, lasting up to 25 days in chicks from the first brood, but as long as 50 days in

516-405: A hole that is usually inside a tree, although occasionally in a wall or rock face, and they will readily take to nest boxes . The nest inside the cavity is built by the female, and is made of plant fibres, grasses, moss, hair, wool and feathers. The number in the clutch is often very large, as many as 18, but five to twelve is more common. Clutch size is smaller when birds start laying later, and

602-442: A larger bill, greyer-blue upperparts and slightly paler underparts. P. m. ecki is like P. m. mallorcae except with bluer upperparts and paler underparts. P. m. excelsus is similar to the nominate race but has much brighter green upperparts, bright yellow underparts and no (or very little) white on the tail. P. m. aphrodite has darker, more olive-grey upperparts, and the underparts are more yellow to pale cream. P. m. niethammeri

688-504: A model for the study of the evolution of various life-history traits, particularly clutch size. A study of a literature database search found 1,349 articles relating to Parus major for the period between 1969 and 2002. The great tit has generally adjusted to human modifications of the environment. It is more common and has better breeding success in areas with undisturbed forest cover, but it has adapted well to human-modified habitats, and can be very common in urban areas . For example,

774-506: A new theme that precedes the two themes seen in the previous versions: Additionally, the third theme group has been recomposed: In the coda, a quiet chorale is introduced at bar 489, and, before the peroration (at bar 517), an ascending scale – a quote of that before the third climax in part 5 of the Adagio of the Fifth Symphony . In the 1888 version, the recapitulation begins with

860-439: A single, morphologically uniform subspecies over such a large area suggests that the nominate race rapidly recolonised a large area after the last glacial epoch . This hypothesis is supported by genetic studies which suggest a geologically recent genetic bottleneck followed by a rapid population expansion. The genus Parus once held most of the species of tit in the family Paridae , but morphological and genetic studies led to

946-447: A white wing-bar. The tail is bluish grey with white outer tips. The plumage of the female is similar to that of the male except that the colours are overall duller; the bib is less intensely black, as is the line running down the belly, which is also narrower and sometimes broken. Young birds are like the female, except that they have dull olive-brown napes and necks, greyish rumps, and greyer tails, with less defined white tips. There

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1032-512: A world premiere of the 1878 version of the Symphony on 1 May 2022. After the lapse of almost a year (during which he composed his String Quintet in F Major ), Bruckner took up his Fourth Symphony once again. Between 19 November 1879 and 5 June 1880 he composed a new finale – the third, though it shares much of its thematic material with the first version – and discarded the Volksfest finale. This

1118-402: Is again headed off by a descending scale, with the rhythm simplified: Significant changes are made to the coda, bringing it closer to the third version. This version has the most substantial changes. The cascading string figures are changed, and the overall mood is much more somber than in previous versions. After the first theme group comes the modified second group. Here Bruckner has inserted

1204-445: Is also lower when the density of competitors is higher. Second broods tend to have smaller clutches. Insularity also affects clutch size, with great tits on offshore islands laying smaller clutches with larger eggs than mainland birds. The eggs are white with red spots. The female undertakes all incubation duties, and is fed by the male during incubation. The bird is a close sitter, hissing when disturbed. The timing of hatching, which

1290-708: Is avoided by dispersal of individuals from their birthplace, which reduces the chance of mating with a close relative. The Eurasian sparrowhawk is a predator of great tits, with the young from second broods being at higher risk partly because of the hawk's greater need for food for its own developing young. The nests of great tits are raided by great spotted woodpeckers , particularly when nesting in certain types of nest boxes. Other nest predators include introduced grey squirrels (in Britain) and least weasels , which are able to take nesting adults as well. A species of biting louse ( Mallophaga ) described as Rostrinirmus hudeci

1376-519: Is best synchronised with peak availability of prey, can be manipulated when environmental conditions change after the laying of the first egg by delaying the beginning of incubation, laying more eggs or pausing during incubation. The incubation period is between 12 and 15 days. The chicks, like those of all tits , hatch unfeathered and blind. Once feathers begin to erupt, the nestlings are unusual for altricial birds in having plumage coloured with carotenoids similar to their parents (in most species it

1462-454: Is dun-coloured to avoid predation). The nape is yellow and attracts the attention of the parents by its ultraviolet reflectance. This may be to make them easier to find in low light, or be a signal of fitness to win the parents' attention. This patch turns white after the first moult at age two months, and diminishes in size as the bird grows. Chicks are fed by both parents, usually receiving 6 to 7 g (0.21–0.25 oz) of food

1548-546: Is generally not played as part of the symphony as a whole. It is a simplified and shortened version of the finale. The movement's opening and first theme group are generally the same as the first version. The second group shows substantial differences in rhythm, with the difficult quintuplets replaced by simpler rhythmic patterns ( Bruckner rhythm "2 + 3" or "3 + 2"). The actual notes, leaving aside transpositions and differences in accompaniment and articulation, are unchanged. The first theme: The second theme: The third theme group

1634-405: Is like P. m. bokharensis but with a smaller bill, darker grey on the flanks and a more yellow wash on the juvenile birds. The colour of the male bird's breast has been shown to correlate with stronger sperm, and is one way that the male demonstrates his reproductive superiority to females. Higher levels of carotenoid increase the intensity of the yellow of the breast its colour, and also enable

1720-500: Is more densely occupied than it actually is. Whether the theory is correct or not, those birds with large vocabularies are socially dominant and breed more successfully. The great tit has a wide distribution across much of Eurasia. It can be found across all of Europe except for Iceland and northern Scandinavia , including numerous Mediterranean islands. In North Africa it lives in Morocco , Algeria and Tunisia . It also occurs across

1806-405: Is selected for by females, with higher quality females apparently selecting males with wider stripes. The great tit is, like other tits, a vocal bird , and has up to 40 types of calls and songs. The calls are generally the same between the sexes, but the male is much more vocal and the female rarely calls. Soft single notes such as "pit", "spick", or "chit" are used as contact calls. A loud "tink"

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1892-415: Is similar to P. m. aphrodite but the upperparts are duller and less green, and the underparts are pale yellow. P. m. terrasanctae resembles the previous two subspecies but has slightly paler upperparts. P. m. blandfordi is like the nominate but with a greyer mantle and scapulars and pale yellow underparts, and P. m. karelini is intermediate between the nominate and P. m. blandfordi , and lacks white on

1978-451: Is slower than the first: Bruckner completely recomposed the Scherzo movement after his first version. This so-called "Alphorn Scherzo" is based mostly on a horn call that opens the movement: This is followed by tremolo string figures and a slightly different version of the horn call. Eventually a climax is reached with the horn call sounded loudly and backed by the full orchestra, leading to

2064-428: Is some variation in the subspecies. P. m. newtoni is like the nominate race but has a slightly longer bill, the mantle is slightly deeper green, there is less white on the tail tips, and the ventral mid-line stripe is broader on the belly. P. m. corsus also resembles the nominate form but has duller upperparts, less white in the tail and less yellow in the nape. P. m. mallorcae is like the nominate subspecies, but has

2150-490: Is the same in all three versions: This version begins with cascading string figures and a reappearance of the horn call that opened the symphony, albeit first appearing on the oboe. This builds to a climax and the main theme is stated by the full orchestra. Pizzicato strings introduce the second theme group, built on two themes. This group is very polyrhythmic, with heavy usage of quintuplets . The first theme: This group has several bars of five notes against eight, beginning in

2236-440: Is used by adult males as an alarm or in territorial disputes. One of the most familiar is a "teacher, teacher", often likened to a squeaky wheelbarrow wheel, which is used in proclaiming ownership of a territory. In former times, English folk considered the "saw-sharpening" call to be a foretelling of rain. Tit calls from different geographic regions show some variation, and tits from the two south Asian groups recently split from

2322-741: The Middle East , and parts of Central Asia from northern Iran and Afghanistan to Mongolia , as well as across northern Asia from the Urals as far east as northern China and the Amur Valley . The great tit occupies a range of habitats. It is most commonly found in open deciduous woodland , mixed forests , forest edges and gardens. In dense forests, including conifer forests it prefers forest clearings. In northern Siberia it lives in boreal taiga . In North Africa it rather resides in oak forests as well as stands of Atlas cedar and even palm groves. In

2408-402: The bokharensis and major groups was estimated to have been about half a million years ago. The study also examined hybrids between representatives of the major and minor groups in the Amur Valley where the two meet. Hybrids were rare, suggesting that there were some reproductive barriers between the two groups. The study recommended that the two eastern groups be split out as new species,

2494-541: The breeding season , the tits prefer to feed protein-rich caterpillars to their young. A study published in 2007 found that great tits helped to reduce caterpillar damage in apple orchards by as much as 50%. Nestlings also undergo a period in their early development where they are fed a number of spiders, possibly for nutritional reasons. In autumn and winter, when insect prey becomes scarcer, great tits add berries and seeds to their diet. Seeds and fruit usually come from deciduous trees and shrubs, like for instance

2580-730: The cinereous tit ( Parus cinereus ), and the Japanese tit ( Parus minor ), but that the Turkestan tit be lumped in with the great tit. This taxonomy has been followed by some authorities, for example the IOC World Bird List . The Handbook of the Birds of the World volume treating the Parus species went for the more traditional classification, treating the Turkestan tit as a separate species but retaining

2666-471: The cinereus group were found from Iran across south Asia to Indonesia . The three bokharensis subspecies were often treated as a separate species, Parus bokharensis , the Turkestan tit. This form was once thought to form a ring species around the Tibetan Plateau , with gene flow throughout the subspecies, but this theory was abandoned when sequences of mitochondrial DNA were examined, finding that

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2752-515: The electron transport from ATP production. As a result, the energy that would have been used to make ATP is released as heat and their blood becomes more thermogenic. In the face of winter food shortages, the great tit has also shown a type of peripheral vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels) to reduce heat loss and cold injury. Reduced cold injury and heat loss is mediated by the great tits' counter-current vascular arrangements, and peripheral vasoconstriction in major vessels in and around

2838-551: The second theme group, skipping over the first entirely. There does not seem to be any clear hint of a program for this third version of the finale. Bruckner scholars recognise currently three versions of the Fourth Symphony: At least seven authentic versions and revisions of the Fourth Symphony have been identified. The Fourth Symphony underwent the most prolonged, the most intricate, compositional process of any of

2924-568: The tit family Paridae. It is a widespread and common species throughout Europe, the Middle East , Central Asia and east across the Palearctic to the Amur River , south to parts of North Africa where it is generally resident in any sort of woodland; most great tits do not migrate except in extremely harsh winters. Until 2005 this species was lumped with numerous other subspecies. DNA studies have shown these other subspecies to be distinct from

3010-457: The white-naped and green-backed tits of southern Asia. Hybrids with tits outside the genus Parus are very rare, but have been recorded with blue tit , coal tit , and probably marsh tit . There are currently 15 recognised subspecies of great tit: The great tit is large for a tit at 12.5 to 14.0 cm (4.9–5.5 in) in length, and has a distinctive appearance that makes it easy to recognise. The nominate race P. major major has

3096-446: The "Hunt" Scherzo ( Jagd-Scherzo ). In a letter to the music critic Wilhelm Tappert (October 1878), Bruckner said that the new Scherzo "represents the hunt, whereas the Trio is a dance melody which is played to the hunters during their repast". The original title of the Trio reads: Tanzweise während der Mahlzeit auf der Jagd ("Dance melody during the hunters' meal"). The Volksfest finale

3182-413: The 17th century. The great tit was formerly treated as ranging from Britain to Japan and south to the islands of Indonesia, with 36 described subspecies ascribed to four main species groups. The major group had 13 subspecies across Europe, temperate Asia and north Africa, the minor group's nine subspecies occurred from southeast Russia and Japan into northern southeast Asia and the 11 subspecies in

3268-457: The 1878 version and later it opens with a variation of the Bruckner rhythm theme from the first group: The expansive development features a brass chorale based on the opening horn call: There exists much evidence that Bruckner had a program in mind for the Fourth Symphony. In a letter to conductor Hermann Levi of 8 December 1884, Bruckner wrote: "In the first movement after a full night's sleep

3354-434: The 2024 BBC Proms , conductor Simon Rattle stated that he had found fourteen versions of the symphony. Rattle also made a cut before the finale, and composed his own four-bar transition to replace it. Bruckner's original version of the symphony was composed between 2 January and 22 November 1874. The edition by Leopold Nowak in 1975, based on manuscript Mus.Hs.6082, includes some revisions from 1875 that Bruckner made in

3440-708: The Japanese and cinereous tits with the great tit, a move that has not been without criticism. The nominate subspecies of the great tit is the most widespread, its range stretching from the Iberian Peninsula to the Amur Valley and from Scandinavia to the Middle East. The other subspecies have much more restricted distributions, four being restricted to islands and the remainder of the P. m. major subspecies representing former glacial refuge populations . The dominance of

3526-623: The Trio: The autograph of the so-called "Hunting Scherzo" of the 1878 version of the symphony contains markings such as Jagdthema (hunting theme) and Tanzweise während der Mahlzeit auf der Jagd (dance tune during the lunch break while hunting). This is the more well known of the Scherzi. It opens with triadic hunting horn calls, that recalls the Military march, WAB 116 : The more melodic Trio follows: This movement went through three major versions, but

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3612-765: The United States; birds were set free near Cincinnati, Ohio between 1872 and 1874 but failed to become established. Suggestions that they were an excellent control measure for codling moths nearly led to their introduction to some new areas particularly in the United States of America, however this plan was not implemented. A small population is present in the upper Midwest, believed to be the descendants of birds liberated in Chicago in 2002 along with European goldfinches , Eurasian jays , common chaffinches , European greenfinches , saffron finches , blue tits and Eurasian linnets , although sightings of some of these species pre-date

3698-534: The abbreviated finale as it was performed by Felix Mottl on 10 December 1881 in Karlsruhe. The 1886 version is largely the same as the 1880 version but has a number of changes – notably in the last few bars of the Finale, in which the third and fourth horns play the main theme of the first movement – made by Bruckner while preparing a score of the symphony for Anton Seidl , who took it with him to New York City. This version

3784-428: The amount of heat transferred from core body tissues to the skin (via cutaneous vasodilation), which, in turn, reduces heat loss rate by lowering skin temperature relative to the environment. The great tit is a popular garden bird due to its acrobatic performances when feeding on nuts or seed. Its willingness to move into nest boxes has made it a valuable study subject in ornithology ; it has been particularly useful as

3870-849: The autograph score. This version was never performed or published during the composer's lifetime, though the Scherzo was played in Linz on 12 December 1909. The first complete performance was given in Linz more than a century after its composition on 20 September 1975 by the Munich Philharmonic conducted by Kurt Wöss . The first commercial recording was made in September 1982 by the Frankfurt Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Eliahu Inbal (CD 2564 61371-2). In 1876 Bruckner made some additional, mainly metrical adjustments, that he introduced in

3956-411: The birds' bill and legs. This mechanism allows uninsulated regions (i.e., bill and legs) to remain close to the surrounding temperature. In response to food restriction, the great tits' bill temperature dropped, and once food availably was increased, bill temperatures gradually returned to normal. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the bill not only serves as an energy saving mechanism, but also reduces

4042-578: The brains of roosting pipistrelle bats. This is the first time a songbird has been recorded preying on bats. The tits only do this during winter when the bats are hibernating and other food is scarce. They have also been recorded using tools , using a conifer needle in the bill to extract larvae from a hole in a tree. Great tits are monogamous breeders and establish breeding territories . These territories are established in late January and defence begins in late winter or early spring. Territories are usually reoccupied in successive years, even if one of

4128-499: The breeding male and that 8.5% of all chicks were the result of cuckoldry . Adult males tend to have a higher reproductive success compared to sub-adults. Great tits are seasonal breeders. The exact timing of breeding varies by a number of factors, most importantly location. Most breeding occurs between January and September; in Europe the breeding season usually begins after March. In Israel there are exceptional records of breeding during

4214-490: The breeding population in the city of Sheffield (a city of half a million people) has been estimated at some 17,000 individuals. In adapting to human environments its song has been observed to change in noise-polluted urban environments. In areas with low frequency background noise pollution, the song has a higher frequency than in quieter areas. This tit has expanded its range, moving northwards into Scandinavia and Scotland, and south into Israel and Egypt. The total population

4300-506: The city towers—the gates open—On proud horses the knights burst out into the open, the magic of nature envelops them—forest murmurs— bird song —and so the Romantic picture develops further..." This movement, in C minor, begins with a melody on the cellos: The accompaniment is significantly different in the original 1874 version. This movement, like most Bruckner slow movements, is in five-part ternary form (A–B–A–B–A–Coda). The second part (B)

4386-452: The composition of his Fifth Symphony . When he had completed that piece he resumed work on the Fourth. Between 18 January and 30 September 1878 he thoroughly revised the first two movements and replaced the original finale with a new movement entitled Volksfest ("Popular Festival"). In December 1878 Bruckner replaced the original Scherzo with a completely new movement, which is sometimes called

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4472-481: The day is announced by the horn, 2nd movement song, 3rd movement hunting trio, musical entertainment of the hunters in the wood." There is a similar passage in a letter from the composer to Paul Heyse of 22 December 1890: "In the first movement of the 'Romantic' Fourth Symphony the intention is to depict the horn that proclaims the day from the town hall! Then life goes on; in the Gesangsperiode [the second subject]

4558-530: The east of its range in Siberia, Mongolia and China it favours riverine willow and birch forest. Riverine woodlands of willows, poplars are among the habitats of the Turkestan subspecies, as well as low scrubland , oases ; at higher altitudes it occupies habitats ranging from dense deciduous and coniferous forests to open areas with scattered trees. The great tit is generally not migratory . Pairs will usually remain near or in their territory year round, even in

4644-411: The elevated temperatures produced by brooding birds, tits being the preferred hosts. Great tits compete with the pied flycatcher for nesting boxes, and can kill prospecting flycatcher males. Incidences of fatal competition are more frequent when nesting times overlap, and climate change has led to greater synchrony of nesting between the two species and flycatcher deaths. Having killed the flycatchers,

4730-450: The environment and is a common and familiar bird in urban parks and gardens. The great tit is also an important study species in ornithology . The great tit was described under its current binomial name by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae . Its scientific name is derived from the Latin parus "tit" and maior "larger". Francis Willughby had used the name in

4816-465: The first theme group: This leads into the second theme of the first group, an insistent statement of the Bruckner rhythm : Like all Bruckner symphonies, the exposition contains three theme groups. The second group, called the "Gesangsperiode" by Bruckner, is in D ♭ major: The third theme group differs between versions; in the 1874 original it opens with a variation on the opening horn call: In

4902-423: The four groups were distinct ( monophyletic ) and that the hybridisation zones between the groups were the result of secondary contact after a temporary period of isolation. A study published in 2005 confirmed that the major group was distinct from the cinereus and minor groups and that along with P. m. bokharensis it diverged from these two groups around 1.5 million years ago. The divergence between

4988-412: The great tit and these have now been separated as two distinct species, the cinereous tit ( Parus cinereus ) of southern Asia, and the Japanese tit ( Parus minor ) of East Asia. The great tit remains the most widespread species in the genus Parus . The great tit is a distinctive bird with a black head and neck, prominent white cheeks, olive upperparts and yellow underparts, with some variation amongst

5074-464: The great tit do not recognise or react to the calls of the temperate great tits. One explanation for the great tit's wide repertoire is the Beau Geste hypothesis . The eponymous hero of the novel propped dead soldiers against the battlements to give the impression that his fort was better defended than was really the case. Similarly, the multiplicity of calls gives the impression that the tit's territory

5160-405: The great tits may consume their brains. Great tits have been found to possess special physiological adaptations for cold environments. When preparing for winter months, the great tit can increase how thermogenic (heat producing) its blood is. The mechanism for this adaptation is a seasonal increase in mitochondrial volume and mitochondrial respiration in red blood cells and increased uncoupling of

5246-431: The item is held with one or both feet and then struck with the bill until it is ready to eat. Using this method, a great tit can get into a hazelnut in about twenty minutes. When feeding young, adults will hammer off the heads of large insects to make them easier to consume, and remove the gut from caterpillars so that the tannins in the gut will not retard the chick's growth. Great tits combine dietary versatility with

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5332-477: The larger issues raised by Bruckner's versions more generally. For these reasons, the Fourth Symphony, as the most extreme case of the "Bruckner problem," offers a uniquely advantageous platform from which to see key matters more critically and clearly than they have been previously. In an interview given to coincide with his performance of the work with the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra at

5418-405: The months of October to December. The amount of sunlight and daytime temperatures will also affect breeding timing. One study found a strong correlation between the timing of laying and the peak abundance of caterpillar prey, which is in turn correlated to temperature. On an individual level, younger females tend to start laying later than older females. Great tits are cavity nesters, breeding in

5504-452: The northern parts of their range. Young birds will disperse from their parents' territory, but usually not far. Populations may become irruptive in poor or harsh winters, meaning that groups of up to a thousand birds may unpredictably move from northern Europe to the Baltic and also to Netherlands, Britain, even as far as the southern Balkans . The great tit was unsuccessfully introduced into

5590-584: The numerous subspecies. It is predominantly insectivorous in the summer, but will consume a wider range of food items in the winter months, including small hibernating bats. Like all tits it is a cavity nester, usually nesting in a hole in a tree. The female lays around 12 eggs and incubates them alone, although both parents raise the chicks. In most years the pair will raise two broods. The nests may be raided by woodpeckers , squirrels and weasels and infested with fleas , and adults may be hunted by sparrowhawks . The great tit has adapted well to human changes in

5676-532: The pair dies, so long as the brood is raised successfully. Females are likely to disperse to new territories if their nest is predated the previous year. If the pair divorces for some reason then the birds will disperse, with females travelling further than males to establish new territories. Although the great tit is socially monogamous, extra-pair copulations are frequent. One study in Germany found that 40% of nests contained some offspring fathered by parents other than

5762-413: The passage that bridges the end of the development section of the Finale and the beginning of the reprise. Bars 351–430, i.e. the transition at the end of the development as well as the reprise of the first motif and the first part of the second motif, were removed and replaced by a few bars new transition. This abbreviated version was used for the first performance and Bruckner specifically requested that it

5848-497: The second brood. Nestlings from second broods have weaker immune systems and body condition than those from first broods, and hence have a lower juvenile survival rate. Inbreeding depression occurs when the offspring produced as a result of a mating between close relatives show reduced fitness. The reduced fitness is generally considered to be a consequence of the increased expression of deleterious recessive alleles in these offspring. In natural populations of P. major , inbreeding

5934-412: The second theme: The third theme group is started by a descending B ♭ minor scale, which recalls Wotan's Spear leitmotif , given by the whole orchestra: Towards the end, the horn call that opened the symphony returns, heralding the bright E ♭ major finish to the symphony. The second version of the movement, whose nickname, meaning 'people's festival', comes from Bruckner's autograph,

6020-496: The seeds of beech and hazel . Where it is available they will readily take table scraps, peanuts and seeds from bird tables . In particularly severe winters they may consume 44% of their body weight in sunflower seeds. They often forage on the ground, particularly in years with high beech mast production. Great tits, along with other tits, will join winter mixed-species foraging flocks . Large food items, such as large seeds or prey, are dealt with by "hold-hammering", where

6106-415: The sperm to better withstand the onslaught of free radicals . Carotenoids cannot be synthesized by the bird and have to be obtained from food, so a bright colour in a male demonstrates his ability to obtain good nutrition. However, the saturation of the yellow colour is also influenced by environmental factors, such as weather conditions. The width of the male's ventral stripe, which varies with individual,

6192-423: The splitting of that large genus in 1998. The great tit was retained in Parus , which along with Cyanistes comprises a lineage of tits known as the "non-hoarders", with reference to the hoarding behaviour of members of the other clade. The genus Parus is still the largest in the family, but may be split again. Other than those species formerly considered to be subspecies, the great tit's closest relatives are

6278-628: The supposed introduction date. Birds were introduced to the Almaty Province in what is now Kazakhstan in 1960–61 and became established, although their present status is unclear. Great tits are primarily insectivorous in the summer, feeding on insects and spiders which they capture by foliage gleaning . Their larger invertebrate prey include cockroaches , grasshoppers and crickets , lacewings , earwigs , bugs ( Hemiptera ), ants, flies (Diptera), caddisflies, beetles, scorpionflies, harvestmen, bees and wasps, snails and woodlice. During

6364-494: The symphonies. Bruckner's work on it extended from 1874 until at least 1890. He recomposed much of the symphony during this process, entirely replacing the third movement and fundamentally reinventing the Finale. He prepared different versions for performance at least three times, and each time this led him to make changes, often substantial ones. And he finally saw the symphony through publication. Much of this story has either been unknown or significantly misunderstood, as have many of

6450-590: The symphony in 1887–88 with a view to having it published. Although Löwe and the Schalks made some changes to the score, these are now thought to have been authorized by Bruckner. This version was first performed, to acclaim, by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra under the baton of Hans Richter in Vienna on 20 January 1888. Great tit The great tit ( Parus major ) is a small passerine bird in

6536-564: The symphony multiple times and it exists in three major versions. The initial version of 1874 differs in several respects from the other two, most importantly the entirely separate scherzo movement: Here are the tempo markings in the 1880 version: The 1888 version edited by Benjamin Korstvedt  [ fr ] in the Gesamtausgabe (Band IV Teil 3) has different tempo and metronome markings: The movement opens, like many other Bruckner symphonies, with tremolo strings. A horn call opens

6622-438: The tail. The plumage of P. m. bokharensis is much greyer, pale creamy white to washed out grey underparts, a larger white cheep patch, a grey tail, wings, back and nape. It is also slightly smaller, with a smaller bill but longer tail. The situation is similar for the two related subspecies in the Turkestan tit group. P. m. turkestanicus is like P. m. bokharensis but with a larger bill and darker upperparts. P. m. ferghanensis

6708-416: The theme is the song of the great tit Zizipe . 2nd movement: song, prayer, serenade. 3rd: hunt and in the Trio how a barrel-organ plays during the midday meal in the forest. In addition to these clues that come directly from Bruckner, the musicologist Theodor Helm communicated a more detailed account reported via the composer's associate Bernhard Deubler: "Mediaeval city—Daybreak—Morning calls sound from

6794-420: The third version of the Finale corresponds with the second major version of the symphony as a whole. There were further revisions for the 1888 version, but these amount to cuts and reorchestration; the underlying thematic material does not change after 1880. Much of the thematic material is shared between different versions, albeit with rhythmic simplification after 1874. The stark main theme, in E ♭ minor,

6880-515: The title Romantic Symphony . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romantic_Symphony&oldid=839292558 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Symphony No. 4 (Bruckner) The symphony's nickname of Romantic

6966-539: Was isolated and described in 1981 from great tits in central Europe. The hen flea Ceratophyllus gallinae is exceedingly common in the nests of blue and great tits. It was originally a specialist tit flea, but the dry, crowded conditions of chicken runs enabled it to flourish with its new host. This flea is preferentially predated by the clown beetle Gnathoncus punctulatus , The rove beetle Microglotta pulla also feeds on fleas and their larvae. Although these beetles often remain in deserted nests, they can only breed in

7052-423: Was published as an appendix to Robert Haas 's edition of 1936, and in a separate edition by Leopold Nowak in 1981. The complete 1878 version of the symphony has been first issued by William Carragan in 2014 for a foreseen performance by Gerd Schaller . A critical edition of the 1878 version has been issued by Benjamin Korstvedt in 2022. In close contact with Korstvedt, MusicaNova Phoenix, Arizona, has performed

7138-487: Was published in an edition by Nowak in 1953, based on the original copyist's score, which was rediscovered in 1952 and is now in the collection of Columbia University . In the title of Nowak's publication, it was confusingly described as the "1878–1880 version". It was performed in New York by Seidl on 4 April 1888. With the assistance of Ferdinand Löwe and probably also Franz and Joseph Schalk , Bruckner thoroughly revised

7224-557: Was the version performed at the work's premiere on 20 February 1881, which was the first premiere of a Bruckner symphony not to be conducted by Bruckner himself. Some changes made after the first performance of the latter – numerous changes in orchestration, a replacement of a 4-bar passage with a 12-bar passage in the Finale, and a 20-bar cut in the Andante. Most of these changes are described in Carragan's "Red Book". Moreover, Bruckner reworked

7310-491: Was used by the composer himself. This was at the height of the Romantic movement in the arts as depicted, amongst others, in the operas Lohengrin and Siegfried of Richard Wagner . According to Albert Speer , the symphony was performed before the fall of Berlin , in a concert on 12 April 1945. Speer chose the symphony as a signal that the Nazis were about to lose the war. The symphony has four movements . Bruckner revised

7396-572: Was used when the Fourth was played for a second time. The 1880 version is available in an edition by Robert Haas , which was published in 1936, based on Bruckner's manuscript in the Austrian National Library. A critical edition of the 1880 version has been issued by Benjamin Korstvedt in 2019. Another edition has been issued by Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs for the Anton Bruckner Urtext Gesamtausgabe in 2021 – with

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