Misplaced Pages

#335664

65-399: "Romanized Shaowu" was created in the 1880s by Joseph Elkanah Walker and Ada Walker ( née Claghorn), who were American missionaries living in Shaowu since 1872 through the 1930s. In 1891, they have translated the Epistle of James into Shaowu using this romanization (as 《使徒雅各書》 Se³-tʻu⁵ Nga²-ko⁴ shṳ¹ ). There is some variation in the representation of the finals in works by J.E.Walker. E.g.,

130-399: A Compostela . When 25 July falls on a Sunday, it is a "Holy Year" (a Jacobean holy year ) and a special east door is opened for entrance into Santiago Cathedral. Jubilee years follow a 6-5-6-11 pattern (except when the last year of a century is not a leap year, which can yield a gap of 7 or 12 years). In the 2004 Holy Year, 179,944 pilgrims were received at Compostela. In the 2010 Holy Year,

195-519: A considerable development of ecclesiastical organisation "whereas in Paul's day to heal and work miracles pertained to believers indiscriminately (I Corinthians, XII:9)." James and the M Source material in Matthew are unique in the canon in their stand against the rejection of works and deeds. According to Sanders, traditional Christian theology wrongly divested the term "works" of its ethical grounding, part of

260-418: A double opening and an abrupt ending. Many consider James to have affinities to Jewish wisdom literature : "like Proverbs and Sirach , it consists largely of moral exhortations and precepts of a traditional and eclectic nature." The epistle also has affinities with many of the sayings of Jesus which are found in the gospels of Luke and Matthew (i.e., those attributed to the hypothetical Q source , in

325-470: A number of early Christian figures are named James, including: James the son of Zebedee , James the Less , James the son of Alphaeus , and James the brother of Jesus (reported to also be the son of Alphaeus). Of these, James the brother of Jesus has the most prominent role in the early church, and is often understood as either the author of the epistle, or the implied author. The earliest recorded references to

390-588: A place to bury his body. Lupa appears in the Codex Calixtinus which further relates that she decides to trick the disciples and sends them to the governor of Duio with the intent of having them killed. Sensing a trap, they escape the governor and return to the queen. Once again Lupa tries to deceive them and sends them to Pico Sacro (the Sacred Peak) to collect two of her oxen to carry the necessary material to build

455-453: A true piece of correspondence between specific parties but an example of wisdom literature , formulated as a letter for circulation. The Catholic Encyclopedia says, "the subjects treated of in the Epistle are many and various; moreover, St. James not infrequently, whilst elucidating a certain point, passes abruptly to another, and presently resumes once more his former argument." Others view

520-522: Is also associated with an increasing level of awareness of the Jewish grounding of both the epistle and the early Jesus movement. The author is identified as "James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" (James 1:1). James ( Jacob , Hebrew : יַעֲקֹב , romanized :  Ya'aqov , Ancient Greek : Ιάκωβος , romanized :  Iakobos ) was an extremely common name in antiquity, and

585-531: Is by faith alone and also that faith is never alone but shows itself to be alive by deeds of love that express a believer's thanks to God for the free gift of salvation by faith in Jesus. According to Ben Witherington III , differences exist between the Apostle Paul and James, but both used the law of Moses , the teachings of Jesus and other Jewish and non-Jewish sources, and "Paul was not anti-law any more than James

650-401: Is not being circumcised or being uncircumcised that can effect anything – only faith working through love.']). James was dealing with errorists who said that if they had faith they didn't need to show love by a life of faith (James 2:14–17). James countered this error by teaching that faith is alive, showing itself to be so by deeds of love (James 2:18,26). James and Paul both teach that salvation

715-728: Is the patron saint of Spain and, according to tradition, what are believed to be his remains are held in Santiago de Compostela in Galicia . He is also known as James, son of Zebedee , Saint James the Great , Saint James the Greater , Saint James the Elder , or Saint Jacob, James the Apostle or Santiago . James was the son of Zebedee and Salome . Salome was a sister of Mary (mother of Jesus) which made James

SECTION 10

#1732855110336

780-561: Is the local evolution of the Latin genitive Sancti Iacobi , "(church or sanctuary) of Saint James " (evolved into a personal name in Spanish, and also in Portuguese as Tiago which spelled in ancient orthography as Thiago and still commonly used as a proper name, with its derivatives Diego / Diogo ). The traditional pilgrimage to the grave of the saint, known as the " Way of St. James ", has been

845-455: Is the meaning of the Greek word δικαιόω ([dikaiόō] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) , 'render righteous or such as he ought to be'), with some among the participants taking the view that James is responding to a misunderstanding of Paul. Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy have historically argued that the passage disproves simplistic versions of

910-399: Is this: to look after orphans and widows in their distress and to keep oneself from being polluted by the world. Speak and act as those who are going to be judged by the law that gives freedom, because judgment without mercy will be shown to anyone who has not been merciful. Mercy triumphs over judgment. The epistle emphasizes the importance of acts of charity or works to go along with having

975-470: Is useless? Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he offered up his son Isaac on the altar? You see that faith was active along with his works, and faith was completed by his works; and the Scripture was fulfilled that says, "Abraham believed God, and it was counted to him as righteousness"—and he was called a friend of God. You see that a person is justified by works and not by faith alone. And in

1040-448: The Birkat ha-minim or something very much like it" to curse Christians. Poverty and wealth are key concerns throughout the epistle, and these issues are likely to reflect the epistle's historical context. The author shows concern for vulnerable and marginalised groups, such as "orphans and widows" (James 1:27), believers who are "poorly clothed and lacking in daily food" (James 2:15), and

1105-564: The Aaronic , or lesser, priesthood, stating that he was doing so under the direction of James, Peter and John. The Quranic account of the disciples of Jesus does not include their names, numbers, or any detailed accounts of their lives. Muslim exegesis , however, more or less agrees with the New Testament list and says that the disciples included Peter , Philip , Thomas , Bartholomew , Matthew , Andrew , James, Jude , John and Simon

1170-664: The Eastern Orthodox Church teaches that the Book of James was "written not by either of the apostles, but by the 'brother of the Lord' who was the first bishop of the Church in Jerusalem." A prevalent view within scholarship considers the Epistle of James to be pseudonymous . The real author chose to write under the name James, intending that the audience perceive James the brother of Jesus as

1235-1074: The New Testament . It was written originally in Koine Greek . James 1:1 identifies the author as "James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" who is writing to "the twelve tribes scattered abroad". Traditionally, the epistle is attributed to James the brother of Jesus (James the Just), and the audience is considered generally to be Jewish Christians , who were dispersed outside Israel. Framing his letter within an overall theme of patient perseverance during trials and temptations , James writes in order to encourage his readers to live consistently with what they have learned in Christ. He condemns various sins , including pride , hypocrisy , favouritism , and slander . He encourages and implores believers to live humbly by godly, rather than worldly, wisdom; he encourages prayer in all situations. Martin Luther considered

1300-531: The Twelve Apostles . Jesus allowed them to be the only apostles present at three particular occasions during his public ministry, the raising of Jairus' daughter , transfiguration of Jesus and agony in the Garden of Gethsemane . James and John (or, in another tradition, their mother ) asked Jesus to grant them seats on his right and left in his glory. Jesus rebuked them, asking if they were ready to drink from

1365-812: The Virgin Mary appeared to James on the bank of the Ebro River at Caesaraugusta , while he was preaching the Gospel in Hispania . She appeared upon a pillar , and that pillar is conserved and venerated within the present Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar , in Zaragoza , Spain. Following that apparition, St. James returned to Judaea , where he was beheaded by Herod Agrippa I in AD 44. The translation of his relics from Judaea to Galicia in

SECTION 20

#1732855110336

1430-463: The two-source hypothesis ). Some scholars have argued that the author of James is familiar with a version of Q rather than Luke or Matthew. Other scholars have noted the epistle's affinities with Greco-Roman philosophical literature. The author's use and transformation of Q materials resembles the Hellenistic practice of aemueelatio , in which the author must "rival and vie [ aemulatio ] with

1495-573: The Apostles James, Peter and John appeared as heavenly messengers to Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery and conferred upon them the Melchizedek priesthood authority of apostolic succession , and thus exclusively on earth to their organization. According to the teaching, this occurred sometime after May 15, 1829, when John the Baptist similarly appeared to Smith and Cowdery and conferred upon them

1560-542: The Christian army during the legendary battle of Clavijo , and was henceforth called Santiago Matamoros (Saint James the Moor -slayer). ¡Santiago, y cierra, España! ("St. James and strike for Spain") was the traditional battle cry of medieval Spanish (Christian) armies. Miguel de Cervantes has Don Quixote explaining that "the great knight of the russet cross was given by God to Spain as patron and protector". James' emblem

1625-469: The Christian faith by means the following three verses in chapter 2: James the Great James the Great ( Koinē Greek : Ἰάκωβος, romanized : Iákōbos ; Aramaic : ܝܥܩܘܒ, romanized : Yaʿqōḇ ; died AD 44) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus . According to the New Testament , he was the second of the apostles to die (after Judas Iscariot ), and the first to be martyred . Saint James

1690-411: The Epistle of James "is claimed by some to have been published by some one else under his name, and gradually, as time went on, to have gained authority". The link between James the brother of Jesus and the epistle continued to strengthen, and is now considered the traditional view on the authorship of the work. The traditional view can be divided into at least three further positions that relate also to

1755-470: The Epistle of James highlight the contentious nature of the epistle's authorship. Origen may be the first person to link the epistle to "James the brother of Lord", though this is only preserved in Rufinus 's Latin translation of Origen. Eusebius writes that "James, who is said to be the author of the first of the so-called catholic epistles. But it is to be observed that it is disputed". Jerome reported that

1820-577: The Great a cousin of Jesus. James is styled "the Greater" to distinguish him from the Apostle James "the Less," with "greater" meaning older or taller, rather than more important. James the Great was the brother of John the Apostle . James is described as one of the first disciples to join Jesus. The Synoptic Gospels state that James and John were with their father by the seashore when Jesus called them to follow him. James, along with his brother John, and Peter , formed an informal triumvirate among

1885-406: The Great, located to the left of the sanctuary, is the traditional place where he was martyred when King Agrippa ordered him to be beheaded (Acts 12:1–2). His head is believed to be buried under the altar, marked by a piece of red marble and surrounded by six votive lamps. The 12th century Historia Compostelana commissioned by Diego Gelmírez provides a summary of the legend of St. James, as it

1950-466: The Walker's romanization is analyzed as /ɯ/ (or /ɿ/ after sibilants) in modern Shaowu, but it may merge with other finals in some specific contexts. Most of the tsʻ /tsʰ/ initials have merged with tʻ /tʰ/ in modern Shaowu, only occasionally being preserved in literary readings. Epistle of James The Epistle of James is a general epistle and one of the 21 epistles ( didactic letters) in

2015-412: The author. Scholars who maintain pseudonymous authorship differ on whether this was a deceitful or pious practice. The following arguments are often cited in support of pseudepigraphy: The original manuscript of the Epistle of James is lost. The earliest extant manuscripts of James date to the mid-to-late 3rd century. According to Josephus , James the brother of Jesus was killed in 62 CE, during

Romanized Shaowu - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-519: The cup he was going to drink from and saying the honor was not even for him to grant. The other apostles were annoyed with them. James and his brother wanted to call down fire on a Samaritan town, but were rebuked by Jesus. The Acts of the Apostles records that "Herod the king" (usually identified with Herod Agrippa ) had James executed by the sword. Nixon suggests that this may have been caused by James' fiery temper, in which he and his brother earned

2145-426: The date of the epistle: Many who affirm traditional authorship think James had a sufficient proficiency in Greek education to write the letter himself. Some argue that James the brother of Jesus made use of an amanuensis , which explains the quality of Greek in the letter. Dan McCartney notes this position has garnered little support. Others have advocated for a two-stage composition theory, in which many sayings in

2210-473: The doctrine of justification by faith alone ( sola fide ). The early Protestants resolved the apparent conflict between James and Paul regarding faith and works in alternate ways from the Catholics and Orthodox. One modern American Protestant explanation pre-supposes that James taught sola fide : Paul was dealing with one kind of error while James was dealing with a different error. The errorists Paul

2275-408: The effort to characterize Judaism as legalistic. However, for James and for all Jews, faith is alive only through Torah observance. In other words, belief demonstrates itself through practice and manifestation. For James, claims about belief are empty, unless they are alive in action, works and deeds. Do not merely listen to the word, and so deceive yourselves. Do what it says. Anyone who listens to

2340-446: The elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer of faith will save the one who is sick, and the Lord will raise him up. And if he has committed sins, he will be forgiven. G. A. Wells suggested that the passage was evidence of late authorship of the epistle, on the grounds that the healing of the sick being done through an official body of presbyters ( elders ) indicated

2405-510: The epistle originate with James the brother of Jesus. They were collected by James' disciples and redacted into the current form of the letter. John Calvin and others suggested that the author was the James, son of Alphaeus, who is referred to as James the Less (often identified as James the "brother" of Jesus). The Protestant reformer Martin Luther denied it was the work of an apostle and termed it an "epistle of straw". The Holy Tradition of

2470-477: The epistle to be among the disputed books , and sidelined it to an appendix , although he cited it in his Large Catechism . The epistle aims to reach a wide Jewish audience. During the last decades, the epistle of James has attracted increasing scholarly interest due to a surge in the quest for the historical James, his role within the Jesus movement , his beliefs, and his relationships and views. This James revival

2535-412: The epistle was written to both Christian and non-Christian Jews, who continued to worship together before the parting of the ways between Christianity and Judaism. The warning against cursing people (James 3:9–10) has been read in light of this historical reconstruction, and Dale Allison has argued that "James reflects an environment in which some Jews, unhappy with Jewish Christians, were beginning to use

2600-459: The high priesthood of Ananus, although Clement of Alexandria and Hegesippus provide a different account of James' death, c. 69 CE. Those who hold to traditional authorship date the epistle to sometime before 62 CE, in the forties or fifties, making it one of the earliest writings of the New Testament. Those who maintain that the epistle is pseudonymous generally date the epistle later, from

2665-524: The late first to mid-second century. This is based on a number of considerations, including the epistle's potential dependence on 1 Peter, potential response to Paul's writings or Paul's later followers, late attestation in the historical record, and the 3rd and 4th century disputes concerning the epistle's authorship. The historiographic debate currently seems to be leaning to the side of those in favor of early dating, although not through irrefutable evidence but through indications and probabilities. Some of

Romanized Shaowu - Misplaced Pages Continue

2730-400: The letter ṳ may be written with the dots above it (as ü ). In modern Shaowu, the palatal sibilants ch /tɕ/, chʻ /tɕʰ/, sh /ɕ/ are only used before /-i-/ and /-y-/. Romanized Shaowu marks the /-i-/ medial somewhat inconsistenly, e.g. 上 /ɕioŋ³⁵/ is written as shong⁶ in the Walker's syllabary, but as shiong⁶ in his translation of the Epistle of James. The word 邵 is written shiau⁶ in

2795-579: The letter as having only broad topical or thematic structure. They generally organize James under three (in the views of Ralph Martin) to seven (in the views of Luke Johnson) general key themes or segments. A third group believes that James was more purposeful in structuring his letter, linking each paragraph theologically and thematically: James, like the gospel writers, can be seen as a purposeful theologian, carefully weaving his smaller units together into larger fabrics of thought and using his overall structure to prioritize his key themes. The third view of

2860-409: The letter into the following sections: The exact historical circumstances that occasioned the epistle are unknown. Those who understand James 2 as a polemic against Paul or Paul's followers suggest an occasion for the letter aimed at opposing Pauline justification. Others have argued that James' discussion on faith and works does not have Pauline categories in view. Some scholars have suggested that

2925-594: The modern Gregorian Calendar ) and on 30 June ( Synaxis of the Apostles ). The National Day of Galicia is also celebrated on 25 July: St James is its patron saint. James the Apostle is remembered in the Church of England with a Festival on 25 July. The site of martyrdom is located within the Armenian Apostolic Cathedral of St. James in the Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem . The Chapel of St. James

2990-470: The most popular pilgrimage for Western European Catholics from the Early Middle Ages onwards, although its modern revival and popularity stem from Walter Starkie 's 1957 book, The Road to Santiago. The Pilgrims of St. James . Officially, 327,378 pilgrims registered in 2018 as having completed the final 100 kilometres (62 mi) walk (200 kilometres (120 mi) by bicycle) to Santiago to qualify for

3055-536: The nickname Boanerges or "Sons of Thunder". F. F. Bruce contrasts this story to that of the Liberation of Saint Peter , and writes that the proposition that "James should die while Peter should escape" is a "mystery of divine providence ". In the Catholic tradition, Saint James is the patron saint of Spain and, according to legend, his remains are held in Santiago de Compostela in Galicia . This name Santiago

3120-507: The northwest of Hispania was, in legend, accomplished by a series of miraculous events: his decapitated body was taken up by angels and sailed in a rudderless, unattended boat to Iria Flavia in Hispania, where a massive rock closed around his body. Tradition has it that when the disciples of James, Theodore and Athanasius, arrived in Iria Flavia , they approached Queen Lupa about giving them

3185-574: The number had risen to 272,412. The most recent of such Holy Year was 2021; the next will be 2027. The feast day of St. James is celebrated on 25 July on the liturgical calendars of the Roman Catholic , Anglican , Lutheran and certain other Protestant churches. He is commemorated on 30 April in the Orthodox Christian liturgical calendar (for those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar , 30 April currently falls on 13 May of

3250-505: The oldest surviving manuscripts that contain some or all of this letter include: An ancient manuscript containing this chapter in the Coptic language is Papyrus 6 (~AD 350). In Latin, the epistle is preserved in the León palimpsest (7th century). The Epistle of James is a public letter ( epistle ), and includes an epistolary prescript that identifies the sender ("James") and the recipients ("to

3315-516: The oppressed waged-worker (James 5:4). He writes strongly against the rich (James 1:10; 5:1–6) and those who show partiality towards them (James 2:1–7). The epistle contains the following famous passage concerning salvation and justification: What good is it, my brothers, if someone says he has faith but does not have works? Can that faith save him? If a brother or sister is poorly clothed and lacking in daily food, 16 and one of you says to them, "Go in peace, be warmed and filled," without giving them

SECTION 50

#1732855110336

3380-417: The original in the expression of the same thoughts". Other studies have analysed sections of James in light of Greco-Roman rhetorical conventions. Some view the epistle as having no overarching outline: "James may have simply grouped together small 'thematic essays' without having more linear, Greco-Roman structures in mind." That view is generally supported by those who believe that the epistle may not be

3445-612: The saint in the 9th century, by Pelayo in the Libredon forest in the time of Bishop Theodemir and king Alfonso II . These traditions were the basis for the pilgrimage route that began to be established in the 9th century, and the shrine dedicated to James at Santiago de Compostela became a famous pilgrimage site within the Christian world. The Way of St. James is a network of routes that cross Western Europe and arrive at Santiago de Compostela through northern Spain. An even later tradition states that he miraculously appeared to fight for

3510-565: The same meaning as in Dutch, the word is Ibskal – Ib being a Danish version of the name "Jakob" and skal meaning "shell". The military Order of Santiago , named after Saint Tiago or Saint James, was founded in Spain in the 12th century to fight the Moors . Later, as in other orders of chivalry , the membership became a mark of honor. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that in 1829

3575-402: The same way was not also Rahab the prostitute justified by works when she received the messengers and sent them out by another way? For as the body apart from the spirit is dead, so also faith apart from works is dead. This passage has been contrasted with the teachings of Paul the Apostle on justification. Some scholars even believe that the passage is a response to Paul. One issue in the debate

3640-477: The structuring of James is a historical approach that is supported by scholars who are not content with leaving the book as "New Testament wisdom literature, like a small book of proverbs" or "like a loose collection of random pearls dropped in no particular order onto a piece of string." A fourth group uses modern discourse analysis or Greco-Roman rhetorical structures to describe the structure of James. The United Bible Societies ' Greek New Testament divides

3705-833: The syllabary itself, but as shau on its title. Tones in Romanized Shaowu are marked with superscript numbers after the syllable. The original Walker's romanization lacks modern Shaowu finals /ou/ and /iou/, but contains finals iu, uoi, éu , which are absent in modern Shaowu (but may still be preserved in other dialects of Shao-Jiang Min). The finals eu /əu/, éu /ɛu/, éi /ɛi/ are rearranged in modern Shaowu, with eu /əu/ becoming ou /ou/ (or iou /iou/ after palatal sibilants), éu /ɛu/ becoming eu /əu/, and éi /ɛi/ becoming ei /əi/. The final iu /iu/ merges with /iou/ in modern Shaowu. Finals uoi /uoi/, uei /uei/, uon /uon/ lose their medial /-u-/ after labial and dental initials to become /-oi, -ɛi, -on/. The final r in

3770-406: The things needed for the body, what good is that? So also faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead. But someone will say, "You have faith and I have works." Show me your faith apart from your works, and I will show you my faith by my works. You believe that God is one; you do well. Even the demons believe—and shudder! Do you want to be shown, you foolish person, that faith apart from works

3835-409: The tomb. She does not tell them that the mountain has a cave which is the entrance to hell and is guarded by a dragon. However, the presence of the holy cross protects the disciples from harm and tames the bulls. Upon witnessing the miraculous events, Lupa converts to Christianity and helps build the apostle's tomb in Libredon . The tradition at Compostela placed the discovery of the relics of

3900-536: The twelve tribes in the diaspora") and provides a greeting (James 1:1). The epistle resembles the form of a Diaspora letter, written to encourage Jewish-Christian communities living outside of Israel amid the hardships of diaspora life. James stands in the tradition of the Jewish genre of "Letters to the Diaspora", including the letters of the members of the family of Gamaliel, the one preserved in 2 Maccabees 1:1–9, or some copied by Josephus, all of which are characterised by

3965-408: The word but does not do what it says is like someone who looks at his face in a mirror and, after looking at himself, goes away and immediately forgets what he looks like. But whoever looks intently into the perfect law that gives freedom, and continues in it—not forgetting what they have heard, but doing it—they will be blessed in what they do. Religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless

SECTION 60

#1732855110336

4030-432: Was a legalist ". A more recent article suggests that the current confusion regarding the Epistle of James about faith and works resulted from Augustine of Hippo 's anti- Donatist polemic in the early fifth century. This approach reconciles the views of Paul and James on faith and works. The epistle is also the chief biblical text for the anointing of the sick . James wrote: Is anyone among you sick? Let him call for

4095-521: Was believed at Compostela at that time. Two propositions are central to the legend: first, that James preached the gospel in Hispania as well as in the Holy Land ; second, that after his martyrdom at the hands of Herod Agrippa , his followers carried his body by sea to Hispania, where they landed at Padrón on the coast of Galicia , then carried it over land for burial at Santiago de Compostela . According to ancient local tradition, on 2 January AD 40,

4160-462: Was dealing with were people who said that works of the law were needed to be added to faith in order to help earn God's favor. Paul countered this error by pointing out that salvation was by faith alone apart from deeds of the law (Galatians 2:16; Romans 3:21–22). Paul also taught that saving faith is not dead but alive, showing thanks to God in deeds of love (Galatians 5:6 ['...since in Christ Jesus it

4225-448: Was the scallop shell (or " cockle shell"), and pilgrims to his shrine often wore that symbol on their hats or clothes. The French term for a scallop is coquille St. Jacques , which means "cockle (or mollusc) of [St.] Jacob". The German word for a scallop is Jakobsmuschel , which means "Jacob's mussel (or clam)"; the Dutch word is Jacobsschelp , meaning "Jacob's shell". In Danish and with

#335664