114-473: The Rogers Commission Report was written by a Presidential Commission charged with investigating the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster during its 10th mission, STS-51-L . The report, released and submitted to President Ronald Reagan on June 9, 1986, determined both the cause of the disaster that took place 73 seconds after liftoff, and urged NASA to improve and install new safety features on
228-440: A 1,000-pound truck drove across the bridge and a crack appeared in a beam, even just a third of the way through a beam, the safety factor is now zero: The bridge is defective, there was no safety factor at all even though the bridge did not actually collapse. Feynman was clearly disturbed by the fact that NASA management not only misunderstood this concept, but inverted it by using a term denoting an extra level of safety to describe
342-505: A Shuttle up each day for 300 years expecting to lose only one, we could properly ask "What is the cause of management's fantastic faith in the machinery? ... It would appear that, for whatever purpose, be it for internal or external consumption, the management of NASA exaggerates the reliability of its product, to the point of fantasy. "For a successful technology," Feynman concluded, "reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled." Feynman later wrote about
456-498: A better knowledge of society. One of the theories of the essay is that laughter, as a collective activity, has a social and moral role, in forcing people to eliminate their vices. It is a factor of uniformity of behaviours, as it condemns ludicrous and eccentric behaviours. Anthony Ludovici developed the thoughts of Hobbes even further in The Secret of Laughter . His conviction is that there's something sinister in laughter, and that
570-419: A conflict between engineering data and management judgments, and a NASA management structure that permitted internal flight safety problems to bypass key Shuttle managers. I took this stuff that I got out of your seal and I put it in ice water, and I discovered that when you put some pressure on it for a while and then undo it, it maintains, it doesn't stretch back. It stays the same dimension. In other words, for
684-489: A daily laughter record, and found they laughed an average of 18 times per day. However, their study also found a wide range, with some people laughing as many as 89 times per day, and others laughing as few as 0 times per day. Thomas Hobbes wrote, "The passion of laughter is nothing else but sudden glory arising from sudden conception of some eminency in ourselves, by comparison with the infirmity of others, or with our own formerly." Philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer devotes
798-474: A deeply flawed organization as NASA should continue without a suspension of operations and a major overhaul. His fellow commission members were alarmed by Feynman's dissent, and it was only after much petitioning that Feynman's minority report was included at all. Feynman was so critical of flaws in NASA's "safety culture" that he threatened to remove his name from the report unless it included his personal observations on
912-463: A few seconds at least and more seconds than that, there's no resilience in this particular material when it's at a temperature of 32 degrees [ Fahrenheit ]. I believe that has some significance to our problem. One of the commission's best-known members was theoretical physicist Richard Feynman . His style of investigating with his own direct methods rather than following the commission schedule put him at odds with Rogers, who once commented, "Feynman
1026-480: A laugh despite individual variants. It has also been determined that eyes moisten during laughter as a reflex from the tear glands. Laughter is not always a pleasant experience and is associated with several negative phenomena. Excessive laughter can lead to cataplexy , and unpleasant laughter spells, excessive elation, and fits of laughter can all be considered negative aspects of laughter. Unpleasant laughter spells, or "sham mirth", usually occur in people who have
1140-426: A neurological condition, including patients with pseudobulbar palsy , multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease . These patients appear to be laughing out of amusement but report that they are feeling undesirable sensations "at the time of the punch line". Excessive elation is a common symptom associated with bipolar disorder psychoses and mania / hypomania . Those with schizophrenic psychoses seem to experience
1254-435: A part that was actually defective and unsafe. Feynman continued to investigate the lack of communication between NASA's management and its engineers, and was struck by management's claim that the risk of catastrophic malfunction on the shuttle was 1 in 10, i.e. 1 in 100,000. Feynman immediately realized that this claim was risible on its face; as he described, this assessment of risk would entail that NASA could expect to launch
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#17328490793321368-453: A person is trying to cope with a terminal illness or just trying to manage their stress or anxiety levels, laughter therapy can be a significant enhancement to their life. Ramon Mora-Ripoll in his study on The Therapeutic Value Of Laughter In Medicine, stated that laughter therapy is an inexpensive and simple tool that can be used in patient care. It is a tool that is only beneficial when experienced and shared. Care givers need to recognize
1482-458: A person will experience laughter in a given situation. Other than humans, some other species of primate ( chimpanzees , gorillas and orangutans ) show laughter-like vocalizations in response to physical contact such as wrestling, play chasing or tickling. Laughter is a part of human behavior regulated by the brain , helping humans clarify their intentions in social interaction and providing an emotional context to conversations. Laughter
1596-530: A positive character for Nietzsche." Laughter can, however, also have a negative connotation when it is used for the expression of social conflict. This is expressed, for instance, in The Gay Science : "Laughter – Laughter means to be schadenfroh , but with clear conscience." "Possibly Nietzsche's works would have had a totally different effect, if the playful, ironical and joking in his writings would have been factored in better." In Laughter: An Essay on
1710-400: A probability of failure to each individual bolt, sometimes claiming a probability of 1 in 10, i.e. one in one hundred million. Feynman pointed out that it is impossible to calculate such a remote possibility with any scientific rigor. Secondly, Feynman was bothered not just by this sloppy science but by the fact that NASA claimed that the risk of catastrophic failure was "necessarily" 1 in 10. As
1824-526: A recommendation "not to launch below 53F", the previous lowest temperature of a launch ( STS-51C , a year earlier). The NASA managers challenged this and after a 30 minute offline caucus, Morton Thiokol's senior management overruled their engineers' decision and gave the launch the go-ahead. The concerns were not communicated beyond the Level III Flight Readiness Review (FRR). It is certain that even though members of higher FRR teams knew about
1938-421: A shuttle every day for the next 274 years while suffering, on average, only one accident. Investigating the claim further, Feynman discovered that the 1 in 10 figure was stating what they claimed the failure rate ought to be, given that it was a crewed vehicle, and working backward to generate the failure rate of components. Feynman was disturbed by two aspects of this practice. First, NASA management assigned
2052-463: A tight seal when rocket pressure distorted the structure of the solid fuel booster. Feynman's suspicions were corroborated by General Kutyna , also on the commission, who cunningly provided Feynman with a broad hint by asking about the effect of cold on O-ring seals after mentioning that the temperature on the day of the launch was far lower than had been the case with previous launches: below freezing at 28 to 29 °F (−2.2 to −1.7 °C); previously,
2166-444: A total redesign of the space shuttle's solid rocket boosters, which was watched over by an independent oversight group as stipulated by the commission. NASA's contract with Morton Thiokol , the contractor responsible for the solid rocket boosters, included a clause stating that in the event of a failure leading to "loss of life or mission," Thiokol would forfeit $ 10 million of its incentive fee and formally accept legal liability for
2280-495: A treatment program for his ankylosing spondylitis and collagen disease consisting of large doses of Vitamin C alongside laughter induced by comic films, including those of the Marx Brothers . "I made the joyous discovery that ten minutes of genuine belly laughter had an anesthetic effect and would give me at least two hours of pain-free sleep," he reported. "When the pain-killing effect of the laughter wore off, we would switch on
2394-426: Is available to everyone and it provides benefits to a person's physical, emotional, and social well being. Some of the benefits of using laughter therapy are that it can relieve stress and relax the whole body. It can also boost the immune system and release endorphins to relieve pain. Additionally, laughter can help prevent heart disease by increasing blood flow and improving the function of blood vessels. Some of
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#17328490793322508-574: Is becoming a real pain." During a televised hearing, Feynman famously demonstrated how the O-rings became less resilient and subject to seal failures at low temperatures by compressing a sample of the material in a clamp and immersing it in a glass of ice water. Feynman's own investigation reveals a disconnect between NASA 's engineers and executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews of NASA's high-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts. One such concept
2622-415: Is highly communicative and helps accomplish actions and regulate relationships. Common causes for laughter are sensations of joy and humor ; however, other situations may cause laughter as well. A general theory that explains laughter is called the relief theory . Sigmund Freud summarized it in his theory that laughter releases tension and "psychic energy". This theory is one of the justifications of
2736-504: Is involved in emotions and helps us with functions necessary for humans' survival. The structures in the limbic system that are involved in laughter are the hippocampus and the amygdala . The December 7, 1984, Journal of the American Medical Association describes the neurological causes of laughter as follows: Some drugs are well known for their laughter-facilitating properties (e. g. ethanol and cannabis ), while
2850-409: Is no laugh, as Mack Sennett pointed out: "when the audience is confused, it doesn't laugh." This is one of the basic laws of a comedian , referred to as "exactness". It is important to note that sometimes the inconsistency may be resolved and there may still be no laugh. Because laughter is a social mechanism, an audience may not feel as if they are in danger, and the laugh may not occur. In addition,
2964-425: Is unnatural, and one is physically unable, to have a laugh structure of "ha-ho-ha-ho". The usual variations of a laugh most often occur in the first or final note in a sequence- therefore, "ho-ha-ha" or "ha-ha-ho" laughs are possible. Normal note durations with unusually long or short "inter-note intervals" do not happen due to the result of the limitations of our vocal cords. This basic structure allows one to recognize
3078-763: Is used as a signal for being part of a group—it signals acceptance and positive interactions with others. Laughter is sometimes seen as contagious and the laughter of one person can itself provoke laughter from others as a positive feedback . The study of humor and laughter, and its psychological and physiological effects on the human body, is called gelotology . Laughter might be thought of as an audible expression or appearance of excitement, an inward feeling of joy and happiness. It may ensue from jokes , tickling , and other stimuli completely unrelated to psychological state, such as nitrous oxide . One group of researchers speculated that noises from infants as early as 16 days old may be vocal laughing sounds or laughter. However,
3192-497: The Challenger disaster was the very part to which NASA management so mistakenly assigned a safety factor. The O-rings were rubber rings designed to form a seal in the shuttle's solid rocket boosters, preventing the rockets' hot gas from escaping and damaging other parts of the vehicle. Feynman suspected that despite NASA's claims, the O-rings were unsuitable at low temperatures and lost their resilience when cold, thus failing to maintain
3306-693: The Iliad and Odyssey ) has been studied and analyzed by many thinkers and writers, from the Ancient Greek philosophers onward. Henri Bergson 's Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic ( Le rire , 1901) is a notable 20th-century contribution. For Herodotus , laughers can be distinguished into three types: According to Donald Lateiner , Herodotus reports about laughter for valid literary and historiological reasons. "Herodotus believes either that both nature (better,
3420-730: The Insurgents in the Western Counties of Pennsylvania (1794) First Philippine Commission – " Schurman Commission " (1899) Second Philippine Commission – " Taft Commission " (1900) Commission on the Organization of Government Scientific Work (1903) Committee on Department Methods – "Keep Commission" (1905–1909) President's Commission on Economy and Efficiency (1910–1912) President's Committee on Economic Security (1934) President's Commission on Administrative Management – "Brownlow Committee" (1937) Commission to Investigate
3534-519: The Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003, attention once again focused on the attitude of NASA management towards safety issues. The Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) concluded that NASA had failed to learn many of the lessons of Challenger . In particular, the agency had not set up a truly independent office for safety oversight; the CAIB felt that in this area, "NASA's response to
Rogers Commission Report - Misplaced Pages Continue
3648-528: The United States , a presidential commission is a special task force ordained by the president to complete a specific, special investigation or research. They are often quasi-judicial in nature; that is, they include public or in-camera hearings . List of presidential commissions [ edit ] [REDACTED] This list is incomplete ; you can help by adding missing items . ( August 2008 ) Commissioners to Confer with
3762-625: The diaphragm and other parts of the respiratory system. It is a response to certain external or internal stimuli . Laughter can rise from such activities as being tickled , or from humorous stories, imagery , videos or thoughts. Most commonly, it is considered an auditory expression of a number of positive emotional states, such as joy, mirth, happiness or relief. On some occasions, however, it may be caused by contrary emotional states such as embarrassment, surprise, or confusion such as nervous laughter or courtesy laugh . Age, gender, education, language and culture are all indicators as to whether
3876-656: The "Kerner Commission" (1967–1968) President's Commission on Budget Concepts (1967–1969) National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (1969) President's Blue Ribbon Defense Panel (1969–1970) (urged 60% cuts in Pentagon staffs) President's Commission on Campus Unrest (1970) President's Commission on Financial Structure and Regulation – a.k.a. the "Hunt Commission" (1970–1971) National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control (1971) President's Commission on Olympic Sports (1975) National Commission on
3990-415: The 13th chapter of the first part of his major work, The World as Will and Representation , to laughter. Friedrich Nietzsche distinguishes two different purposes for the use of laughter. In a positive sense, "man uses the comical as a therapy against the restraining jacket of logic, morality and reason. He needs from time to time a harmless demotion from reason and hardship and in this sense laughter has
4104-713: The Armed Forces (1948) President's Water Resources Policy Commission (1950) President's Communications Policy Board (1950) President's Commission on Migratory Labor (1950) President's Commission on Internal Security and Individual Rights (1951) President's Commission on the Health Needs of the Nation (1951) President's Commission on Immigration and Naturalization (1952) Commission on Intergovernmental Relations – a.k.a. "Kestenbaum Commission" (1953) President's Railroad Commission (1960) Presidential Commission on
4218-1003: The Arts and the Humanities (1982) President's Private Sector Survey on Cost Control – a.k.a. "Grace Commission" (1982) President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1982) National Commission on Excellence in Education (1983) Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident – a.k.a. "Rogers Commission" (1986) President's Special Review Board (Iran-Contra) – a.k.a. "Tower Commission" (1986) President's Commission on Organized Crime (1986) President's Blue Ribbon Commission on Defense Management – a.k.a. "Packard Commission" (1986) President's Commission on
4332-951: The BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling (2010) President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (Orig, 2001; recharted 2010) President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition (Orig. 1944 National Committee on Physical Fitness; recharted 2010) President's Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for African Americans (2012) San Juan Islands National Monument Advisory Committee (2013) Presidential Advisory Council on Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (2014) President's Advisory Council on Doing Business in Africa (2014) Bears Ears National Monument Advisory Committee (2016) Commission on Enhancing National Cybersecurity (2016) Gold Butte National Monument Advisory Committee (2016) Governmental Advisory Committee to
4446-689: The Bears Ears National Monument" . UCSB . Santa Barbara, California : University of California . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . ^ "Establishment of the Bears Ears National Monument" . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . December 28, 2016. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017 . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . Alt URL ^ Wiles, Tay (February 23, 2017). "The many questions of Gold Butte" . High Country News . Paonia, Colorado : High Country News, LLC . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . ^ Office of
4560-526: The Board' U. S. HEALTH PLAN READY FOR TRUMAN" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-10-16 . ^ Pub. L. 87–794 , 76 Stat. 872 , enacted October 11, 1962 ^ 19 U.S.C. § 1801 ^ "2 CFR Part 200 Super Circular" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-06 . Retrieved 2017-10-09 . ^ Pub. L. 92–463 ^ Office of
4674-660: The Chief Administrative Officer) Office of Management and Budget ( Office of the Chief Performance Officer , Office of E-Government and Information Technology , Office of Federal Financial Management , Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs ) Office of National Drug Control Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy ( Office of the Chief Technology Officer , National Science and Technology Council ) Office of
Rogers Commission Report - Misplaced Pages Continue
4788-609: The Coal Industry (1978) President's Commission on Pension Policy (1978) Presidential Commission on World Hunger (1978) President's Commission on the Holocaust (1978) President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island (1979) President's Advisory Committee for Women (1979) President's Commission for a National Agenda for the Eighties (1979) President's Commission for
4902-641: The HIV Epidemic (1987) President's Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanics (1990) Good Neighbor Environmental Board (1992) President's commission on aviation security and terrorism (1990) National Industrial Security Program Policy Advisory Committee (1993) National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Advisory Board (1995; recharted 2004) AKA:PDD-39 Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS (1995) President's Commission on Veterans Education (1996) Presidential Advisory Commission on Holocaust Assets in
5016-764: The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor – a.k.a. "Roberts Commission" (1941) President's Committee on Civil Rights (1946) President's Scientific Research Board (1946) Presidential Commission on Higher Education (1947) Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government – Hoover Commission (1947) President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services – a.k.a. "Fahy Committee" (1948) President’s Committee on Religious & Moral Welfare & Character Guidance in
5130-446: The Meaning of the Comic , French philosopher Henri Bergson , renowned for his philosophical studies on materiality, memory, life and consciousness , tries to determine the laws of the comic and to understand the fundamental causes of comic situations. His method consists in determining the causes of the comic instead of analyzing its effects. He also deals with laughter in relation to human life, collective imagination and art , to have
5244-508: The O-ring seals by engineers at Morton Thiokol , which made the solid fuel boosters, but communication failures had led to their concerns being ignored by NASA management. He found similar failures in procedure in many other areas at NASA, but singled out its software development for praise due to its rigorous and highly effective quality control procedures – then under threat from NASA management, which wished to reduce testing to save money given that
5358-628: The Observance of International Women's Year (1975) U.S. President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States – a.k.a. Rockefeller Commission (1975) President's Advisory Board on International Investment (1977) Presidential Advisory Board on Ambassadorial Appointments (1977) President's Commission on Mental Health (1977) President's Commission on Military Compensation (1977) President's Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies (1978) President's Commission on
5472-833: The Preservation of the White House , Office of the Curator , Office of the Chief Usher , Office of the Chief Floral Designer , Office of the Executive Chef , Graphics and Calligraphy Office ) National Space Council National Security Council ( Deputies Committee ) Homeland Security Council Office of Administration ( Office of Mail and Messenger Operations , Office of the Chief Financial Officer, Office of
5586-2606: The President Office of Digital Strategy Domestic Policy Council ( Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships , Office of National AIDS Policy , Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation , Rural Council ) Fellows First Lady ( Office of the Social Secretary ) Office of the National Security Advisor ( Homeland Security Advisor ) Gun Violence Prevention Intergovernmental Affairs Legislative Affairs Management and Administration (White House Operations, White House Personnel, Visitors Office ) National Economic Council National Trade Council Oval Office Operations ( Personal Secretary ) Office of Political Affairs Presidential Innovation Fellows Presidential Personnel Public Engagement ( Council on Women and Girls , Jewish Liaison , Urban Affairs ) Scheduling and Advance Staff Secretary ( Executive Clerk , Presidential Correspondence , Office of Records Management) Military Office ( Communications Agency , Medical Unit , Presidential Food Service , Transportation Agency ) v t e White House Office Cabinet Affairs Chief of Staff Communications Counsel Counselor Fellows First Lady Executive Chef Floral Designer Social Secretary Gun Violence Prevention Intergovernmental Affairs Legislative Affairs Management and Administration Oval Office Operations Political Affairs Presidential Personnel Press Secretary Public Liaison Scheduling and Advance Senior Advisor Staff Secretary Trade and Manufacturing Policy [REDACTED] Defunct : American Innovation v t e Office of White House Policy Domestic Policy Council AIDS Policy Health Reform Rural Council Social Innovation and Civic Participation National Economic Council National Trade Council Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships [REDACTED] Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential_commission_(United_States)&oldid=1257524168 " Categories : United States Presidential Commissions United States national commissions Presidency of
5700-840: The Presidential Advisory Commissions, 1973–1987 (Alexandria, VA: Chadwyck-Healey, Inc, 1987). v t e Executive Office of the United States President Executive Office Advisory Boards ( Council for Community Solutions , Corporation for National and Community Service , Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders , President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology , President's Intelligence Advisory Board , President's Management Advisory Board ) Council of Economic Advisers Council on Environmental Quality Digital Service Executive Residence ( Committee for
5814-542: The Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court of the United States" . 9 April 2021. Further reading [ edit ] Donna Batten, et al. Encyclopedia of Governmental Advisory Organizations (Detroit, MI: Gale, 1973– . annual editions). Kenneth Kitts, Presidential Commissions and National Security: The Politics of Damage Control (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2006). Steven D. Zink, Guide to
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#17328490793325928-551: The Press Secretary (December 28, 2016). "Presidential Proclamation – Establishment of the Gold Butte National Monument" . whitehouse.gov . Washington, D.C. Retrieved October 9, 2017 – via National Archives . ^ "Establishment of the Gold Butte National Monument" . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . December 28, 2016. Archived from
6042-446: The Press Secretary (July 26, 2012). "Executive Order – White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for African Americans" . whitehouse.gov . Washington, D.C. Retrieved October 9, 2017 – via National Archives . ^ "White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for African Americans" . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . July 26, 2012. Archived from
6156-626: The Press Secretary (May 26, 2011). "President's Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanics: The Next Step in Improving the Academic Achievement of Latino Students" . whitehouse.gov . Washington, D.C. Retrieved October 9, 2017 – via National Archives . ^ "President's Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanic Americans" . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . October 12, 2001. Archived from
6270-531: The Press Secretary (September 30, 2015). "681 – Executive Order 13708—Continuance or Reestablishment of Certain Federal Advisory Committees" . UCSB . Santa Barbara, California : University of California . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . ^ "Continuance or Reestablishment of Certain Federal Advisory Committees" . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . September 30, 2015. Archived from
6384-536: The Rogers Commission did not meet the Commission's intent". The CAIB believed that "the causes of the institutional failure responsible for Challenger have not been fixed," saying that the same "flawed decision-making process" that had resulted in the Challenger accident was responsible for Columbia ' s destruction seventeen years later. Presidential Commission (United States) From Misplaced Pages,
6498-435: The Rogers Commission to conclude that the Challenger disaster was "an accident rooted in history". The report also strongly criticized the decision-making process that led to the launch of Challenger , saying that it was seriously flawed. Morton Thiokol called a meeting the night before the launch to raise concerns over the forecast temperature in regards to the O-rings. During the meeting, Morton Thiokol's engineers issued
6612-846: The Status of Women (1961) Trade and Environment Policy Advisory Committee (1962) The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy – a.k.a. "Warren Commission" (1963) President's Review Committee for Development Planning in Alaska (1964) President's Commission on Crime in the District of Columbia (1965–1969) President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (1965–1969) President's Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities (1966; formerly The President's Committee on Mental Retardation , 1963) National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders – a.k.a.
6726-572: The Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine & Biomedical & Behavioral Research (1979) Advisory Committee on Small and Minority Business Ownership (1980) President's Commission on United States–Liberian Relations (1980) President's Committee on the International Labor Organization (1980) President's Committee on Small Business Policy (1981) President's Council on Spinal Cord Injury (1981) President's Commission on Hostage Compensation (1981) President's Committee on
6840-567: The Supreme Court of the United States (2021) President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities (reinstituted) (2022) Department of Government Efficiency (planned) (2025) See also [ edit ] Presidential task force Royal Commission Blue-ribbon panel References [ edit ] ^ Furman, Bess (1952-12-04). "U. S. HEALTH PLAN READY FOR TRUMAN; Magnuson Report Will Say All Can Be Served Without Continuing Federal Subsidy TO ISSUE STUDY DEC. 18 Program's Aim Held Extension of Pre-Payment Projects 'Across
6954-584: The Trade Representative Office of the Vice President ( Office of the Chief of Staff ) [REDACTED] White House Office Office of Cabinet Affairs Office of the Chief of Staff ( Office of Senior Advisors ) Office of Communications (Office of Media Affairs, Office of Research, Office of the Press Secretary , Office of Speechwriting ) Counsel Counselor to
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#17328490793327068-705: The United States Executive Office of the President of the United States White House Office Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Misplaced Pages neutral point of view disputes from March 2014 All Misplaced Pages neutral point of view disputes Incomplete lists from August 2008 Risible Laughter is a pleasant physical reaction and emotion consisting usually of rhythmical, usually audible contractions of
7182-707: The United States (1998) Invasive Species Advisory Committee (1999) Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker Health (2000) Marine Protected Areas Federal Advisory Committee (2000) President's Commission To Strengthen Social Security (2001) President's Commission on Excellence in Special Education (2001) Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry (2001) National Infrastructure Advisory Council (2001) 9/11 Commission (2002) President's Commission on
7296-847: The United States Postal Service (2002) Commerce Spectrum Management Advisory Committee (2004) President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy (2004) Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction (2005) State, Local, Tribal, and Private Sector (SLTPS) Policy Advisory Committee (2009) National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform (2010) Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future (2010) Interagency Task Force on Veterans Small Business Development (2010) National Commission on
7410-712: The United States Representative to the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (2016) National Advisory Committee to the United States Representative to the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (2016) President’s Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis (2017) Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity (2017) President's Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities (2017) Presidential Commission on
7524-559: The ability to laugh. Provine argues that "Laughter is primitive, an unconscious vocalization." Provine argues that it probably is genetic. In a study of the "Giggle Twins", two happy twins who were separated at birth and only reunited 43 years later, Provine reports that "until they met each other, neither of these exceptionally happy ladies had known anyone who laughed as much as they did." They reported this even though they had been brought together by their adoptive parents, who they indicated were "undemonstrative and dour". He indicates that
7638-523: The area of depression, anxiety and stress levels. There were limited harmful side effects. Laughter therapy should be used in conjunction with other cancer treatment. Laughter in literature, although considered understudied by some, is a subject that has received attention in the written word for millennia. The use of humor and laughter in literary works (for example the homeric laughter (ἄσβεστος γέλως, ásbestos gélōs, “unceasing laughter”) in Greek epics like
7752-401: The beliefs that laughter is beneficial for one's health. This theory explains why laughter can be used as a coping mechanism when one is upset, angry or sad . Philosopher John Morreall theorizes that human laughter may have its biological origins as a kind of shared expression of relief at the passing of danger. Friedrich Nietzsche , by contrast, suggested laughter to be a reaction to
7866-487: The brain releases endorphins that can relieve some physical pain. Laughter also boosts the number of antibody-producing cells and enhances the effectiveness of T-cells, leading to a stronger immune system. A 2000 study found that people with heart disease were 40 percent less likely to laugh and be able to recognize humor in a variety of situations, compared to people of the same age without heart disease. Anecdotally, journalist and author Norman Cousins developed in 1964
7980-469: The coldest launch had been at 53 °F (12 °C). In 2013, the BBC film The Challenger revealed that the O-ring insight had in fact come to Kutyna from the astronaut and fellow commission member Sally Ride , who had secretly provided him with NASA test results showing the O-rings became stiff when they were too cold. Feynman's investigations also revealed that there had been many serious doubts raised about
8094-653: The dilatation of the inner lining of blood vessels, the endothelium , and increases blood flow. Drs. Michael Miller (University of Maryland) and William Fry (Stanford) theorize that beta-endorphin-like compounds released by the hypothalamus activate receptors on the endothelial surface to release nitric oxide , thereby resulting in dilation of vessels. Other cardioprotective properties of nitric oxide include reduction of inflammation and decreased platelet aggregation. Laughter has various proven beneficial biochemical effects. It has been shown to lead to reductions in stress hormones such as cortisol and epinephrine . When laughing,
8208-428: The emotional benefits include diminishing anxiety or fear, improving overall mood, and adding joy to one's life. Laughter is also known to reduce allergic reactions in a preliminary study related to dust mite allergy sufferers. Laughter therapy also has some social benefits, such as strengthening relationships, improving teamwork and reducing conflicts, and making oneself more attractive to others. Therefore, whether
8322-467: The engineers themselves, asking them to write down an anonymous estimate of the odds of shuttle explosion. Feynman found that the bulk of the engineers' estimates fell between 1 in 50 and 1 in 200 (at the time of retirement, the Shuttle suffered two catastrophic failures across 135 flights, for a failure rate of 1 in 67.5). This showed NASA management had clearly failed to communicate with their own engineers. He
8436-434: The evidence which would support the conclusions on which he would later report. The Rogers Commission offered nine recommendations on improving safety in the space shuttle program, and NASA was directed by President Reagan to report back within thirty days as to how it planned to implement those recommendations. This is a summary of the chapter of Recommendations: In response to the commission's recommendation, NASA initiated
8550-421: The extent of the inconsistency (and aspects of its timing and rhythm) has to do with the amount of danger the audience feels, and how hard or long they laugh. Laughter can also be brought on by tickling . Although most people find it unpleasant, being tickled often causes heavy laughter, thought to be an (often uncontrollable) reflex of the body. A normal laugh has the structure of "ha-ha-ha" or "ho-ho-ho". It
8664-457: The failure. After the Challenger accident, Thiokol agreed to "voluntarily accept" the monetary penalty in exchange for not being forced to accept liability. NASA also created a new Office of Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance, headed as the commission had specified by a NASA associate administrator who reported directly to the NASA administrator. George Rodney, formerly of Martin Marietta ,
8778-439: The figure itself was beyond belief, Feynman questioned exactly what "necessarily" meant in this context, whether it meant that the figure followed logically from other calculations or that it reflected NASA management's desire to make the numbers fit. Feynman suspected that the 1 in 10 figure was wildly fantastical, and made a rough estimate that the true likelihood of shuttle disaster was closer to 1 in 100. He then decided to poll
8892-422: The 💕 (Redirected from Presidential Commission (United States) ) Special task force ordained by the U.S. President [REDACTED] The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) In
9006-416: The gods' direction of it) and human nature coincide sufficiently, or that the latter is but an aspect or analogue of the former, so that to the recipient the outcome is suggested." When reporting laughter, Herodotus does so in the conviction that it tells the reader something about the future and/or the character of the person laughing. It is also in this sense that it is not coincidental that in about 80% of
9120-468: The immediate cause of the Challenger accident was a failure in the O-rings sealing the aft field joint on the right solid rocket booster, causing pressurized hot gases and eventually flame to "blow by" the O-ring and contact the adjacent external tank, causing structural failure. The failure of the O-rings was attributed to a design flaw, as their performance could be too easily compromised by factors including
9234-406: The importance of laughter and possess the right attitude to pass it on. He went on to say that since this type of therapy is not widely practiced, health care providers will have to learn how to effectively use it. In another survey, researchers looked at how Occupational Therapists and other care givers viewed and used humor with patients as a means of therapy. Many agreed that while they believed it
9348-503: The investigation in his 1988 book What Do You Care What Other People Think? . The second half of the book covers the investigation and the issues between science and politics, and includes the appendix he wrote. Feynman later reported that, although he had believed he was making discoveries about the problems at NASA on his own, he eventually realized that either NASA or contractor personnel, in an apparent effort to anonymously focus attention on these problem areas, had carefully led him to
9462-411: The issues, there were plenty of members who could have stopped the launch but decided not to. This was done in large part because of the management structure at NASA and the lack of major checks and balances, which proved to be fatal in this scenario. The report concluded that: ... failures in communication ... resulted in a decision to launch 51-L based on incomplete and sometimes misleading information,
9576-405: The low temperature on the day of launch. More broadly, the report also determined the contributing causes of the accident. Most salient was the failure of both NASA and its contractor, Morton Thiokol , to respond adequately to the design flaw. The Commission found that as early as 1977, NASA managers had not only known about the flawed O-ring, but that it had the potential for catastrophe. This led
9690-421: The magnitude of this error: A "safety factor" refers to the practice of building an object to be capable of withstanding more force than the force to which it will conceivably be subjected. To paraphrase Feynman's example, if engineers built a bridge that could bear 3,000 pounds without any damage, even though it was never expected to bear more than 1,000 pounds in practice, the safety factor would be 3. If
9804-570: The modern omnipresence of humour and the idolatry of it are signs of societal weakness, as instinctive resort to humour became a sort of escapism from responsibility and action. Ludovici considered laughter to be an evolutionary trait and he offered many examples of different triggers for laughter with their own distinct explanations. Carlo Bellieni examined laughter in an essay published in New Ideas in Psychology. He wrote we can strip back laughter to
9918-453: The motion picture projector again and not infrequently, it would lead to another pain-free interval." A number of studies using methods of conversation analysis and discourse analysis have documented the systematic workings of laughter in a variety of interactions, from casual conversations to interviews, meetings, and therapy sessions. Working with recorded interactions, researchers have created detailed transcripts that indicate not only
10032-403: The opposite—they do not understand humor or get any joy out of it. A fit describes an abnormal time when one cannot control the laughter or one's body, sometimes leading to seizures or a brief period of unconsciousness. Some believe that fits of laughter represent a form of epilepsy . Laughter has been used as a therapeutic tool for many years because it is a natural form of medicine. Laughter
10146-547: The original on March 3, 2017 . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . Alt URL ^ Alemany, Jacqueline (February 28, 2017). "Trump issues executive orders on HBCUs, environmental regulations" . CBS News . United States: CBS . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . ^ Pestano, Andrew V. (March 1, 2017). "Donald Trump signs executive orders on clean water rule, HBCUs" . UPI . Washington, D.C. : News World Communications . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . ^ "President Biden to Sign Executive Order Creating
10260-897: The original on November 22, 2016 . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . Alt URL ^ Office of the Press Secretary (September 29, 2017). "Presidential Executive Order on the Continuance of Certain Federal Advisory Committees" . whitehouse.gov . Washington, D.C. : White House . Archived from the original on September 29, 2017 . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . ^ Hayes, B. Kaye (October 2, 2017). "President Trump Continues PACHA" . AIDS.gov . Washington, D.C. : U. S. Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . ^ "Continuance of Certain Federal Advisory Committees" . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . September 29, 2017. Archived from
10374-810: The original on January 6, 2017 . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . Alt URL ^ "Executive Order 13784 of March 29, 2017 "Establishing the President's Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis" " (PDF) . ^ Office of the Press Secretary (February 28, 2017). "Presidential Executive Order on The White House Initiative to Promote Excellence and Innovation at Historically Black Colleges and Universities" . whitehouse.gov . Washington, D.C. Retrieved October 9, 2017 – via National Archives . ^ "The White House Initiative to Promote Excellence and Innovation at Historically Black Colleges and Universities" . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . March 3, 2017. Archived from
10488-566: The original on November 22, 2016 . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . Alt URL ^ Office of the Press Secretary (August 5, 2014). "594 – Executive Order 13675—Establishing the President's Advisory Council on Doing Business in Africa" . UCSB . Santa Barbara, California : University of California . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . ^ "Establishing the President's Advisory Council on Doing Business in Africa" . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . August 5, 2014. Archived from
10602-603: The original on November 22, 2016 . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . Alt URL ^ Office of the Press Secretary (March 25, 2013). "187 – Proclamation 8947—Establishment of the San Juan Islands National Monument" . UCSB . Santa Barbara, California : University of California . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . ^ "Establishment of the San Juan Islands National Monument" . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . March 25, 2013. Archived from
10716-399: The original on November 22, 2016 . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . Alt URL ^ "Bear Ears National Monument Questions & Answers" (PDF) . United States Forest Service . Washington, D.C. : United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . ^ Office of the Press Secretary (December 28, 2016). "875 – Proclamation 9558—Establishment of
10830-500: The original on November 22, 2016 . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . Alt URL ^ Office of the Press Secretary (September 18, 2014). "Executive Order – Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria" . whitehouse.gov . Washington, D.C. Retrieved October 9, 2017 – via National Archives . ^ "Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterias" . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . September 18, 2014. Archived from
10944-493: The original on November 22, 2016 . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . Alt URL ^ 3 CFR 13549 ^ 50 U.S.C. § 1801 ^ 42 U.S.C. § 2011 et seq. ^ 6 U.S.C. §§ 42 – e ^ 5 U.S.C. § 105 ^ 5 U.S.C. § 102 ^ Pub. L. 110–186 (text) (PDF) ^ 5 U.S.C. §§ 5701 – 5707 ^ Office of
11058-1320: The original on October 9, 2017 . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . Alt URL ^ 7 U.S.C. § 5404 ^ 5 U.S.C. App. II ^ Pub. L. 89–554 , 80 Stat. 378 , enacted September 6, 1966 ^ "History of the Department of State During the Clinton Presidency (1993–2001)" . United States Department of State . Washington, D.C. : United States Government . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . ^ 42 U.S.C. § 217a ^ Pub. L. 92–LI63 ^ 42 U.S.C. § 4321 et seq. ^ 16 U.S.C. § 4701 et seq. ^ 18 U.S.C. § 42 ^ 7 U.S.C. § 150aa et seq. ^ 7 U.S.C. § 2801 et seq ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq. ^ Pub. L. 106–398 (text) (PDF) section 3624 ^ 42 U.S.C. § 73480 ^ Pub. L. 106–398 (text) (PDF) ^ 5 U.S.C. § 5701 ^ 44 U.S.C. § 35 ^ Office of
11172-478: The others, like salvinorin A (the active ingredient of Salvia divinorum ), can even induce bursts of uncontrollable laughter. A research article was published December 1, 2000, on the psycho-evolution of laughter (Panksepp 2000). A link between laughter and healthy function of blood vessels was first reported in 2005 by researchers at the University of Maryland Medical Center with the fact that laughter causes
11286-511: The presence of laughter but also features of its production and placement. These studies challenge several widely held assumptions about the nature of laughter. Contrary to notions that it is spontaneous and involuntary, research documents that laughter is sequentially organized and precisely placed relative to surrounding talk. Far more than merely a response to humor, laughter often works to manage delicate and serious moments. More than simply an external behavior "caused" by an inner state, laughter
11400-506: The reliability of the shuttle, which appeared as Appendix F . In the appendix, he stated: It appears that there are enormous differences of opinion as to the probability of a failure with loss of vehicle and of human life. The estimates range from roughly 1 in 100 to 1 in 100,000. The higher figures come from the working engineers, and the very low figures from management. What are the causes and consequences of this lack of agreement? Since 1 part in 100,000 would imply that one could put
11514-403: The sense of existential loneliness and mortality that only humans feel. For example: a joke creates an inconsistency and the audience automatically tries to understand what the inconsistency means; if they are successful in solving this 'cognitive riddle ' and they realize that the surprise was not dangerous, they laugh with relief . Otherwise, if the inconsistency is not resolved, there
11628-487: The shuttle's reliability. Feynman soon found that, while he respected the intellects of his fellow Commission members, they universally finished their criticisms of NASA with clear affirmations that the Challenger disaster should be addressed by NASA internally, but that there was no need for NASA to suspend its operations or to receive less funding. Feynman felt that the Commission's conclusions misrepresented its findings, and he could not in good conscience recommend that such
11742-436: The shuttles and in its organizational handling of future missions. Day 1, February 6, 1986 Day 2, February 7, 1986 Day 3, February 10, 1986 Day 4, February 11, 1986 Day 5, February 13, 1986 Day 6, February 14, 1986 Day 7, February 25, 1986 Day 8, February 26, 1986 Day 9, February 27, 1986 Day 10, March 7, 1986 Day 11, March 21, 1986 Day 12, April 3, 1986 Day 13, May 3, 1986 The commission found that
11856-410: The space shuttle fleet to replace Challenger , and it worked with the Department of Defense to put more satellites in orbit using expendable launch vehicles rather than the shuttle. In August 1986, President Reagan also announced that the shuttle would no longer carry commercial satellite payloads. After a 32-month hiatus, the next shuttle mission, STS-26 , was launched on September 29, 1988. After
11970-441: The tests had always been passed. Based on his experiences with NASA's management and engineers, Feynman concluded that the serious deficiencies in NASA management's scientific understanding, the lack of communication between the two camps, and the gross misrepresentation of the Shuttle's dangers, required that NASA take a hiatus from Shuttle launches until it could resolve its internal inconsistencies and present an honest picture of
12084-481: The therapeutic efficacy of laughter." In 2017, an institution in Japan conducted an open-label randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of laughter therapy on quality of life in patients with cancer. The study used laughter yoga, comedy, clown and jokes. The result showed that laughter therapy was helpful in improving quality of life and cancer symptoms in some areas for cancer survivors. Improvements were seen in
12198-404: The times when Herodotus speaks about laughter it is followed by a retribution. "Men whose laughter deserves report are marked, because laughter connotes scornful disdain, disdain feeling of superiority, and this feeling and the actions which stem from it attract the wrath of the gods." There is a wide range of experiences with laughter. A 1999 study by two humor researchers asked 80 people to keep
12312-407: The twins "inherited some aspects of their laugh sound and pattern, readiness to laugh, and maybe even taste in humor". Scientists have noted the similarity in forms of laughter induced by tickling among various primates , which suggests that laughter derives from a common origin among primate species. The spotted hyena , another species of animal, was also known as the laughing hyena because of
12426-419: The way it sounds when it communicates. A very rare neurological condition has been observed whereby the sufferer is unable to laugh out loud, a condition known as aphonogelia . Neurophysiology indicates that laughter is linked with the activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex , that produces endorphins . Scientists have shown that parts of the limbic system are involved in laughter. This system
12540-491: The weight of the evidence supports the appearance of such sounds at 15 weeks to four months of age. Laughter researcher Robert Provine [ es ] said: "Laughter is a mechanism everyone has; laughter is part of universal human vocabulary. There are thousands of languages, hundreds of thousands of dialects, but everyone speaks laughter in pretty much the same way." Babies have the ability to laugh before they ever speak. Children who are born blind and deaf still retain
12654-481: Was appointed to this position. Former Challenger flight director Jay Greene became chief of the Safety Division of the directorate. The unrealistically optimistic launch schedule pursued by NASA had been criticized by the Rogers Commission as a possible contributing cause to the accident. After the accident, NASA attempted to aim at a more realistic shuttle flight rate: it added another orbiter, Endeavour , to
12768-463: Was beneficial to the patients, the proper training was lacking in order to effectively use It. Even though laughter and humor has been used therapeutically in medical conditions, according to Mora-Ripoll, there was not enough data to clearly establish that laughter could be used as an overall means of healing. It did suggest that additional research was still needed since "well-designed randomized controlled trials have not been conducted to date validating
12882-426: Was the determination of a safety factor . In one example, early tests resulted in some of the booster rocket's O-rings burning a third of the way through. These O-rings provided the gas-tight seal needed between the vertically stacked cylindrical sections that made up the solid fuel booster. NASA managers recorded this result as demonstrating that the O-rings had a "safety factor" of 3. Feynman incredulously explains
12996-408: Was upset NASA presented its fantastical figures as fact to convince a member of the public, schoolteacher Christa McAuliffe , to join the crew. Feynman was not uncomfortable with the concept of a 1 ⁄ 100 risk factor, but felt strongly that the recruitment of laypeople required an honest portrayal of the true risk involved. Feynman's investigation eventually suggested to him that the cause of
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