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64-627: The Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve is a tract of land owned by the government of the Canadian province of Alberta (called " Crown land ") along the eastern slopes and foothills of the Albertan section of the Canadian Rockies . It is a long strip of land just east of the more famous Canadian Rocky Mountain parks , which is managed for forest and water conservation, public recreation, and industrial goals, rather than aesthetic and preservation goals, as in

128-546: A major income stream, such as in Alberta . Crown land may also be rented by individuals wishing to build homes or cottages. In the province of Alberta , Crown land, also called public land , is territory registered in the name of "His Majesty the King in right of Alberta as Represented by [specific Minister of the Crown ]" and remains under the administration of the mentioned minister until

192-497: Is a territorial area belonging to the monarch, who personifies the Crown . It is the equivalent of an entailed estate and passes with the monarchy, being inseparable from it. Today, in Commonwealth realms , crown land is considered public land and is apart from the monarch's private estate. In Australia, public lands without a specific tenure (e.g. National Park or State Forest) are referred to as Crown land or State Land, which

256-564: Is allowed only in a catch-and-release fashion (9.1 kg or 20 lb bull trout have been caught on the upper part of the Jackpine River). Canoeing and whitewater rafting can be done on the Smoky River . Motorized vehicles are prohibited within the park. Open-pit fires are allowed. Potential dangers while travelling through the park are changing weather (which can make rising waters dangerous to ford), lost and water-logged trails and

320-812: Is described as being held in the "right of the Crown" of either an individual State or the Commonwealth of Australia (as Australia is a federation, there is no single "Crown" as legal entity). Most Crown lands in Australia are held by the Crown in the right of a State. The only land held by the Commonwealth consists of land in the Northern Territory (surrendered by South Australia), the Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory, and small areas acquired for airports, defence and other government purposes. Each jurisdiction has its own policies towards

384-449: Is federally controlled, largely in the form of national parks , Indian reserves , or Canadian Forces bases . In contrast, provinces hold much of their territory as provincial Crown land, which may be held as provincial parks or wilderness. Crown land is the equivalent of an entailed estate that passes with the monarchy and cannot be alienated from it; thus, per constitutional convention , these lands cannot be unilaterally sold by

448-622: Is privately owned. The Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations issues Crown land tenures and sells Crown land on behalf of the Crown in Right of British Columbia . Approximately 65% of Saskatchewan's land is Crown land. 95% of Newfoundland and Labrador is provincial Crown land. Currently, 48% of New Brunswick's territory is Crown land, used for such things as for conservation projects, resource exploitation , and recreation activities. However, through treaties between First Nations and

512-423: Is used for a variety of purposes: forestry, mineral, energy, and wildlife resources; developing natural spaces, including parks for recreation and conservation, ecological preserves, and wildlife refuges and habitats; developing infrastructure for industrial and public utilities purposes as well as for leisure and vacation purposes. The crown lands, crown estate, or royal domain ( domaine royal ) of France refers to

576-536: The "Golden" Liberty . Eventually the nobility controlled most of the crown lands. People without a formal title of nobility inherited or granted were not allowed to be infeudated with regalities. After the First Partition of Poland crown lands were reformed in 1775, lessening the abuses of the nobility , and the Great Sejm of 1788–1792 decided to put them on sale, to raise funds for reforms and modernisation of

640-548: The Crown Lands Act , the Lieutenant Governor-in-Council alone has the ability to augment or disperse Crown land and to determine the price of any Crown land being bought or leased. Crown land is used for varying purposes, including agriculture, wind farming , and cottages, while other areas are set aside for research, environmental protection, public recreation, and resource management. Approximately 95% of

704-459: The Crown in Right of Canada , the provincial Crown grants or denies long-term use of Crown lands by aboriginals, as per the treaties. As of October 2013, of the 5.3 million hectares (13 million acres) of land in Nova Scotia , approximately 1.53 million hectares (3.8 million acres or about 29% of the province) is designated as Crown land. Crown land is owned by the province and managed by

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768-633: The Hawaii Supreme Court 's holding that the federally enacted Apology Resolution of 1993 bars the State of Hawaii from selling to third parties any land held in public trust until the claims of Native Hawaiians to the lands have been resolved. The Court first held that it had jurisdiction to review the Hawaii Supreme Court's opinion because it rested on the Apology Resolution. It then found

832-656: The Kinh ethnic group did not make up the majority. Later it became a type of administrative unit of the State of Vietnam . It was officially established on 15 April 1950 and dissolved on 11 March 1955. In the areas of the Domain of the Crown, Chief of State Bảo Đại was still officially (and legally) titled as the "Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty". Willmore Wilderness Park Other parks surround this wilderness reserve: Kakwa Wildlands Park to

896-687: The Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen ( Transleithania ); ruled in real union with the remaining Austrian crown lands (officially: "The Kingdoms and Lands represented in the Imperial Council ") of Cisleithania until the disintegration of the dual monarchy in 1918. The medieval European state of the Crown of Bohemia , which was an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire , consisted of crown lands: Kingdom of Bohemia , Margraviate of Moravia , Duchies of Silesia , Upper and Lower Lusatia . When it

960-656: The National Housing Corporation . The Government did not allow private ownership of Barbados' 97 kilometres (60 mi) of coastal beaches in the country, and all areas below the high-tide watermark in the country were considered specifically as "Crown land". After 30 November 2021, Barbados had transitioned to a republic , replacing the Monarchy of Barbados with a president as head of state. This caused all crown lands to become state lands instead. Effectively in practice, however, functions of state lands remained

1024-531: The change of status of the territory . In Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth crown lands were known as królewszczyzny which translates to regality or royal land . In the Kingdom of Poland under the rules of Piast then Jagiellonian dynasties the institution of crown lands was similar to those in Great Britain or Austria-Hungary : the lands were the property of the monarch or dynasty. Beginning in 15th century

1088-410: The federal Crown . About 89% of Canada's land area (8,886,356 km or 3,431,041 sq mi) is Crown land: 41% is federal crown land and 48% is provincial crown land. The remaining 11% is privately owned. Most federal Crown land is in the territories ( Northwest Territories , Nunavut , and Yukon ) and is administered by Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada . Only 4% of land in the provinces

1152-535: The "Green Area", including the eastern slopes. The provincial government did not enact legislation to formalize its management of the region as a forest reserve until the Forest Reserves Act of 1964, which provides "for the maintenance of water supply and the conservation of forests and other vegetation". Since the provincial government acquired the reserve, its area has slowly been reduced as other land-use regimes have been established in various smaller parcels of

1216-580: The Austrian crown lands received a certain autonomy. The traditional Landstände (estates) assemblies were elevated to Landtage legislatures, partly elected according to the principle of census suffrage . After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , the Kingdom of Hungary (with the Principality of Transylvania ), the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and Fiume became constituent parts of

1280-551: The Canadian government, in 1902, to enlarge the adjacent Rocky Mountain Park (later Banff National Park) to 12,691 square kilometres (4,900 sq mi), twice its modern size. The Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve was first created in 1910 by the federal government of Canada by privy council order #939 to conserve forests and protect the headwaters of the rivers that supply most of the Canadian prairies from development. Since its inception,

1344-682: The Crown Jan Zamoyski (against the interests of his own family), put as one of its goals the "execution of lands", i.e. return of all crown lands, which were often illegally held by next generations of Starostine families. In 1562–1563 they forced most of the crown land in the Crown of the Polish Kingdom to be returned to the monarch, however later the whole cycle repeated. In the following centuries Ruch egzekucyjny (lit. execution movement ) and subsequently elected Kings were gradually weakened because szlachta achieved more and more privileges –

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1408-481: The Crown lands than on the hereditary estates of the nobility , as there were fewer serfdom obligations. Mostly due to lack of constant dynasty in Poland (see: Royal elections in Poland ), royal lands were under notorious, often illegal, control of powerful local magnates , sometimes even semi-independent from the state. Ruch egzekucyjny (execution movement) of the late 16th century, led by Lord Grand Chancellor of

1472-509: The Department of Natural Resources on behalf of the citizens of Nova Scotia. It is a collective asset which belongs to all Nova Scotians. Many acres of Crown land are licensed for a variety of economic purposes to help build and maintain the prosperity of the province. These purposes range from licenses and leases for cranberry bogs, forestry operations, peat bogs, power lines, wind energy, to broadband towers, and tidal energy. In addition, most of

1536-613: The Estate's revenues to the treasury, in order to relieve him from paying for the costs of the civil service, defence costs, the national debt, and his own personal debts, and, in return, to receive an annual grant known as the Civil list . The Domain of the Crown ( Vietnamese : Hoàng triều Cương thổ ( 皇朝疆土 ); French : Domaine de la Couronne ) was originally the Nguyễn dynasty 's geopolitical concept for its protectorates and principalities where

1600-537: The Ghost–Waiparous farther north, were designated Forest Land-Use Zones, where off-road vehicles (ORVs) are permitted, and since that time, ORV use in the area has expanded dramatically, causing groups such as the Ghost River Watershed Alliance and the public at large to express concern about stream-bed erosion and other disturbances. Crown land Crown land , also known as royal domain ,

1664-584: The Habsburg nation-building and were ultimately reorganised as administrative divisions of the centralised Austrian Empire established in 1804. During the restoration period after the Revolutions of 1848 , the Austrian crown lands were ruled by Statthalter governors directly subordinate to the Emperor according to the 1849 March Constitution . By the 1861 February Patent , proclaimed by Emperor Franz Joseph I ,

1728-402: The Hawaii Supreme Court's interpretation of the Apology Resolution to be erroneous, and held that federal law does not bar the State from selling land held in public trust. Accordingly, it remanded the case to the Hawaii Supreme Court to determine if Hawaiian law alone supports the same outcome. All "Crown leases" in the former British crown colony became "government leases" on 1 July 1997 upon

1792-513: The Hawaiian monarchs had access to 1.8 million acres (7,300 km ), the private lands of Kamehameha III which he set aside for the dignity of the royal office for the ruler of the Hawaiian monarchy on 8 March 1848 during the Great Mahele . Kamehameha III and his successors made these lands their private property, selling, leasing or mortgaging at their enjoyment. At the death of Kamehameha IV , it

1856-478: The Interior describes it as a timbered area lying alongside of a prairie country hundreds of miles in extent ... form[ing] the watershed for the river systems which water the great plains to the east, where water supply is practically the only limit to anticipated settlement and development. The size and shape of the reserve changed repeatedly and dramatically in its early years. In its original configuration in 1910,

1920-460: The King, two of whom shall be appointed from among the members of His Cabinet Council, and serve without remuneration, and the other shall act as Land Agent, and shall be paid out of the revenues of the said lands, such sum as may be agreed to by the King." The lands were held by Queen Lili'uokalani before 17 January 1893. On this date, the monarchy was overthrown. The crown lands were taken in charge by

1984-462: The Rocky Mountain parks. Forest reserves were established for "...(1) the reserving of timber supplies, (2) the reserving of areas unsuited to agriculture so that they would not be homesteaded, and (3) the preserving of the water level in streams by conserving the timber on the upper watersheds". Government of Canada (1911). "All forest reserves are set aside and constituted for the conservation of

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2048-571: The State. The Crown lands are administered by an independent institution called Patrimonio Nacional , which is responsible for the maintenance of these properties that are always available to the King or Queen of Spain. Historically, the properties now known as the Crown Estate were administered as possessions of the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country. By the Civil List Act 1760 , George III surrendered control over

2112-454: The abundant bear population. Several trails cross the park (Indian Trail, Pope Thoreau Trail, Great Divide Trail ), and horseback riding can be done along rivers and passes (Sulphur River, West Sulphur River, Rocky Pass, Jackknife Pass, Casket Pass, Forget-Me-Not Pass, Fetherstonhaugh Pass and Morkill Pass). Rock Lake staging area allows easy access to the north part of Jasper National Park through Willow Creek Trail. The 14 km trail joins

2176-464: The area has been managed to conserve headwaters while allowing industrial activity, particularly logging and mining, with secondary importance placed on heavy tourist uses, in contrast to the neighbouring national parks. Nevertheless, water has been a recurring theme, with the protection of the headwaters always being the stated priority of government agencies. A 1911 report on the area by the Department of

2240-497: The army. After the following partitions of Poland in 1795 the "royal lands" were directly annexed by the partitioning powers. In the Great Duchy of Lithuania political nation did not follow experience of neighbouring Poland. Lithuanian magnates retained such lands in their hands. Historically, the kings of Spain have possessed vast lands, palaces, castles and other buildings, however, at present all those properties are owned by

2304-614: The end of Kingdom in Poland the era of new political system called "Republic of szlachta (nobility)" started in late 16th century already in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . As a result of reform and the introduction of the royal election of Polish kings, the royal lands became " public property or state property ". Formally "royal lands" formed about 15–20% of Poland (later, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), and were divided into two parts: Among

2368-470: The forest reserve constituted two disconnected pieces of land, neither of which are part of the modern reserve. The more northerly part was north of Jasper National Park (today the Willmore Wilderness ), and the southerly section was between Jasper National Park and Rocky Mountain Park (today the northern third of Banff National Park ). In 1911, Jasper and Rocky Mountain parks were reduced in size and

2432-500: The forests and other vegetation in the forests and for the maintenance of conditions favourable to an optimum water supply in those reserves." Province of Alberta (2004). The surveyor William Pearce was an early and influential advocate of preserving the region, and he convinced the government to set aside a large part of the region from the agricultural settlement occurring elsewhere in the Canadian West. His continued efforts persuaded

2496-678: The four staging areas: Sulphur Gates, Cowlick Creek, Berland River and Rock Lake. Motorized vehicles are not allowed in the park; transportation is done by foot, horse, mountain bike or ski. Another staging area is found south-east of the park, in the town of Hinton . In terms of local governance, those lands within Willmore Wilderness Park were split between the Improvement District (ID) No. 14 and ID No. 16 prior to 1994. Those lands within Willmore Wilderness Park were incorporated as ID No. 25 on January 2, 1994. The park

2560-431: The higher alpine areas. The sub-alpine environment contains white spruce , lodgepole pine , balsam fir and aspen poplar . Several First Nations burial sites are at Big Grave Flats, as well as some early coal mining, forestry and trapper cabins. Recreational activities in the park include camping , hiking , horseback riding , mountain biking , cross-country skiing and some hunting . Fishing for bull trout

2624-622: The land is sold or transferred via legislation, such as an order in council . Crown land is governed by the Public Lands Act , originally passed as the Provincial Lands Act in 1931 and renamed in 1949. 94% of the land in British Columbia is provincial Crown land, 2% of which is covered by fresh water. Federal Crown land makes up a further 1% of the province, including Indian reserves, defence lands and federal harbours, while 5%

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2688-597: The land transferred to the Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve. The reserve was expanded eastwards in 1913. In 1917, Rocky Mountain Park and in 1927 Jasper Park were greatly expanded at the expense of the reserve. In 1929 and 1930, the park boundaries were adjusted slightly, giving the Kananaskis valley back to the reserve. With the passage of the Alberta Natural Resources Act, 1930 , management of

2752-646: The land, such as the Willmore Wilderness Park , established in the 1950s, the three strict wilderness areas (Ghost River, Siffleur, and White Goat) established in the 1960s, the Kananaskis Country parks system, established in the 1970s, and the numerous small parks and recreation areas along the David Thompson corridor , established over several decades. In 1979, the McLean Creek watershed, along with

2816-454: The lands and fiefs directly possessed by the kings of France . Before the reign of Henry IV , the royal domain did not encompass the entirety of the territory of the kingdom of France and for much of the Middle Ages significant portions of the kingdom were direct possessions of other feudal lords. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the first Capetians—while being rulers of France—were among

2880-460: The largest Crown lands in the 16th and 17th centuries were the territories of Malbork and Wielkorządy with Niepołomice , Sambor in the Crown of the Polish Kingdom . Monarch's economies in, as it was called, "Republic" of Lithuania (Grand Duchy of Lithuania) were: biggest Šiauliai economy, Alytus economy, also economies in Grodno and Mohylew . The legal conditions of peasants were better in

2944-477: The largest single category is vacant land, comprising 12.5% of the land. Crown land is used for such things as airports, military grounds (Commonwealth), public utilities (usually State), or is sometimes unallocated and reserved for future development. In Tasmania , Crown land is managed under the Crown Lands Act 1976 . In Queensland, Unallocated State Land is managed under the Land Act 1994 . In South Australia ,

3008-425: The least powerful of the great feudal lords of France in terms of territory possessed. Patiently, through the use of feudal law (and, in particular, the confiscation of fiefs from rebellious vassals ), skillful marriages with female inheritors of large fiefs, and even by purchase, the kings of France were able to increase the royal domain, which, by the 16th century, began to coincide with the entire kingdom. However,

3072-454: The medieval system of appanage (a concession of a fief by the sovereign to his younger sons and their sons after them, although they could be reincorporated if the last lord had no male heirs) alienated large territories from the royal domain and created dangerous rival territories (especially the Duchy of Burgundy in the 14th and 15th centuries). Prior to the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy ,

3136-405: The monarch, instead passing on to the next king or queen unless the sovereign is advised otherwise by the relevant ministers of the Crown . Crown land provides the country and the provinces with the majority of their profits from natural resources , largely but not exclusively provincial, rented for logging and mineral exploration rights; revenues flow to the relevant government and may constitute

3200-412: The north, Kakwa Provincial Park and Protected Area to the west, Rock Lake Provincial Park to the south-west, Sulphur Gates Provincial Recreation Area to the east. Kakwa Wildlands Park, Kakwa Provincial Park and Willmore Wilderness Park comprise the first interprovincial park shared between Alberta and British Columbia. Access to the park is via Highway 40 , through the hamlet of Grande Cache , and

3264-489: The park includes: The park protects a large population of mountain goats and bighorn sheep (20% of the total population in Alberta). Other mammals commonly found here include grizzly bears , woodland caribou , elk , deer , cougars and timber wolves . Coyotes , wolverines , lynx and black bears are also present in the sub-alpine region, while marmots , rock pika, ptarmigan and Rocky Mountain goats can be found in

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3328-519: The parks and reserve became separated, as all public lands (outside of national parks and military bases) in Alberta were transferred from the federal to the provincial government, including the reserve. Water management was still a shared responsibility until the 1970s, however. Within the boundaries of the RMFR, protected areas include the following types: In 1948, the province designated all of its forested lands

3392-421: The properties were often leased, gifted or hocked to the members of the nobility . Those nobles who had received the privilege of administering the crown lands (and thus keeping most of its profits) had the title of Starosta . Once given a crown land, one had the right to keep it "for life". Families of Starostas often wanted to unlawfully keep the royal properties, and that led to common abuses of law. After

3456-451: The province's forests sit within provincial Crown land. 87% of the province is Crown land, of which 95% is in northern Ontario. It is managed by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry and is used for economic development, tourism and recreation. 88% of the land on Prince Edward Island (PEI) is privately held, leaving 12% of the land as public, or Crown, land. It is the province with

3520-623: The provisional and republican governments. When the Republic of Hawaii joined the United States in 1898, the territorial government took ownership. In 1910, Liliuokalani, the former Queen, unsuccessfully attempted to sue the United States for the loss of the Hawaiian Crown Lands. In March 2009, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a unanimous opinion in Hawaii v. Office of Hawaiian Affairs , reversing

3584-640: The relevant Act is the Crown Land Management Act 2009 . In Victoria , it is the Crown Land (Reserves) Act 1978 and the Land Act 1958 . From the late 18th century onwards, the territories acquired by the Austrian Habsburg monarchy were called crown lands ( German : Kronländer ). Initially ruled in personal union by the House of Habsburg-Lorraine , they played a vital role as constituent lands of

3648-406: The sale and use of Crown lands within the State. For example, New South Wales , where over half of all land is Crown land, passed a controversial reform in 2005 requiring Crown lands to be rated at market value. Crown lands include land set aside for various government or public purposes, development, town planning, as well as vacant land. Crown lands comprise around 23% of Australian land, of which

3712-509: The same as crown lands. Within Canada, Crown land is a designated territorial area belonging to the Canadian Crown . Though the monarch owns all Crown land in the country, it is divided in parallel with the "division" of the Crown among the federal and provincial jurisdictions , so that some lands within the provinces are administered by the relevant provincial Crown , whereas others are under

3776-448: The smallest percentage of Crown land, and it is managed by the Ministry of Environment, Energy, and Climate Action. Usage of these lands is for non-economic purposes such as hunting, fishing, trapping, foraging, hiking and bird watching. More than 92% of Quebec's territory is Crown land. This heritage and the natural resources that it contains are developed to contribute to the socioeconomic development of all regions of Quebec. Public land

3840-456: The submerged lands (the sea bed) along the province's 9,000 kilometres (5,600 mi) of coastline are also considered Crown land. Exceptions would include federally and privately owned waterlots. The province owns other land across Nova Scotia, including wilderness areas, protected areas, highways, roads, and provincial buildings. These parcels and structures are managed and administered by other departments and are not considered Crown land. By

3904-544: Was a commonwealth realm, in Barbados , the term crown land extended to all land that is under the control or ownership of The Crown (a.k.a. the Government). This could also pertain to land seized by the government, (either through eminent domain or due to criminal activity), or toward lands with backed taxes. The term Crown lands had been used in relation to government owned farms, beaches, and other land areas also maintained by

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3968-572: Was decided by the Kingdom's Supreme Court that under the above-mentioned instrument executed by Kamehameha III, reserving the Crown Lands, and under the confirmatory Act of 7 June 1848, "the inheritance is limited to the successors to the throne", "the wearers of the crown which the conqueror had won," and that at the same time "each successive possessor may regulate and dispose of the same according to his will and pleasure as private property, in like manner as

4032-581: Was done by Kamehameha III." Afterwards an Act was passed 3 January 1865, "relieve the Royal Domain from encumbrances and to render the same inalienable." This Act provided for the redemption of the mortgages on the estate, and enacted that the remaining lands are to be "henceforth inalienable and shall descend to the heirs and successors of the Hawaiian Crown forever," and that "it shall not be lawful hereafter to lease said lands for any terms of years to exceed thirty." The Board of Commissioners of Crown Lands shall consist of three persons to be appointed by His Majesty

4096-452: Was named on April 12, 1965, after Norman Willmore of Edson, a provincial cabinet minister and member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta who was killed in a motor vehicle accident in February 1965. It was previously known as Wilderness Provincial Park, established in 1959 through a bill introduced by Willmore. Willmore Wilderness Park is managed by Alberta Community Development as a wilderness park. Conservation-based research within

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