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73-478: Rochas had existed only as a fragrance from the time that Marcel Rochas died in 1955 until Wella , which made its classic Femme scent, brought back a clothing line in 1990 with the designer Peter O'Brien. The company found new recognition for its fashion design when it chose Belgian-born Olivier Theyskens as its creative director in 2002. (In the years leading to his appointment, its clothes had not been considered notable.) Theyskens, within his first few months,

146-467: A clothes iron , or by rolling it up with large empty soda cans while wet. Since the 1960s and 1970s, women have worn their hair in a wide variety of styles. Part of this came from the "Black is Beautiful" movement which promoted the natural beauty of the Black population as opposed to what some considered a Eurocentric model. Some critics argue that straightening or relaxing African hair is trying to conform to

219-517: A 2.4% ownership stake in Coty on an as-converted basis. On July 18, 2023, Coty agreed to sell an approximate 3.6% stake in Wella to investment firm IGF Wealth Management for US$ 150 million. Coty will retain a 22.3% stake in Wella with an implied valuation of approximately $ 900 million. Wella was founded in 1880 by Franz Ströher , a hairdresser from Saxony , Eastern Germany. The company originally made tulles,

292-533: A Parisian fashion magazine reported that even bald men were adopting Titus wigs, and the style was also worn by women, the Journal de Paris reporting in 1802 that "more than half of elegant women were wearing their hair or wig à la Titus ". In the early 19th century the male beard, and also moustaches and sideburns , made a strong reappearance, associated with the Romantic movement , and all remained very common until

365-660: A certain way, occasionally using combs, a blow-dryer, gel, or other products. The practice of styling hair is often called hairdressing , especially when done as an occupation. Hairstyling may also include adding accessories (such as headbands or barrettes) to the hair to hold it in place, enhance its ornamental appearance, or partially or fully conceal it with coverings such as a kippah , hijab , tam or turban . Hair dressing may include cuts, weaves , coloring , extensions , perms , permanent relaxers, curling, and any other form of styling or texturing. Some of these techniques are described in detail below; Stylists often wash

438-458: A high comb, and in Buenos Aires , there developed a fashion for extremely large tortoise-shell hair combs called peinetón , which could measure up to three feet in height and width, and which are said by historians to have reflected the growing influence of France, rather than Spain, upon Argentinians. In the middle of the 18th century the pouf style developed, with women creating volume in

511-519: A long decline and now disappeared among the upper classes. Perukes or periwigs for men were introduced into the English-speaking world with other French styles when Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660, following a lengthy exile in France. These wigs were shoulder-length or longer, imitating the long hair that had become fashionable among men since the 1620s. Their use soon became popular in

584-504: A long pigtail and married women would braid their hair on both sides of the head. The hairstyles displayed their marital status to those around them. Between 27 BC and 102 AD, in Imperial Rome , women wore their hair in complicated styles: a mass of curls on top, or in rows of waves, drawn back into ringlets or braids . Eventually noble women's hairstyles grew so complex that they required daily attention from several enslaved people and

657-488: A programme that teaches hairdressing and life skills to disadvantaged young people. The program started in Brazil and has since expanded to include Romania , Cambodia , and Vietnam and has trained over 44,800 people. In 2014, Wella patented a new molecule called ME+. This molecule is a substitute for PPD, also known as p-phenylenediamine , and PTD or para-toluenediamine which are present in most colouring products to fix

730-658: A salon-exclusive product range that let customers take professional-style products home for the first time. In the early 1970s, Wella introduced Perform a new perm product that allowed hairdressers to create Afro style looks. In 1972 they released Wella Balsam, the first shampoo specifically produced for retail sales. The advertising campaign featured the stars of TV show Charlie's Angels : Farrah Fawcett , Jaclyn Smith and Cheryl Ladd . In 1981, actress and model Brooke Shields appeared in an advertising campaign for Wella Balsam. Wella also launched For Men, their first ever product line exclusively for men. In 1995, Wella re-launched

803-399: A section of hair which is then trimmed. Blending is a technique used to create a seamless transition between different lengths or textures of hair. This process ensures that there are no harsh lines or visible distinctions where one section of hair ends, and another begins. Stylists typically use thinning shears, razors, or specific scissor techniques to soften the edges of a haircut. Blending

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876-480: A stylist in order to be maintained. The hair was often lightened using wood ash , unslaked lime and sodium bicarbonate , or darkened with copper filings, oak-apples or leeches marinated in wine and vinegar. It was augmented by wigs, hairpieces and pads, and held in place by nets, pins, combs and pomade. Under the Byzantine Empire , noblewomen covered most of their hair with silk caps and pearl nets. From

949-603: A subject's hair first, so that the hair is cut while still slightly damp. Compared to dry hair, wet hair can be easier to manage in a cut/style situation because the added weight and surface tension of the water cause the strands to stretch downward and cling together along the hair's length, holding a line and making it easier for the stylist to create a form. It is important to note that this method of cutting hair while wet, may be most suitable (or common) for straight hair types. Curly, kinky and other types of hair textures with considerable volume may benefit from cutting while dry, as

1022-443: A week, and kept it in place by wearing curlers every night and reteasing and respraying it every morning. In the 1960s, many women began to wear their hair in short modern cuts such as the pixie cut , while in the 1970s, hair tended to be longer and looser. In both the 1960s and 1970s many men and women wore their hair very long and straight. Long, natural hair was also worn due to the emergence of counterculture movements such as

1095-446: A white standard of beauty. However, there are those that disagree with this belief. Nevertheless, Malcolm X advised against Black people straightening their hair for such reasons. Black hair then became not only an act of beauty but an act of revolution. The Afro, specifically, was both fashionable and political in the 1960s onward. However, the Afro, or "the natural", as it was first called,

1168-516: A wide variety of price ranges. Combs come in all shapes and sizes and all manner of materials including plastics, wood, and horn. Similarly, brushes also come in all sizes and shapes, including various paddle shapes. Most benefit from using some form of a wide tooth comb for detangling. Most physicians advise against sharing hair care instruments like combs and clips, to prevent spreading hair conditions like dandruff and head lice . The historical dictum to brush hair with one hundred strokes every day

1241-625: Is a German company specializing in hair care , styling , colorants , and other beauty products, and was founded in 1880 in Germany by Franz Ströher . Its headquartered in Darmstadt, Germany . The company was controlled by Procter & Gamble from 2003 until it was sold to Coty in 2015 along with some 40 other P&G brands. On December 1, 2020, Coty completed the sale of the Wella, Clairol , OPI and ghd brands stake to American private equity firm KKR for $ 2.5bn in cash whilst retaining 40% stake in

1314-430: Is a wonder what will be the fashion after the plague is done as to periwigs, for nobody will dare to buy any hair for fear of the infection? That it had been cut off the heads of people dead of the plague. Late 17th-century wigs were very long and wavy (see George I below), but became shorter in the mid-18th century, by which time they were normally white (George II). A very common style had a single stiff curl running round

1387-476: Is carried high on the head. It can be as simple as a ponytail, but is more commonly associated with more elaborate styles intended for special occasions such as a prom or weddings. If hair is pinned too tightly, or the whole updo slips causing pulling on the hair in the follicle at the hair root, it can cause aggravation to the hair follicle and result in headaches. Although some people of African heritage may use braiding extensions (long term braiding hairstyle) as

1460-458: Is especially important in layered cuts or when merging short and long sections, as it gives the hairstyle a cohesive and natural look. Brushes and combs are used to organize and untangle the hair, encouraging all of the strands to lie in the same direction and removing debris such as lint , dandruff , or hairs that have already shed from their follicles but continue to cling to the other hairs. There are all manner of detangling tools available in

1533-662: Is hair braiding , which dates back about 30,000 years. Women's hair was often elaborately and carefully dressed in special ways, though it was also frequently kept covered outside the home, especially for married women. People's hairstyles are largely determined by the fashions of the culture they live in. Hairstyles are markers and signifiers of social class, age, marital status, racial identification, political beliefs, and attitudes about gender. Some people may cover their hair totally or partially for cultural or religious reasons. Notable examples of head covering include women in Islam who wear

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1606-415: Is somewhat archaic, dating from a time when hair was washed less frequently; the brushstrokes would spread the scalp's natural oils down through the hair, creating a protective effect. Now, however, this does not apply when the natural oils have been washed off by frequent shampoos. Also, hairbrushes are now usually made with rigid plastic bristles instead of the natural boar's bristles that were once standard;

1679-542: The Council of Fashion Designers of America awarded Theyskens the International Award. However, Theyskens' focus on " demicouture " (special pieces too costly to mass-produce but which may not meet strict couture rules regarding hand-stitching and numbers of fitting) was questioned by fashion insiders as a viable business strategy. His gowns, some of which were priced upwards of $ 20,000, were often out of reach for all but

1752-494: The Dido flip ), identifying with distinctively groomed subgroups (e.g., punk hair ), or obeying religious dictates (e.g., Orthodox Jewish have payot , Rastafari have Dreadlocks , North India jatas, or the Sikh practice of Kesh ), though this is highly contextual such that "mainstream" look in one setting may be limited to a "subgroup" in another. A hairstyle is achieved by arranging hair in

1825-750: The German Democratic Republic dismantled the Wella plant in Apolda as part of the reparations plan enacted by the Soviet Union. The plant in Rothenkirchen was expropriated and renamed VEB Londa, becoming communal state property under the Volkseigener Betrieb . The Ströher family and some members of staff decided to start the business again from scratch on a smaller scale in Hünfeld , Osthessen under

1898-593: The Hippies who used such styles to symbolize their opposition to the norm. From the 1950s onward, various groups have pushed the norms for hairstyles as symbols of their unique ideology or identity. The Skinheads , who opposed the Hippies , shaved off much of their hair. The Punks of the later 1970s, meanwhile, wanted to cause outrage, styling their hair in unique ways (such as the mohawk ) and dyeing it in unnatural shades. Women straightened their hair through chemical straightening processes, by ironing their hair at home with

1971-714: The National Socialist regime due to the Nazi's economic policy and their restrictions on raw-material supplies, along with wartime conditions. As Freemasons , the Ströher brothers were actively opposed to National Socialism. During the Second World War , the Wella plant in Apolda was used to manufacture ventilation systems and equipment for submarines, no longer producing their permanent wave machines and hair dryers. After World War II,

2044-567: The chu'kye style worn in Koguryo was similar in style and head placement as the chu'kye style in China. The hairstyles were characterized by the large topknots on women's heads. Also, hairstyles were used as an expression of beauty, social status, and marital status. For instance, Japanese girls wore a mae-gami to symbolize the start of their coming-of-age ceremony. Single women in Baekjae put their hair in

2117-595: The hijab , married women in Haredi Judaism who wear the sheitel or tichel , married Himba men who cover their hair except when in mourning, Tuareg men who wear a veil, and men and women in Sikhism who wear the dastar , whether baptized or not, as a symbol of their faith and cultural identity. The oldest known reproduction of hair braiding lies back about 30,000 years: the Venus of Willendorf , now known in academia as

2190-526: The reunification of Germany , in February 1990 the Rothenkirchen plant was reintegrated into Wella, forming a joint venture with Londa to produce and market hairdressing products throughout Europe. In 1950, Wella introduced Koleston, the first hair balm designed to protect and nourish hair. In 1954, Hollywood icon Elizabeth Taylor appeared in Koleston advertising. In the 1960s, the company launched Wella Privat,

2263-558: The 15th century and on into the 16th century, a very high hairline on the forehead was considered attractive, and wealthy women frequently plucked out hair at their temples and the napes of their necks, or used depilatory cream to remove it, if it would otherwise be visible at the edges of their hair coverings. Working-class women in this period wore their hair in simple styles. During the 15th and 16th centuries, European men wore their hair cropped no longer than shoulder-length, with very fashionable men wearing bangs or fringes. In Italy, it

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2336-681: The 1890s, after which younger men ceased to wear them, with World War I , when the majority of men in many countries saw military service, finally despatching the full beard except for older men retaining the styles of their youth, and those affecting a Bohemian look. The short military-style moustache remained popular. From the 16th to the 19th century, European women's hair became more visible while their hair coverings grew smaller, with both becoming more elaborate, and with hairstyles beginning to include ornamentation such as flowers, ostrich plumes, ropes of pearls, jewels, ribbons and small crafted objects such as replicas of ships and windmills. Bound hair

2409-499: The 1920s. During this period, Western men began to wear their hair in ways popularized by movie stars such as Douglas Fairbanks Jr. and Rudolph Valentino . Men wore their hair short, and either parted on the side or in the middle, or combed straight back, and used pomade , creams and tonics to keep their hair in place. At the beginning of the Second World War and for some time afterwards, men's haircuts grew shorter, mimicking

2482-674: The 1930s women began to wear their hair slightly longer, in pageboys , bobs or waves and curls. During the 1920s and 1930s, Japanese women began wearing their hair in a style called mimi-kakushi (literally, "ear hiding"), in which hair was pulled back to cover the ears and tied into a bun at the nape of the neck. Waved or curled hair became increasingly popular for Japanese women throughout this period, and permanent waves, though controversial, were extremely popular. Bobbed hair also became more popular for Japanese women, mainly among actresses and moga , or "cut-hair girls," young Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in

2555-483: The 1980s, women pulled back their hair with scrunchies , stretchy ponytail holders made from cloth over fabric bands. Women also often wear glittery ornaments today, as well as claw-style barrettes used to secure ponytails and other upswept or partially upswept hairstyles. The 1980s in America also were a time of noted turmoil between hair choices. Tensions arose particularly between hair choices from women of color, and

2628-535: The English court. The London diarist Samuel Pepys recorded the day in 1665 that a barber had shaved his head and that he tried on his new periwig for the first time, but in a year of plague he was uneasy about wearing it: 3rd September 1665: Up, and put on my coloured silk suit, very fine, and my new periwig, bought a good while since, but darst not wear it because the plague was in Westminster when I bought it. And it

2701-483: The Koleston line as Koleston Perfect. The new product included natural ingredients including fruit wax. 2002 saw the launch of Wella TrendVision, an annual presentation of Wella's haute couture hair collections. The event is now known as the International TrendVision Award, or ITVA: a global hairdressing competition. In 2003, Wella was acquired by Procter & Gamble (P&G), purchasing 77.6% of

2774-742: The Wella Company as a stand-alone private entity based in Geneva, Switzerland. in April 2022, Wella announced it had acquired the eco-haircare brand, Briogeo from Nancy Twine . Hair styling A hairstyle , hairdo , haircut, or coiffure refers to the styling of hair , usually on the human head but sometimes on the face or body. The fashioning of hair can be considered an aspect of personal grooming , fashion , and cosmetics, although practical, cultural, and popular considerations also influence some hairstyles. The oldest known depiction of hair styling

2847-623: The Woman of Willendorf, of a female figurine from the Paleolithic , estimated to have been made between about 28,000 and 25,000 BC. The Venus of Brassempouy counts about 25,000 years old and indisputably shows hairstyling. In the Bronze Age , razors were known and in use by some men, but not on a daily basis since the procedure was rather unpleasant and required resharpening of the tool which reduced its endurance. In ancient civilizations, women's hair

2920-652: The base used for making wigs. In 1890, he invented the Tullemoid Waterproof, a technique that allowed the scalp to breathe. In 1894, he opened his first factory in Rothenkirchen, Germany and his sons Karl and George Ströher joined the business soon after. In 1924, the Ströhers registered the name Wella at the German patent office. As wigs and hairpieces fell out of fashion , the company turned to permanent wave products;

2993-465: The bob was called tanbal . In Europe and the US the bob was seen as a step towards women's liberation. Women began marcelling their hair, creating deep waves in it using heated scissor irons. Durable permanent waving became popular also in this period: it was an expensive, uncomfortable and time-consuming process, in which the hair was put in curlers and inserted into a steam or dry heat machine. During

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3066-528: The brand to take on the role of Creative Director at the House of Schiaparelli . From 2014 to 2020, Alessandro Dell'Acqua served as women’s wear creative director at Rochas. Dell'Acqua's first show for Rochas was set to take place in February 2014. In 2015, Interparfums announced it would buy Rochas from Procter & Gamble for $ 108 million. In 2017 Rochas unveiled its first menswear collection, created by French designer Béatrice Ferran . Charles de Vilmorin

3139-413: The closure, "That sort of perfect, made-to-measure business can't exist today, which is really too bad. Everything is about business now, and fashion shouldn't have to follow normal economic models—that's not the point. What happened to investing in beauty?" News emerged in 2008 that there were plans to reopen the fashion house. On November 3, 2008, Marco Zanini was named new artistic director for

3212-676: The colour. PPD and PTD been known to cause mild to severe allergic reactions. The ME+ molecule is used in the Wella Professionals colour brand Koleston Perfect Innosense, which was the first permanent colour product to be approved by the European Centre for Allergy Research Foundation (ECARF). As of 2019 the ME+ molecule is now used in the complete Wella Professionals Koleston Perfect line. In 2015, Coty announced that they would be buying 43 beauty brands from P&G for 12.5 Billion and finished

3285-547: The company for $ 3.4 billion and paying a total of $ 5.7 billion including shares, further expanding the group's beauty portfolio across Eastern and Western Europe, and Latin America. Josh Wood became a Global Wella Professionals Colour Ambassador in January 2008 and in 2010 took on the full-time role as Wella Professionals’ Global Creative Director of Colour. Eugene Souleiman currently serves as Global Creative Director for Wella Professionals. Wella founded Making Waves in 2011 –

3358-409: The crown, often with restrained quiffs or locks hanging down; variants are familiar from the hair of both Napoleon and George IV . The style was supposed to have been introduced by the actor François-Joseph Talma , who upstaged his wigged co-actors when appearing in productions of works such as Voltaire 's Brutus (about Lucius Junius Brutus , who orders the execution of his son Titus). In 1799,

3431-402: The face or scalp, which can cause burns. Other common hair drying techniques include towel drying and air drying. Tight or frequent braiding may pull at the hair roots and cause traction alopecia . Rubber bands with metal clasps or tight clips, which bend the hair shaft at extreme angles, can have the same effect. An updo is a hair style that involves arranging the hair so that it

3504-505: The fashion house, in partnership with the Italian company GIBO. He showed his first collection during Paris Fashion Week in February 2009. His ambition to build "brick by brick" and season after season the foundations of a renewed House of Rochas, his insistence on making each new collection "unpredictable", confirm the renaissance of Rochas in fashion. In September 2013, it was confirmed that Zanini would be leaving Rochas after five years with

3577-445: The ghd brands (placed together under the "Wella" moniker), at $ 4.3 billion, will be investing $ 1 billion directly as deleveragement alongside $ 2.5 billion in net cash proceeds when the Wella deal is closed, expected to be within the next six to nine months. The Wella business will issue around $ 1 billion of debt after the closing of the deal, distributing the proceeds to its shareholders. The deal closed on December 1, 2020, establishing

3650-760: The hair at the front of the head, usually with a pad underneath to lift it higher, and ornamented the back with seashells, pearls or gemstones. In 1750, women began dressing their hair with perfumed pomade and powdering it white. Just before World War I, some women began wearing silk turbans over their hair. In the early 1870s, in a shift that historians attribute to the influence of the West, Japanese men began cutting their hair into styles known as jangiri or zangiri (which roughly means "random cropping"). During this period, Japanese women were still wearing traditional hairstyles held up with combs, pins, and sticks crafted from tortoise, metal, wood and other materials, but in

3723-476: The hair is in a more natural state and the hair can be cut evenly. Hair cutting or hair trimming is intended to create or maintain a specific shape and form. There are ways to trim one's own hair but usually another person is enlisted to perform the process, as it is difficult to maintain symmetry while cutting hair at the back of one's head. Cutting hair is often done with hair clipper , scissors , and razors . Combs and hair grips are often employed to isolate

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3796-414: The hair was common. In the 16th century, women began to wear their hair in extremely ornate styles, often decorated with pearls, precious stones, ribbons, and veils. Women used a technique called "lacing" or "taping," in which cords or ribbons were used to bind the hair around their heads. During this period, most of the hair was braided and hidden under wimples , veils or couvrechefs . In the later half of

3869-507: The head at the end of the hair. By the late 18th century the natural hair was often powdered to achieve the impression of a short wig, tied into a small tail or "queue" behind (George III). Short hair for fashionable men was a product of the Neoclassical movement . Classically inspired male hair styles included the Bedford Crop , arguably the precursor of most plain modern male styles, which

3942-535: The merger in October 2016. Bart Becht , former Coty Chairman and Chief Executive, stated that the company would take over all of P&G's Wella management teams. In 2020, the investment firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR) announced a 60% acquisition of Wella from Coty, appointing Annie Young-Scrivner , the previous CEO of Godiva Chocolatier , as the new CEO of the company. KKR, valuing Coty's Professional and Retail hair business, included are Wella, Clairol , OPI, and

4015-625: The middle 1880s, upper-class Japanese women began pushing back their hair in the Western style (known as sokuhatsu ), or adopting Westernized versions of traditional Japanese hairstyles (these were called yakaimaki , or literally, "soirée chignon"). During the First World War, women around the world started to shift to shorter hairstyles that were easier to manage. After WWI women started for to bob , shingle and crop their hair, often covering it with small head-hugging cloche hats. In Korea,

4088-514: The military crewcut . After the war, women started to wear their hair in softer, more natural styles. In the early 1950s women's hair was generally curled and worn in a variety of styles and lengths. In the later 1950s, high bouffant and beehive styles, sometimes nicknamed B-52s for their similarity to the bulbous noses of the B-52 Stratofortress bomber, became popular. During this period many women washed and set their hair only once

4161-470: The most fabulously wealthy. Theyskens took a purer approach to fashion and did not rely (like many fashion houses) on accessory sales and cheaper sister lines for a steady stream of revenue. In July 2006, Procter & Gamble announced the discontinuation of Rochas' fashion division, shocking many in the fashion industry. One "longtime designer," commenting anonymously in The New York Times , said of

4234-530: The name Ondal GmbH. Production began again in 1946 with the new business being registered as Wella AG in 1950 with the central management of the company located in Darmstadt, Hessen in West Germany . Throughout the 50s and 60s the company followed an aggressive campaign in international markets within developing countries such as Chile, Brazil, the Asian and Pacific territories as well as various parts of Africa. After

4307-425: The name Wella was taken from Dauer wella pparat , meaning "permanent wave device" in German. In 1927, they introduced the first perming appliance and supplied it to salons. In the 1930s Wella developed the first hair dryers with built-in motors and movable tubes that allowed head movement during the drying process. Also in the 1930s, Wella introduced Wella Junior, a portable perming machine. The company suffered under

4380-427: The plastic bristles increase the likelihood of actually injuring the scalp and hair with excessively vigorous brushing. However, traditional brushes with boar's bristles are still commonly used among African Americans and those with coarse or kinky textures to soften and lay down curls and waves. Hair dryers speed the drying process of hair by blowing air, which is usually heated, over the wet hair shaft to accelerate

4453-402: The rate of water evaporation. Excessive heat may increase the rate of shaft-splitting or other damage to the hair. Hair dryer diffusers can be used to widen the stream of air flow so it is weaker but covers a larger area of the hair. Hair dryers can also be used as a tool to sculpt the hair to a very slight degree. Proper technique involves aiming the dryer such that the air does not blow onto

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4526-526: The standalone company. On October 1, 2021, Coty announced that it would sell an approximate 9% stake to KKR for $ 426.5 million. The deal reduces Coty's stake in the Wella, Clairol, OPI and ghd brands to around 30.6%. On November 8, 2021, Coty agreed to sell an approximate 4.7% stake in Wella to KKR in exchange for the redemption of approximately 56% of KKR's remaining convertible preferred shares in Coty. The deal reduces Coty's stake in Wella, Clairol, OPI and ghd to approximately 25.9%. KKR will continue to have

4599-403: The subject's physical attributes and desired self-image and/or the stylist's artistic instincts. Physical factors include natural hair type and growth patterns, face and head shape from various angles, and overall body proportions; medical considerations may also apply. Self-image may be directed toward conforming to mainstream values (military-style crew cuts or current "fad" hairstyles such as

4672-520: The time of the Roman Empire until the Middle Ages, most women grew their hair as long as it would naturally grow. It was normally styled through cutting, as women's hair was tied up on the head and covered on most occasions when outside the home by using a snood , kerchief or veil ; for an adult woman to wear uncovered and loose hair in the street was often restricted to prostitutes. Braiding and tying

4745-553: The workplace as noted by court cases such as Rogers v. American Airlines which upheld employers rights to ban certain hairstyles in the workplace, notably braided hairstyles. Additional instances of USPS, hotel chains, police departments and another industries banning hairstyles common within the Black American community such as braids, colored hair, and dreadlocks from the workplace during this period. A hairstyle's aesthetic considerations may be determined by many factors, such as

4818-426: The world, men with long hair and women whose hair does not appear carefully groomed may face various forms of discrimination, including harassment, social shaming or workplace discrimination. This is somewhat less true of African-American men, who wear their hair in a variety of styles that overlap with those of African-American women, including box braids and cornrows fastened with rubber bands and dreadlocks. In

4891-539: Was appointed as new creative director in 2021 only two weeks after he debuted his eponymous brand. In December 2023, Rochas announced the appointment of Alessandro Vigilante to the creative director position. Vigilante has previously worked for brands such as Dolce & Gabbana and Gucci, and was hired by Rochas in May 2023 as a design employee. He will continue to design and produce a line under his own name during his time as creative director of Rochas. Wella Wella AG

4964-547: Was common for men to dye their hair. In the early 17th century male hairstyles grew longer, with waves or curls being considered desirable in upper-class European men. The male wig was supposedly pioneered by King Louis XIII of France (1601–1643) in 1624 when he had prematurely begun to bald. This fashion was largely promoted by his son and successor Louis XIV of France (1638–1715) that contributed to its spread in European and European-influenced countries. The beard had been in

5037-515: Was credited as creating an "entirely new silhouette for the house" that was French -influenced and elegant. His first full collection, for Fall 2003, was praised by style.com as "ravishing" and "nothing short of magnificent." For the next several years, Rochas continued to garner praise among fashion critics and to attract loyal followers. Rochas' clients included Nicole Kidman , Jennifer Aniston , Kirsten Dunst , Kate Bosworth , Jennifer Lopez , Rachel Weisz , and Sarah Jessica Parker . In 2006,

5110-629: Was felt to be symbolic of propriety: loosening one's hair was considered immodest and sexual, and sometimes was felt to have supernatural connotations. Red hair was popular, particularly in England during the reign of the red-haired Elizabeth I , and women and aristocratic men used borax , saltpeter , saffron and sulfur powder to dye their hair red, making themselves nauseated and giving themselves headaches and nosebleeds. During this period in Spain and Latin cultures, women wore lace mantillas , often worn over

5183-537: Was invented by the radical politician Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford as a protest against a tax on hair powder ; he encouraged his friends to adopt it by betting them they would not. Another influential style (or group of styles) was named by the French " coiffure à la Titus " after Titus Junius Brutus (not in fact the Roman Emperor Titus as often assumed), with hair short and layered but somewhat piled up on

5256-470: Was not originally a political choice, but a style favored by both artistic and intellectual Black communities in the 1940s and 1950s. The challenges to social norms for hair in the 1960s onward alongside the more accessible hair dyes allowed for a variation in hairstyles to emerge. In the contemporary world, women and men can choose from a broad range of hairstyles. But they are still expected to wear their hair in ways that conform to gender norms: in much of

5329-500: Was often elaborately and carefully dressed in special ways. Women coloured their hair, curled it, and pinned it up (ponytail) in a variety of ways. For waves and curls, they used wet clay, which they dried in the sun before combing out, or they used a jelly made from quince seeds soaked in water. Additionally, various kinds of curling tongs and curling irons were popular tools for hair styling. Hairstyles in ancient Korea and Japan were influenced by Chinese hairstyles. For instance,

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