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61-986: Robert or Bob Miller may refer to: Business [ edit ] Robert Hugh Miller (1826–1911), American publisher Robert Warren Miller (born 1933), entrepreneur and developer of duty-free shopping Robert Miller (businessman) (born 1943), Canadian businessman who founded Future Electronics Robert G. Miller (born 1944), American businessman Steve Miller (business) (Robert Steven Miller Jr.), American chief executive Ben Lexcen (Robert Miller, 1936–1988), Australian yacht designer Robert William Miller (1879–1958), founder of Australian coal mine and shipping company RW Miller Entertainment [ edit ] Robert Miller (pianist) (1930–1981), American pianist and attorney Robert Miller (bassist) (born 1951), American bassist and songwriter Robert Miller (composer) , American music composer Robert Ellis Miller (1927–2017), American film director Bob Miller and

122-463: A gospel of liberation from injustice in startling parables and aphorisms . An iconoclast , Jesus broke with established Jewish theological dogmas and social conventions both in his teachings and in his behavior, often by turning common-sense ideas upside down, confounding the expectations of his audience: he preached of "Heaven's imperial rule" (traditionally translated as " Kingdom of God ") as being already present but unseen; he depicted God as

183-553: A loving father ; he fraternized with outsiders and criticized insiders. According to the Seminar, Jesus was a mortal man born of two human parents, who did not perform nature miracles nor die as a substitute for sinners nor rise bodily from the dead. Sightings of a risen Jesus represented the visionary experiences of some of his disciples rather than physical encounters. While these claims, not accepted by conservative Christian laity, have been repeatedly made in various forms since

244-446: A contemporary sense of the gospel authors' styles, if not their literal words. The goal was to let the reader hear the message as a first-century listener might have. The translators avoided other translations' archaic, literal translation of the text, or a superficial update of it. For example, they translate "woe to you" as "damn you". The authors of The Complete Gospels argue that some other gospel translations have attempted to unify

305-597: A degree from or currently teach at one of three schools: Harvard , Claremont , or Vanderbilt University , all of which are considered to favor " liberal " interpretations of the New Testament. To open theist Greg Boyd , a prominent evangelical pastor and theologian, "The Jesus Seminar represents an extremely small number of radical-fringe scholars who are on the far, far left wing of New Testament thinking. It does not represent mainstream scholarship." New Testament scholar Mark Allan Powell has stated: "The Jesus Seminar

366-478: A majority ... thought a saying authentic or probably authentic, the 'weighted average' turned out to be 'probably inauthentic'. A voting system that produces a result like this ought to be scrapped." Casey sums up the voting process stating, "In practice, this meant an averaged majority vote by people who were not in any reasonable sense authorities at all." Howard Clark Kee , Professor of Biblical Studies Emeritus at Boston University School of Theology , writing in

427-562: A monstrosity: a Jesus who never said, thought, or did anything that other Jews said, thought, or did, and a Jesus who had no connection or relationship to what his followers said, thought, or did in reference to him after he died." J. Ed Komoszewski and co-authors state that the Jesus Seminar's "Criteria for In/Authenticity" creates "an eccentric Jesus who learned nothing from his own culture and made no impact on his followers". The same criticism has been made by Craig Evans. Casey criticizes

488-652: A particular saying or story is authentic, including the criteria of multiple attestation and embarrassment . Among additional criteria used by the fellows are the following: The Seminar looked for several characteristics that, in their judgment, identified a saying as inauthentic, including self-reference, leadership issues, and apocalyptic themes. The Jesus Seminar rated various beatitudes as red, pink, gray, and black. Three beatitudes are judged to be "paradoxical" and are doubly attested. They are rated red (authentic) as they appear in Luke 6:20–21. The Seminar fellows decided

549-538: A series of lectures and workshops in various U.S. cities. The work of The Jesus Seminar continued after the death of its founder (2005) and was succeeded by two seminars: The Seminar on God and the Human Future and The Christianity Seminar. The latter published its first report in 2022, After Jesus Before Christianity: A Historical Exploration of the First Two Centuries of Jesus Movement s. The seminars are

610-530: A team of scholars (who expounded papers for the review of other Fellows and published many in Forum ) and as explained in the book The Five Gospels (the four canonical gospels plus the Gospel of Thomas ), involved canvassing the records of the first four centuries for traditions about Jesus and sifting them by criteria such as multiple attestation , distinctiveness, and orality . The Five Gospels lists seven bases for

671-452: Is a self-indulgent charade ." William Lane Craig argues that the principal presuppositions of scientific naturalism, the primacy of the apocryphal gospels, and the necessity of a politically correct Jesus are unjustified and issue in a distorted portrait of the historical Jesus. Raymond Brown likewise avers that the Seminar "operated to a remarkable degree on a priori principles, some of them reflecting antisupernatural bias. For instance,

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732-558: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Robert Hugh Miller His family migrated from Virginia to Kentucky when he was six, and to Missouri when he was 12. As a teenager, he was apprenticed, first to the Columbia Patriot , and later to the Missouri Statesman . Encouraged by William Jewell of Columbia , Miller moved to Liberty, Missouri , where he founded

793-408: Is little scholarly agreement on the portraits, or the methods used in constructing them. But according to Theissen and Merz, writing in 1996, while the noneschatological Jesus is a significant trend in contemporary research into the historical Jesus, most scholars affirm the traditional view that Jesus prophesied the imminent end of the world. Since the 1990s, however, other scholars have pointed out

854-420: Is not representative of the guild of New Testament historical scholarship today. Rather, it is representative of one voice within that guild, a voice that actually espouses a minority position on some key issues." In the first chapter of his 2010 book Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of his Life and Teaching , Maurice Casey , an irreligious British scholar of the New Testament, criticizes

915-465: Is the canonical Gospels and, in support of their preferences, attribute this material to more ancient sources. No ancient evidence confirms these theories, but the theories have been welcomed and widely publicized in the popular press. Garry Wills , a vocal proponent of liberal Catholicism, nonetheless strongly critiques the Seminar: This is the new fundamentalism. It believes in the literal sense of

976-519: Is who He said He is, and that He rose from the dead." The film aired on Christmas Day 2000 on the PAX-TV network and a number of CBS affiliates. An expanded version of the film, titled "Who Is This Jesus: Is He Risen?", aired at Easter 2001. The film aired again on "The Coral Ridge Hour" on Palm Sunday, 2005. Similarly, in 2001 John Ankerberg , a Baptist apologist-theologian, host of The John Ankerberg Show, responded with "The Search for Jesus: A Response to

1037-513: The Gospel of Thomas may have more authentic material than the Gospel of John . The Seminar held a number of premises or "scholarly wisdom" about Jesus when critically approaching the gospels. Members acted on the premise that Jesus did not hold an apocalyptic worldview, an opinion that is controversial in mainstream scholarly studies of Jesus . The Fellows argued that the authentic words of Jesus, rather than revealing an apocalyptic eschatology which instructs his disciples to prepare for

1098-586: The Q source and with the Gospel of Thomas but omitted material in other sources such as the Gospel of the Hebrews , and that they relied excessively on the criterion of embarrassment . The scholars attending sought to reconstruct the life of the historical Jesus . Using a number of tools, they asked who he was, what he did, what he said, and what his sayings meant. Their reconstructions depended on social anthropology , history and textual analysis . The key feature

1159-621: The Tribune , which eventually became profitable. Miller was born in Richmond, Virginia , His parents were John E.Miller, the son of a plantation owner of Scottish descent and Mary A. (Rogers) Miller. The Millers had two children, Robert H, and Edmund, who died in 1859 in Boone County, Missouri Miller's first years were spent on his father's plantation in Albemarle County, Virginia Following

1220-406: The Tribune . Miller later said he didn't want to sell at the time because he "didn't realize he was getting old". Miller eventually sold the Tribune to John Dougherty in 1885. Miller died on February 14, 1911. Jesus Seminar The Jesus Seminar was a group of about 50 biblical criticism scholars and 100 laymen founded in 1985 by Robert Funk that originated under the auspices of

1281-637: The Westar Institute . The seminar was very active through the 1980s and 1990s, and into the early 21st century. Members of the Seminar used votes with colored beads to decide their collective view of the historicity of the deeds and sayings of Jesus of Nazareth . They produced new translations of the New Testament and apocrypha to use as textual sources. They published their results in three reports: The Five Gospels (1993), The Acts of Jesus (1998), and The Gospel of Jesus (1999). They also ran

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1342-463: The 18th century, the Jesus Seminar addressed them in a unique manner with its consensual research methodology. The Seminar treated the canonical gospels as historical sources that represent Jesus' actual words and deeds as well as elaborations of the early Christian community and of the gospel authors . The Fellows placed the burden of proof on those who advocate any passage's historicity. Unconcerned with canonical boundaries, they asserted that

1403-468: The Bible (1997) and citing Helmut Koester and John Dominic Crossan as examples, states: Some scholars have advanced the theory that these so-called apocryphal gospels actually include texts and traditions that are older and more reliable than those in the canonical New Testament writings. ... These opinions are purely circular arguments, since the investigators have found material which they prefer to what

1464-581: The Bible—it just reduces to what it can take as literal quotation from Jesus. Though some have called the Jesus Seminarists radical, they are actually very conservative. They tame the real, radical, Jesus, cutting him down to their own size...the sayings that meet with the Seminar's approval were preserved by the Christian communities whose contribution is discounted. Jesus as a person does not exist outside of

1525-1018: The Church of Ireland Robert Miller (priest) (born 1971), priest of the Church of Ireland Robert O. Miller (1935–2009), American bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Alabama Robert J. Miller, American academic associated with the Jesus Seminar Science [ edit ] Robert C. Miller (1920–1998), American meteorologist and USAF officer, pioneered tornado forecasting Robert H. Miller (surgeon) (born 1947), American surgeon Robert M. Miller (born 1927), equine behaviorist and veterinarian Robert Rush Miller (1916–2003), American ichthyologist Sports [ edit ] Baseball [ edit ] Bob Miller (pitcher, born 1868) (1868–1931), pitcher in 1890–91 Bob Miller (second baseman) , second baseman from 1923 to 1932 Bob Miller (pitcher, born 1926) (1926–2020), pitcher for

1586-1699: The Millermen , 1950s UK TV bandleader Rob Miller (musician) . an English musician and swordsmith Bob Miller (composer, born 1895) , American songwriter, recording artist, and publisher Law [ edit ] Robert H. Miller (judge) (1919–2009), Chief Justice of the Kansas Supreme Court Robert A. Miller (judge) (born 1939), Chief Justice of the South Dakota Supreme Court Robert Lowell Miller Jr. (born 1950), U.S. federal judge Politics [ edit ] Robert Byron Miller (1825–1902), English-born lawyer and politician in colonial Tasmania Robert A. Miller (Oregon politician) (1854–1941), American politician in Oregon Robert Thomas Miller (1893–1962), mayor of Austin, Texas Robert Hopkins Miller (1927-2017), American diplomat Bob Miller (Australian politician) (born 1941), Victorian state MP Bob Miller (Nevada governor) (born 1945), governor of Nevada Robert Edmond Miller (born 1947), Jamaican diplomat Bob Miller (Alaska politician) (born 1953), American journalist, media personality and politician R. Burnett Miller (1923–2018), mayor of Sacramento, California Robert Miller (Jamaican politician) , member of parliament Robert Francis Miller , Canadian politician Robert Miller (English politician) , member of parliament Religion [ edit ] Robert Miller (bishop) (1866–1931), bishop of

1647-1226: The Philadelphia Phillies from 1949 to 1958 Bob Miller (pitcher, born 1935) , pitcher from 1953 to 1962 Bob Miller (pitcher, born 1939) (1939–1993), right-handed pitcher from 1957 to 1974 Bobby Miller (baseball) (born 1999), pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers Football and rugby [ edit ] Bob Miller (American football) (1929–2006), football tackle for the Detroit Lions Robert Miller (American football) (born 1953), professional American football player Bob L. Miller (footballer) (1923–1993), Australian rules footballer Rob Miller (footballer) (born 1980), English footballer Rob Miller (rugby union) (born 1989), rugby union player Other sports [ edit ] Bob Miller (basketball) (born 1956), NBA basketball player Bob Miller (ice hockey) (1956–2020), NHL hockey player Robert Miller (cricketer) (1895–1941), English cricketer Other uses [ edit ] Robert Talbott Miller (1910–1999), American who allegedly spied for

1708-494: The Seminar for having not included "some of the best scholars in the USA, such as E. P. Sanders , J. A. Fitzmyer , and Dale Allison ." He states that these glaring omissions were compounded by the fact that many of the supposed "experts" at the Seminar were young, obscure scholars who had only just completed their doctorates . The voting system has been criticized by, among others, N. T. Wright , who says: "I cannot understand how, if

1769-517: The Seminar for placing too much value on the criterion of dissimilarity . For the Seminar, a saying will only be held as authentic if it does not match the beliefs of Judaism or those held by the early Christians. Critics such as Gregory Boyd have noted that the effect of this is that the Jesus of the Seminar shows no continuity with his Jewish context nor his disciples. Raymond Brown has stated that "a rigorous application of such criteria would leave us with

1830-405: The Seminar for the "exaggerated importance which they have attributed to the Gospel of Thomas ", stating, "Their voting was so bizarre that they ended up with more red in the Gospel than in our oldest genuine source, the Gospel of Mark ." Craig Blomberg notes that if the Jesus Seminar's findings are to be believed, then: It requires the assumption that someone, about a generation removed from

1891-781: The Soviet Union Robert Miller (art dealer) (1939–2011), American gallerist Robert Miller (architect) (born 1954), American architect Bob Miller (sportscaster) (born 1938), announcer for the Los Angeles Kings hockey team Robert James Miller (1983–2008), United States Army Special Forces soldier and Medal of Honor recipient Robert I. Miller , United States Air Force general Robert D. Miller , Old Testament theologian and biblical archaeologist See also [ edit ] Bobby Miller (disambiguation) Bert Miller (disambiguation) Robert Millar (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

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1952-407: The beatitude for those persecuted in Jesus' name might trace back to Jesus as a beatitude for those who suffer, but concluded that in its final form the saying represents concerns of the Christian community rather than Jesus' message. Thus it received a gray rating. Matthew's version of the three authentic beatitudes were rated pink. The author has spiritualized two of them, so that they now refer to

2013-529: The bodily resurrection had no real chance of being accepted as having taken place. ... Again, almost as a principle, the eschatological character of Jesus' ministry has been dismissed..." Dale Allison of Pittsburgh Theological Seminary , in his 1998 book Jesus of Nazareth: Millenarian Prophet , cited what he felt were problems with the work of (particularly) John Dominic Crossan and Marcus Borg , arguing that their conclusions were at least in part predetermined by their theological positions. He also pointed out

2074-513: The canonical gospels that unreasonably assumes that "Jesus' contemporaries (that is, the first generation of his movement) were either incapable of remembering or uninterested in recalling accurately what Jesus said and did, and in passing it on" while, in contrast, privileging extra-canonical texts with an uncritical acceptance that sometimes rises to the level of special pleading . Howard Clark Kee , writing in The Cambridge Companion to

2135-439: The church." Luke Timothy Johnson , a historian of the origins of Christianity, argued that while some members of the seminar are reputable scholars (Borg, Crossan, Funk, others), others are relatively unknown or undistinguished in the field of biblical studies. One member, Paul Verhoeven , holds no Ph.D. but a M.Sc. in mathematics and physics, not biblical studies, and is best known as a film director . Johnson also critiqued

2196-537: The color of which represented the degree of confidence that a saying or act was or was not authentic: A confidence value was determined from the voting using a weighted average of the points given for each bead; the text was color-coded from red to black (with the same significance as the bead colors) according to the outcome of the voting. The Jesus Seminar treats the gospels as fallible historical artifacts, containing both authentic and inauthentic material. The Seminar fellows used several criteria for determining whether

2257-672: The complexity of apocalypticism within Second Temple Judaism , and grant that Jesus did make "apocalyptic" predictions, but in relation to the destruction of the Jewish Temple in 70 AD, and not the end of the world. The Seminar began by translating the gospels into modern American English , producing what they call the "Scholars Version", first published in The Complete Gospels . This translation uses current colloquialisms and contemporary phrasing in an effort to provide

2318-501: The death of his father, in 1838, his mother moved to Glasgow . His mother remarried after the family moved to Paris, Missouri , where his mother taught school. In 1840, aged 14, Miller was apprenticed to the printer's trade in the office of the Patriot , a newspaper published at Columbia, Missouri. When that paper folded, Miller joined the Statesman , where he gained further experience in

2379-538: The end of the world, indicate that he preached a sapiential eschatology , which encourages all of God's children to repair the world . The methods and conclusions of the Jesus Seminar have come under harsh criticism from numerous biblical scholars, historians and clergy for a variety of reasons. Such critics assert, for example, that the Fellows of the Seminar were not all trained scholars, that their voting technique did not allow for nuance, that they were preoccupied with

2440-400: The events in question, radically transformed the authentic information about Jesus that was circulating at that time, superimposed a body of material four times as large, fabricated almost entirely out of whole cloth, while the church suffered sufficient collective amnesia to accept the transformation as legitimate. Craig Evans argues that the Jesus Seminar applies a form of hypercriticism to

2501-470: The faith, there are just as many—if not more—scholars who hold to a much more conservative position. In response to the airing of a two-hour ABC News documentary titled "The Search for Jesus" in June 2000, which featured Jesus Seminar scholars including Marcus Borg and John Dominic Crossan, Coral Ridge Ministries produced the one-hour documentary "Who Is This Jesus". Hosted by actor Dean Jones and D. James Kennedy,

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2562-418: The field of New Testament studies. More than half are basically unknowns, who have published only two or three articles. Eighteen of the fellows have published nothing at all in New Testament studies. Most have relatively undistinguished academic positions, for example, teaching at a community college. Others have made the same point and have further indicated that thirty-six of those scholars, almost half, have

2623-529: The film features ancient history scholar Paul L. Maier , and biblical scholars D.A. Carson , N.T. Wright , Gary Habermas , and Bruce Metzger . Also featured is evangelical apologist Josh McDowell . As Kennedy recalled later, "We featured a wide variety of scholarly viewpoints... We set out to show the ample historical evidence that the Gospels are reliable, that the New Testament is the best-attested book in antiquity in quantity and quality of manuscripts, that Jesus

2684-577: The gospels, and the only reason he exists there is because of their authors' faith in the Resurrection. Trying to find a construct, "the historical Jesus," is not like finding diamonds in a dunghill, but like finding New York City at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. In addition to scholarly critiques, a number of conservative Christian organizations were critical of the Jesus Seminar. D. James Kennedy , senior pastor of Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church ,

2745-457: The imminent end of the world has disappeared", and identifies two reasons for this change: The apocalyptic elements attributed to Jesus, according to The Five Gospels , come from John the Baptist and the early Christian community (p. 4). Scholars involved in the third and next quests for the historical Jesus have constructed a variety of portraits and profiles for Jesus. However, there

2806-667: The journal Theology Today stated, "the conclusions reached by these scholars are inherent in the presuppositions and methods they have chosen to adopt from the outset." Luke Timothy Johnson of the Candler School of Theology at Emory University , in his 1996 book The Real Jesus , voiced concerns with the seminar's work. He criticized the techniques of the Seminar, believing them to be far more limited for historical reconstruction than seminar members believe. Their conclusions were "already determined ahead of time," Johnson says, which "is not responsible, or even critical scholarship. It

2867-464: The language of the gospels, while they themselves have tried to preserve each author's distinct voice. The first findings of the Jesus Seminar were published in 1993 as The Five Gospels: The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus . The Fellows used a voting system to evaluate the authenticity of about 500 statements and events. For certain high-profile passages the votes were embodied in beads,

2928-425: The limitations of their presumptions and methodology. Allison argued that despite the conclusions of the seminar, Jesus was a prophetic figure focused to a large extent on apocalyptic thinking. Several Bible scholars (for example Bart D. Ehrman , an agnostic, and Paula Fredriksen , a Jew) have reasserted Albert Schweitzer 's eschatological view of Jesus. Casey argues that the Jesus Seminar's fundamental social goal

2989-476: The material for this book, they voted on the individual acts of Jesus as recorded in the gospels, much as they had previously voted on the individual sayings attributed to him. According to the Jesus Seminar: The Jesus Seminar has come under intense criticism regarding its method, assumptions and conclusions from a wide array of scholars and laymen. Scholars who have expressed concerns with

3050-411: The methods and conclusions of the Jesus Seminar with particular attention to Christological ramifications. Lutheran theologian Carl Braaten has been sharply critical, saying "The Jesus Seminar is the latest example of a pseudo-scientific approach that is 'dogmatically' opposed to basic Christian dogmas, popularizing in the public mind Harnack's view that an unbridgeable gulf exists between Jesus and

3111-418: The modern critical scholarship of Jesus, claiming these "pillars" have developed since the end of the 18th century: The Five Gospels says that the non-apocalyptic view of the historical Jesus gained ground in the 1970s and 1980s when research into Jesus shifted out of religious environments and into secular academia. Marcus Borg says "the old consensus that Jesus was an eschatological prophet who proclaimed

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3172-425: The poor "in spirit" and to those who hunger "and thirst for justice." Matthew also includes beatitudes for the meek, the merciful, the pure of heart, and peace-makers. These beatitudes have no second attestation, lack irony, and received a black rating. The Jesus Seminar produced a significant number of publications both in the form of journal articles and books published for the general public. Individual members of

3233-591: The printing industry. Miller had four children with his first wife and five children with his second wife, The Tribune was started as a Whig paper, until the party's demise in the US presidential election of 1852. From 1860 it then expressed the viewpoint of the Democratic party for the duration of his tenure. Miller became friends with William Rockhill Nelson , founder of the Kansas City Star , who offered to buy

3294-407: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Miller&oldid=1251046996 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3355-457: The scholarly program units of Westar Institute. Westar publishes a bi-monthly magazine for the general public, The Fourth R: An Advocate for Religious Literacy. The Jesus Seminar has come under intense criticism regarding its method, assumptions and conclusions from a wide array of scholars and laymen. The Seminar's reconstruction of the historical Jesus portrayed him as an itinerant Hellenistic Jewish sage and faith-healer who preached

3416-597: The seminar also produced, and continue to produce books which draw heavily upon the Seminar's work. The following is a selected sampling of those publications; a complete list of Jesus Seminar publications may be found at the Polebridge Press website, the in-house publisher for the Westar Institute: In 1998 the Jesus Seminar published The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus . To create

3477-430: The seminar for its attempts to gain the attention of the media for the 2000 ABC News program "The Search for Jesus" hosted by news anchor Peter Jennings . Seminar critic William Lane Craig has argued that the self-selected members of the group do not represent the consensus of New Testament scholars. He writes: Of the 74 [scholars] listed in their publication The Five Gospels , only 14 would be leading figures in

3538-499: The work of the Jesus Seminar include Richard Hays , Ben Witherington , Greg Boyd , N.T. Wright , William Lane Craig , Luke Timothy Johnson , Craig A. Evans , Paul Barnett , Michael F. Bird , Craig Blomberg , Markus Bockmuehl , Raymond Brown , James D.G. Dunn , Howard Clark Kee , John P. Meier , Graham Stanton , Darrell Bock , and Edwin Yamauchi . Jesuit theologian Gerald O'Collins has been critical of

3599-435: Was critical of the Jesus Seminar and John Dominic Crossan, writing in his 1996 book The Gates of Hell Shall Not Prevail : Doesn't it seem like its open season on Christians—and even Christ—these days? The character of the only perfect human being to ever live is being dragged through the mud by those with the respectability of a degree behind their names ... While there are liberal Bible scholars who deny some or many tenets of

3660-465: Was not to construct an accurate portrait of the historical Jesus, but rather to create "a figure whom [the Fellows of the Seminar] are happy with". In particular, the fellows of the Seminar have removed "the apocalyptic and eschatological concerns which characterize American fundamentalism" and remade Jesus as "a cynic philosopher, which suits their intellectual ambiance". Numerous scholars have criticized

3721-432: Was the rejection of apocalyptic eschatology . They used cross-cultural anthropological studies to set the general background, narrow in on the history and society of first-century Palestine , and used textual analysis (along with more anthropology and history) to focus on Jesus himself. They used a combination of primary sources , secondary sources , and archaeological evidence. Their methodology , as developed by

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