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35-412: In 1817, Karl von Drais created the first bicycle which used heavy steel and wood , but since then, the road bicycle industry has adopted aluminum , carbon fiber , and titanium as the main materials for production. The first steel bicycles weighed as much as 80 pounds, whereas the lightest carbon fiber road bikes now can weigh as little as thirteen pounds. On May 31, 1868, cycling officially became

70-408: A commemorative postage stamp, a semipostal 50 Pf+25 Pf surcharge, in remembrance of the 200th anniversary of Karl Drais's birthday. On 29 April 2010, Google celebrated 225th Birthday of Karl Drais with a doodle. In 2017, Germany issued a commemorative postage stamp (0.70 Euro) in remembrance of the 200th anniversary of Karl Drais's first run of his "running machine" on 12 June 1817. The stamp shows

105-466: A hard, high-luster acrylic material with no markings. The accompanying image shows the keyboard layout of the American stenotype machine. In "home position", the fingers of the left hand rest along the gap between the two main rows of keys to the left of the asterisk (little finger on the " S " to forefinger on the " H " and " R "). These fingers are used to generate initial consonants. The fingers of

140-427: A land surveyor on the fazenda of Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff . In 1827, he returned to Mannheim . Three years later in 1830, Drais's father died and the younger Drais was mobbed by jealous rivals. In 1839, after surviving a murderous attack in 1838, he moved to the village of Waldkatzenbach in the hills of Odenwald and remained there until 1845. During this period, he invented the railway handcar (later known as

175-524: A preference given to ortholinear keyboards that have NKRO functionality. Stenograph is by far the largest manufacturer of American stenotype keyboards with an estimated market share in excess of 90%. Their top models are the Luminex professional writer and the Wave student writer. The Stentura paper-based writers and the paperless Élan writers preceded the current models. There were two other large manufacturers in

210-547: A result, on 12 January 1818, Drais was awarded a grand-ducal privilege ( Großherzogliches Privileg ) to protect his inventions for 10 years in Baden by the younger Grand Duke Karl . Grand Duke Karl also appointed Drais professor of mechanics . This was merely an honorary title, not related to any university or other institution. Drais retired from the civil service and was awarded a pension for his appointment to professor of mechanical science. In 1820, trouble overtook Drais when

245-428: A scopist only to clean up a rough draft of their transcript, then proofread and certify the transcript themselves, or they may use neither and produce a final transcript by themselves, though this is a very time-consuming practice. Steno paper has become almost obsolete with the advancement in paperless stenotype machines. When it is used, steno paper comes out of a stenotype machine at the rate of one row per chord, with

280-543: A single hand motion. This system makes realtime transcription practical for court reporting and live closed captioning . Because the keyboard does not contain all the letters of the English alphabet, letter combinations are substituted for the missing letters. There are several schools of thought on how to record various sounds, such as the StenEd, Phoenix, and Magnum Steno theories. The first shorthand machine (the word "stenotype"

315-496: A sport with the first race occurring at Saint-Cloud Park in France . While this first race was not considered a road race, road cycling races began to pop up throughout Europe in the 1870s. Road cycling as a form of recreational activity as well as a way to commute began to gain traction shortly after these first road races. Since its origins, millions of people have adopted road cycling for either recreation or commuting. In 2020, it

350-440: A standardized dictionary provided by the company that promulgates the theory, which forces reporters to stick with one theory and use only the specific combinations in that company's dictionary. However, it is not uncommon for students and reporters to add a significant number of entries to a stock dictionary, usually when creating briefs of their own. Some court reporters use scopists to translate and edit their work. A scopist

385-405: Is a person who is trained in the phonetic writing system, English punctuation, and usually in legal formatting. They are especially helpful when court reporters are working so much that they do not have time to edit their own work. Both scopists and proofreaders work closely with court reporters to ensure an accurate transcript. The widespread use of realtime translation of the strokes has increased

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420-467: Is one NCRA-approved school in all of Canada that teaches stenotype: the captioning and court reporting program at NAIT (Northern Alberta Institute of Technology). This program uses the STKPWHRAO*EUFRPBLGTSDZ keyboard layout. Graduates are trained to be court reporters , broadcast captioners , or CART providers and report a median income of $ 70,000 CAD between 2017 and 2020. In addition to

455-408: The draisine ). Finally, he moved back to his place of birth, Karlsruhe . In 1849, and still a fervent radical, Drais gave up his title of Baron and dropped the "von" from his name. Subsequently, after the revolution collapsed, he was in a very bad position. The royalists tried to have him certified as mad and locked up. His pension was confiscated to help to pay for the "costs of revolution" after it

490-653: The 1980s (Xscribe, with the StenoRAM line and BaronData with the Transcriptor line). Stenograph purchased both companies and discontinued their products. The current manufacturers in the US include: Many steno enthusiasts are making and selling keyboards designed for use with Plover, the open source steno software. Most of these keyboards range from about $ 100 to $ 200 and allow the user to use stenography on their computer through Plover. Vendors include: Stenotype keys normally are made of

525-514: The United States, and even Calcutta banned its use, which ended its vogue for decades. Drais also invented the earliest typewriter with a keyboard (1821). He later developed an early stenograph machine which used 16 characters (1827), a device to record piano music on paper (1812), the first meat grinder (1840s), and a wood-saving cooker including the earliest hay chest . He also invented two four-wheeled human powered vehicles (1813/1814),

560-531: The categories of literary, jury charge, and testimony, respectively. Some stenographers can reach up to 375 words per minute, according to the website of the California Official Court Reporters Association (COCRA). The stenotype keyboard has far fewer keys than a conventional alphanumeric keyboard . Multiple keys are pressed simultaneously (known as " chording " or "stroking") to spell out whole syllables , words, and phrases with

595-509: The demand for scopists to work simultaneously with the court reporter. With transcripts produced on computer-aided transcription (CAT) software, a scopist no longer needs to have any knowledge of shorthand theories, because the software converts shorthand to text in real time via a dictionary. However, it may still be helpful in some situations while scoping, as misstroked words may not translate and would appear in steno. Depending on availability of scopists and proofreaders, court reporters may use

630-502: The event of an accident. In 2019, 846 cyclists were killed in road related accidents in the United States. Most fatal bike crashes were caused between 6 P.M. and 9 P.M. and about 78% of fatal crashes in 2019 were in urban areas. Some tips for crash prevention are: Some of the major companies within the road cycling industry are: Karl Drais Karl Freiherr von Drais (full name: Karl Friedrich Christian Ludwig Freiherr Drais von Sauerbronn ; 29 April 1785 – 10 December 1851)

665-571: The machine plus as its shadow, a bicycle. Stenograph A steno machine , stenotype machine , shorthand machine , stenograph or steno writer is a specialized chorded keyboard or typewriter used by stenographers for shorthand use. In order to pass the United States Registered Professional Reporter test, a trained court reporter or closed captioner must write speeds of approximately 180, 200, and 225 words per minute (wpm) at very high accuracy in

700-508: The machine represents an English sentence. Notice that key combinations can have different meanings depending on context. In the first stroke of the word example , the PL combination refers to m . In the second stroke of the word, that same key combination refers to the two letters pl . Many words have been abbreviated: this , of and from are chorded as th , f and fr , and machine and shorthand become mn and shand respectively. There

735-572: The number bar at the top of the keyboard at the same time as the other keys, much like the Shift key on a QWERTY-based keyboard. The illustration shows which lettered keys correspond to which digits. Numbers can be chorded, just as letters can. They read from left to right across the keyboard. It is possible to write 137 in one stroke by pressing the number bar along with SP P , but it takes three separate strokes to write 731. Many court reporters and stenocaptioners write out numbers phonetically instead of using

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770-454: The number bar. There are various rule sets, known as theories , to combine letters to make different sounds; different court reporters use different theories in their work. Historically, reporters often created "briefs" (abbreviations) on-the-fly, and sometimes mixed theories, which could make it difficult for one reporter to read another reporter's notes, but current versions of theories are primarily designed for computerized translation using

805-578: The political murder of the author August von Kotzebue was followed by the beheading of the perpetrator, Karl Ludwig Sand . In 1822, Drais was a fervent liberal who supported revolution in Baden . Drais's conservative father, as the highest Judge of Baden , had not entered a plea for pardon in the beheading of Karl Ludwig Sand , and the younger Drais was mobbed by the student partisans everywhere in Germany due to his family ties. Therefore, Drais emigrated to Brazil where he lived from 1822 to 1827, and worked as

840-552: The pressed letters printed out in 22 columns corresponding to the 22 keys, in the following order: This is a basic chart of the letters of this machine. There are, however, different writing theories that represent some letters or sounds differently (e.g., the *F for final v in the chart below), and each court reporter develops personalized "briefs" and codes. also used for words spelled with oa to disambiguate certain homophones, like road ( RAOD ) vs. rode ( ROED ) The following example shows how steno paper coming out of

875-399: The right hand lie in the corresponding position to the right of the asterisk (forefinger on " FR " to little finger on " TS "), and are used for final consonants. The thumbs produce the vowels. The system is roughly phonetic; for example the word cat would be written by a single stroke expressing the initial K , the vowel A , and the final T . To enter a number, a user presses

910-460: The same fundamental rights as motorists. In the U.S. , laws for cyclists vary by state, so it is important to keep up to date on your state's road cycling laws. You can find a breakdown of all cycling laws by state here. While laws on wearing helmets vary by jurisdiction in the United States , Australia and New Zealand , helmets significantly reduce the risk of serious injury and death in

945-457: The second of which he presented in Vienna to the congress carving up Europe after Napoleon 's defeat. In 1842, he developed a foot-driven human powered railway vehicle whose name " draisine " is used even today for railway handcars. Drais was unable to market his inventions for profit because he was still a civil servant of Baden , even though he was being paid without providing active service. As

980-520: The shorthand machine. A French version was created by Marc Grandjean in 1909. The direct ancestor of today's stenotype was created by Ward Stone Ireland in about 1913, and the word "stenotype" was applied to his machine and its descendants sometime thereafter. Most modern stenotype keyboards have more in common with computers than they do with typewriters or QWERTY computer keyboards. Most contain microprocessors, and many allow sensitivity adjustments for each individual key. They translate stenotype to

1015-766: The target language internally using user-specific dictionaries, and most have small display screens. They typically store a full day's work in non-volatile memory of some type, such as an SD card . These factors influence the price, along with economies of scale , as only a few thousand stenotype keyboards are sold each year. As of October 2013 , student models, such as a Wave writer, sell for about US$ 1,500 and top-end models sell for approximately US$ 5,000. Machines that are 10 to 15 years old still resell for upward of $ 350. The Open Steno Project has written free open-source software, including Plover , and has developed cheap open-source hardware for stenography. Plover software translates keypresses to Stenotype on any modern keyboard, with

1050-523: Was a distance of about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi). The round trip took him a little more than an hour but may be seen as the big bang for horseless transport. However, after marketing the velocipede, it became apparent that roads were so rutted by carriages that it was hard to balance on the machine for long, so velocipede riders took to the pavements (sidewalks) and moved far too quickly, endangering pedestrians. Consequently, authorities in Germany, Great Britain,

1085-559: Was a noble German forest official and significant inventor in the Biedermeier period . He was born and died in Karlsruhe . He is seen as "the father of the bicycle". Drais was a prolific inventor , who invented the Laufmaschine ("running machine"), also later called the velocipede , draisine ( English ) or draisienne ( French ), also nicknamed the hobby horse or dandy horse . This

Road cycling - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-474: Was estimated that about 44.5 million people worldwide participate in road cycling, which is an increase of about five million people since 2019. Demand for road bicycles as well as other types of bicycles continued to increase throughout 2021. Sharing the roadways with other motorists is an unavoidable aspect of road cycling, so road cyclists are generally expected to follow the same laws as their motorist counterparts. That being said, road cyclists also have

1155-480: Was his most popular and widely recognized invention. It incorporated the two-wheeler principle that is basic to the bicycle and motorcycle and was the beginning of mechanized personal transport. This was the earliest form of a bicycle, without pedals. His first reported ride from Mannheim to the "Schwetzinger Relaishaus" (a coaching inn , located in "Rheinau", today a district of Mannheim) took place on 12 June 1817 using Baden's best road. Karl rode his bike; it

1190-596: Was not used for another 80 years or more) punched a paper strip and was built in 1830 by Karl Drais , a German inventor. The first machine was made in 1863 by the Italian Antonio Michela Zucco and was in actual use from 1880 in the Italian Senate. In New York City on December 24, 1875, John Celivergos Zachos invented a stenotype and filed patent number 175892 for type writers and phenotypic notation application. In 1879, Miles M. Bartholomew invented

1225-533: Was suppressed by the Prussians . Drais's undoing had been the fact that he had publicly renounced his noble title in 1848, and adopted the name "Citizen Karl Drais" as a tribute to the French Revolution . Karl Drais died penniless on 10 December 1851 in Karlsruhe . The house in which he lived last is just two blocks away from where at that time a young Carl Benz was raised. In 1985, West Germany issued

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