56-535: The Lee Flood Relief Channel (FRC) is located in the Lea Valley and flows between Ware, Hertfordshire , and Stratford , east London. Work started on the channel in 1947 following major flooding and it was fully operational by 1976. The channel incorporates existing watercourses, lakes, and new channels. Water from the channel feeds the Lee Valley Reservoir Chain . Flood defences are rated according to
112-514: A distinctively bow-shaped, three-arched, bridge to be built over the River Lea ( The like of which had not been seen before ), at Bow, the first bridge over the lower Lea. The lower Lea was at that time a wide, tidal and unchannelled river, so the construction of the bridge allowed a far greater degree of social and economic integration between Essex on one side and Middlesex (including the City of London) on
168-602: A correspondent to the Gentleman's Magazine in 1823, in which he claimed to have heard from a woman who was a child in the reign of Charles II (r. 1660–1685) and had the lyrics: High Maynard Reservoir High Maynard Reservoir is located in Walthamstow in the London Borough of Waltham Forest . The storage reservoir is one of the Lee Valley Reservoir Chain and supplies drinking water to London . In 1852,
224-741: A result. The source of the Lea is usually said to be at Well Head inside Waulud's Bank , a neolithic henge at Leagrave Common in Luton , Bedfordshire , although just downstream the river is joined by Houghton Brook , a stream that starts 2 miles (3 km) further west in Houghton Regis . After passing through Luton, the young river passes through the Luton Hoo estate and, six miles from its source, enters Hertfordshire . The river then flows east-south-east through Harpenden , Wheathampstead – once capital of
280-471: A set of three computer-controlled vertical lift sluice gates and then under the M25 motorway to be joined by Cobbins Brook before flowing through Newman's Sluice – a set of four computer-controlled vertical lift sluice gates. The channel crosses Rammey Marsh to form the eastern boundary of the former Royal Small Arms Factory , which is now a housing development called Enfield Island Village . Further downstream,
336-753: A shipyard which straddled either side of the Lea at its confluence with the Thames. The 2012 Olympics was focused in the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park on the banks of the Lea, and its main Stadium, on an island between two branches of the river, is now home to West Ham United. The Lee Valley White Water Centre in Hertfordshire is another sporting legacy of the games. Various versions of the nursery rhyme London Bridge Is Falling Down make reference to Bow Bridge. The oldest known version could be that recalled by
392-588: A strategic environmental assessment in 2008, which looked at ways to maintain the flood defences in the Lea Valley. Marking the start of the FRC at Ware, the channel is incorporated into the Lee Navigation . It flows through Hardmead Lock and Stanstead Lock , which have had automatic sluice gates installed to cope with high water levels. At Feildes Weir a parallel channel has been constructed. The channel then skirts
448-670: Is derived). The River Lea flows through the old brewing and malting centre of Ware , and consequently transport by water was for many years a significant industry based there. Barley was transported into Ware, and malt out via the river, in particular to London. Bargemen born in Ware were given the "freedom of the River Thames" — avoiding the requirement of paying lock dues — as a result of their transport of fresh water and food to London during The Great Plague of 1665–66. A local legend says that dead bodies were brought out of London at that time via
504-503: Is usually Luye or Leye . It seems to be derived from a Celtic (brythonic) root lug -meaning 'bright or light' which is also the derivation of a name for a deity, so the meaning may be 'bright river' or 'river dedicated to the god Lugus '. A simpler derivation may well be the Brythonic word cognate with the modern Welsh "Li" pronounced "Lea" which means a flow or a current. Much of the middle Lea were historically known as 'Mereditch',
560-504: The Battle of Bow Bridge , the Royalists headed for Colchester and were besieged there . During WWI, parts of London on either side of the Lea were badly hit by German Army and Navy airship raids. It is believed the crews mistook the extensive reservoir chain for the Thames and released their bombs on what they took to be central London. The ecological, landscape and recreational importance of
616-504: The Boundary Commission treats the Thames and Lea as London's major internal barriers. It will not allow a new or altered constituency that spans either river, viewing such a construct as artificial and not reflective of local communities or identities. They have compromised on this further south, on the lower Lea, where the quality and quantity of cross-river links is much greater, and the communities on either side better integrated as
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#1732852310755672-530: The Catuvellauni tribe – through the narrow green gap between the new towns of Hatfield and Welwyn Garden City , and on to the county town of Hertford . At Hertford the shallow river turns briefly north before turning to head due south, and here the river and its surrounding areas change significantly. Around Hertford, the Lea is joined by a number of major tributaries: the Mimram , Beane , Rib , Ash , and then
728-602: The Congreve Rocket Factory on the site of Stratford Langthorne Abbey . Improvements were made to the river from 1424, with tolls being levied to compensate the landowners, and in 1571, there were riots after the extension of the River was promoted in a private bill presented to the House of Commons . By 1577, the first lock was established at Waltham Abbey and the river began to be actively managed for navigation. The New River
784-546: The East London Waterworks Company was granted permission to develop land at Walthamstow for reservoirs and by 1863, the first stage of the reservoirs development was completed with the construction of Reservoir Nos. 1, 2 and 3. Construction of the High Maynard reservoir was completed in 1870 by the East London Waterworks Company on former marshland and is now owned and managed by Thames Water . The water
840-582: The Essex border and into Greater London , to meet the River Thames at Bow Creek . It is one of the largest rivers in London and the easternmost major tributary of the Thames. The river's significance as a major east–west barrier and boundary has tended to obscure its importance as north–south trade route. Below Hertford the river has since medieval times had alterations made to make it more navigable for boats between
896-616: The Kingdom of the East Saxons and its Middle Saxon Province . The whole of the Lea was subsequently used as the boundary between English-ruled territory to the west and the Danelaw , established in the late 9th century, to the east. From around the ninth or tenth century, and the establishment of counties in this part of England, the Lea-Stort line has formed the historic boundary between Essex to
952-515: The Lea Valley . The term River Lea is Cockney rhyming slang for tea. The line of the Lea, and its major tributary, the Stort, has long been used as a political boundary. In the Iron Age the Lea and Stort valleys formed a hotly contested frontier zone between the Catuvellauni to the west and the eastern Trinovantes . The two rivers are assumed to have been the boundary between the core territory of
1008-843: The Lea Valley Line as the channel approaches Lea Bridge Road , part of the A104 road . It crosses Hackney Marshes and passes through a culvert before joining the Old River Lea close to the New Spitalfields Market . Passing under the Eastway road and then flowing under the A115 (Carpenter's Road) to meet the Waterworks River below Carpenter's Road Lock in Stratford , the channel continues through
1064-569: The Middle Lea . During the Middle Ages , Temple Mills , Abbey Mills , Old Ford and Bow were the sites of water mills (mainly in ecclesiastic ownership) that supplied flour to the bakers of Stratforde-atte-Bow, and hence bread to the City. It was the channels created for these mills that caused the Bow Back Rivers to be cut through the former Roman stone causeway at Stratford (from which the name
1120-742: The North Circular Road and close to Banbury Reservoir , it splits from the River Lee Diversion to cross Tottenham Marshes , and passes close to the Lockwood Reservoir , High Maynard Reservoir and Low Maynard Reservoir . Flowing firstly under Forest Road ( A503 road ) and then the Gospel Oak to Barking line , it skirts the Walthamstow Reservoirs close to Walthamstow Marshes . It passes under Coppermill Lane before flowing under
1176-623: The Prescott Channel and Bow Creek to reach the Thames at Leamouth . 51°41′52″N 0°00′48″W / 51.6979°N 0.0134°W / 51.6979; -0.0134 River Lea The River Lea ( / ˈ l iː / LEE ) is in the East of England and Greater London . It originates in Bedfordshire , in the Chiltern Hills , and flows southeast through Hertfordshire , along
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#17328523107551232-409: The Prescott Channel to maintain water levels on the Lea, within the park at a depth of 2 metres (7 ft). This allowed access to the site by 350–tonne barges with the aim that at least half of the material required for construction could be delivered or removed by water. In January 2024, the River Lea burst its banks as Hackney Wick residents tell of 'knee-high' flood water. Millfields Park on
1288-537: The Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park . In that park, and just to the south of it, the river's course splits, running almost entirely in man-made channels, the Bow Back Rivers . These channels were once much more numerous and originally created to power water mills including, at the southern end, the restored tidal mill called Three Mills . The area around the Bow Back Rivers subsequently became a thriving industrial zone. Around Bow Creek , major industry prevailed, including
1344-474: The Stort . This extra volume of water has created a broad flood plain with sometimes steep hills on either side. The river passes through this valley in several channels, which are a result of both human intervention and natural causes. The increased flow made the river navigable from Hertford, a situation improved by the creation of the Lee Navigation , a deep canal which begins at Hertford Castle Weir . The Stort,
1400-521: The Thames Ironworks , Bromley-by-Bow Gasworks and West Ham Power Station . In the 1960s and 1970s, changing economic conditions led to a steep decline and deindustrialisation along this section of the Lea. The river was historically tidal as far north as Hackney Wick , but now the tide is held back by the Bow Locks between Bromley-by-Bow and West Ham. Although watercraft can follow the Lea down to
1456-488: The ecosystem , but also leads to de-oxygenation of the water. Dumping, litter and microplastics are a major problem on the Lea with much of this waste arriving in the river in sewage. In April 2021, Hackney Council wrote to the Environment Agency calling for action to address sewage discharge and pollution in the river. In November 2021, local volunteers stated they were removing 100kg of plastic pollution from
1512-714: The 120-acre (49 ha) Glen Faba Lake and passes under Dobbs Weir Road before entering the North Lagoon of the Nazeing Meads lake complex and leaving at the South Lagoon at Nazeing Weir. Continuing under Nazeing Road ( B194 ), the channel flows through the River Lee Country Park at Holyfield Lake and out through Holyfield Weir. Flowing under Stubbins Hall Lane, it merges with the old River Lea at Fishers Green . After skirting Seventy Acres Lake and then Hooks Marsh Lake,
1568-450: The Lea at Hackney, is the reputed site of a victory of Aescwine of Essex over Octa of Kent in 527, which allowed Aescwine to become the first King of Essex . However, the historicity of these events and the very existence of Aescwine are disputed. Somewhere between 878 and 890, the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum was drawn up that amongst other things used the course of the Lea to define
1624-461: The Lower Lea every month. Water extraction, for drinking water, farming and industry, has led to a reduction in river flow impacting wildlife and concentrating the pollutants present in the remaining river water. Projects such as that led by Thames21 installing reedbeds help to remove pollutants whilst oxygenating the water, as well as creating habitat for the likes of water voles and improving
1680-513: The Thames and eastern Hertfordshire and Essex , known as the Lee Navigation . This stimulated much industry along its banks. The navigable River Stort , the main tributary, joins it at Hoddesdon . While the lower Lea remains somewhat polluted, its upper stretch and tributaries, classified as chalk streams , are a major source of drinking water for London. An artificial waterway known as the New River , opened in 1613, abstracts clean water away from
1736-534: The Thames, it is generally more practical to follow the Limehouse Cut (which meets the Lea at Bow Locks) down to Limehouse Basin , and use the Limehouse Basin Lock to join the Thames. The communities on the west side of the lower Lea include Hackney , Bow and Bromley-by-Bow . On the east side, they include southern parts of Walthamstow , then Leyton , Stratford and West Ham . The last few miles of
Lee Flood Relief Channel - Misplaced Pages Continue
1792-516: The aesthetics of the man-made concrete sections of the canalised river. In their early days, Tottenham Hotspur played their games at Tottenham Marshes on the Middle Lea while Leyton Orient have had a number of home grounds in the Lower Lea Valley , with both having their current grounds within a mile of the river. West Ham United was established as the works team of the Thames Ironworks ,
1848-442: The area that year, ahead of the 2012 Olympic Games . The river is threatened by pollution, with sewage frequently discharged into the river as well as less common events causing major damage, such as an oil leak in 2018, or the toxic runoff from a warehouse fire in 2019. The sewage pollution, as well as that of fertiliser washed in from agricultural fields causes eutrophication , an excess of nutrients, which not only unbalances
1904-618: The border between the Danes and the English. In 894, a force of Danes sailed up the river to Hertford, and in about 895 they built a fortified camp, in the higher reaches of the Lea, about 20 miles (32.2 km) north of London. Alfred the Great saw an opportunity to defeat the Danes and dug a new channel to lower the level of the river, leaving the Danes stranded. In 1216, during the First Barons' War ,
1960-475: The boundaries of the London Boroughs of Haringey and Hackney and form part of a broad undeveloped green space, a mile (800 m) wide in places, which extends deep into London. On Hackney's northern edge, the Lea shifts to a south-south-easterly direction, the reservoirs end, but the broad green corridor continues as the river passes through Walthamstow Marshes , Leyton Marshes , Hackney Marshes and
2016-692: The channel is incorporated into the Horsemill Stream, also known as Waltons Walk. The water forms a natural boundary for the Royal Gunpowder Mills as it passes through the mechanically controlled radial gates of the David Stoker sluice near Waltham Abbey . Now flowing parallel with the Lee Navigation, and only yards apart, the channel flows firstly under the A121 road and through Rammey Marsh Sluice -
2072-590: The channel merges with the River Lea to become the man-made, concrete-banked River Lee Diversion as it skirts the eastern perimeter of the King George V Reservoir , the first of the Lee Valley Reservoir Chain , and then the William Girling Reservoir . The river forms the boundary of the London Borough of Enfield and Waltham Forest and the historical boundary between Middlesex and Essex . Flowing under
2128-464: The east and Hertfordshire and Middlesex to the west. Within London the river is always used as a boundary between London Boroughs - which in turn inherit more ancient county and parish boundaries which also used the Lea as a boundary. Between 1889 and 1965, the lower Lea was the eastern boundary of the County of London with Essex . When reviewing the boundaries of London's parliamentary constituencies,
2184-480: The first element deriving from the Old English ‘gemaera’, meaning boundary. This was due to that section of the river’s role as the dividing line between territories, for instance separating Middlesex and Essex. By the 20th century 'Mereditch' had evolved to 'Mare Dyke' and referred to just one channel of the river between Chingford and Enfield . The channel was replaced by parts of the Lee Valley Reservoir Chain in
2240-522: The future Louis VIII of France besieged Hertford Castle for a month, leading to its surrender. He only held the castle for a relatively short time as he lost the war soon after. In 1648 during the second English Civil War a Royalist force crossed the Thames from Greenwich and hoped to cross Bow Bridge, over the Lea and into Essex. After inconclusive clashes with the Tower Hamlets Militia and other Parliamentarian forces, an engagement known as
2296-562: The largely rural Essex bank, and then Chingford and Walthamstow in east London. South of Hertford, the river is lined by lakes; to the north these are primarily flooded former gravel pits but in London they are reservoirs: the 13 reservoirs of the Lee Valley Reservoir Chain , fed by the branches of the river known as the River Lee Flood Relief Channel and the River Lee Diversion . These reservoirs come to an end on
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2352-483: The marshes known as Wanstead Slip (now in Leyton). The route then continued through Essex to Colchester . At this time, the Lea was a wider river, and the tidal estuary stretched as far as Hackney Wick . Evidence has been found of a late Roman settlement at Old Ford, dating from the 4th and 5th centuries. In 1110, Matilda , wife of Henry I , reputedly took a tumble at the ford, on her way to Barking Abbey and ordered
2408-416: The mid 20th century. The River Lea is the major component in a number of place-names, including Leagrave , the suburb of Luton where the source of the river is located, and of Luton and Leyton : both mean "farmstead on the River Lea" . The spelling Lea predominates west (upstream) of Hertford , but both spellings ( Lea and Lee ) are used from Hertford to the River Thames . The Lee Navigation
2464-403: The most important tributary of the Lea, joins a short distance from Hertford at Feildes Weir , and is itself navigable as far upstream as Bishops Stortford . The Hertford East railway line passes along the west side of the Lea's flood plain, from Hertford to Tottenham, improving the accessibility of the area and contributing to the ribbon development that made the character of the west side of
2520-486: The occasional seal . Some boat trippers reported observing on 5 August 2005 a Canada goose being pulled underwater very quickly. The London Wildlife Trust suggested that this was most likely caused by a pike . In 2011, Mike Wells claimed that he saw a "goose go vertically down" in the river. Again a pike or mink was suggested as most likely. Vice Magazine suggested that Wells' story may have been invented to publicise authorities' attempts to evict houseboats from
2576-474: The other than had been possible before. Lea Bridge , the second bridge over the lower Lea was built after 1757, to replace the pre-existing ferry. It connected Clapton to the west, and Leyton and Walthamstow to the east. The Iron Bridge carrying the Barking Road over the river to Canning Town was built in 1810. There are significantly more crossings over the more central Lower Lea , than there are over
2632-434: The probability that a particular level of flood water will be exceeded at least once in a specific period, so a 100-year flood represents a level that would only be expected to occur once in 100 years. This is often known as 1 per cent protection. The level of flooding in 1947 was estimated to be a 1.4 per cent occurrence, and the flood channel, when it was first designed, was built to cope with this level of flooding. Since it
2688-461: The river and its surrounding land has been recognised through inclusion in a number of parks and by several planning policy designations. Much of the river lies within the Lee Valley Park . Some of the land surrounding the river has been designated as Metropolitan Green Belt or Metropolitan Open Land in order to prevent further urbanisation. The river contains fish and other wildlife such as
2744-462: The river are known as Bow Creek and the river meets the Thames between Blackwall (on the west side) and Canning Town (on the east). In the Roman era , Old Ford , as the name suggests, was the most downstream crossing point of the River Lea. This was part of a pre-Roman route that followed the modern Oxford Street , Old Street , through Bethnal Green to Old Ford and then across a causeway through
2800-602: The river for burying in Ware, but there is no evidence for this. The extensive level of waterborne trade led the historian John Stow , writing in 1603, to describe the Lea as “this pleasant and useful river”. The riverside has hosted a number of major armaments manufacturers, such as the Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills , the Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield Lock (which is now a housing development known as Enfield Island Village ) and
2856-403: The succeeding centuries. In 1766, work also began on the Limehouse Cut to connect the river, at Bromley-by-Bow , with the Thames at Limehouse Basin . The Waterworks River , a part of the tidal Bow Back Rivers , has been widened by 8 metres (26 ft) and canalised to assist with construction of the Olympic Park for the 2012 Summer Olympics . In 2009, Three Mills Lock was installed on
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#17328523107552912-403: The upper stretch of the river near Hertford for drinking. The Lea's origin in the Chilterns contributes to the extreme hardness (high mineral content) of London tap water. The name of the River Lea was first recorded in the 9th century, although is believed to be much older. Spellings from the Anglo-Saxon period include Lig(e)an in 880 and Lygan in 895, and in the early medieval period it
2968-409: The valley much more developed than the east. Just after Hertford, the river passes the medieval river port of Ware and the Hertfordshire bank soon becomes entirely developed. On the west bank the river passes Hoddesdon , Broxbourne and Cheshunt in Hertfordshire; then Enfield , Edmonton , Tottenham and Tottenham Marshes in north London. On the eastern side the river passes Waltham Abbey on
3024-419: Was completed in 1976, there have been no major flood events in the Lea Valley, although there have been three occasions when the river system was full virtually to its capacity: in 1987, 1993 and 2000. Since its completion, the level of protection afforded by the structure has declined, so that in some areas it offers 2 per cent protection, and in some, only 5 per cent protection. The Environment Agency published
3080-441: Was constructed in 1613 to take clean water to London, from the Lea and its catchment areas in Hertfordshire and bypass the polluting industries that had developed in the Lea's downstream reaches. The artificial channel further reduced the flow to the natural river and by 1767 locks were installed below Hertford Castle Weir on the canalised part of the Lea, now the Lee Navigation with further locks and canalisation taking place during
3136-440: Was established by Acts of Parliament and only that spelling is used in this context. The Lee Valley Regional Park Authority also uses this spelling for leisure facilities. However, the spelling Lea is used for road names, locations and other infrastructure in the capital, such as Leamouth , Lea Bridge , the Lea Valley Walk and the Lea Valley lines (railway). This spelling is also used in geology, archaeology, etc. to refer to
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