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38-605: Little is directly known about Rimbert, much of the information available regarding his life comes from the Vita Rimberti , a hagiography written by an unknown author, likely produced some time in the 10th century. While his place of birth is uncertain it is widely accepted by historians that Rimbert was Danish. As a monk he trained in Turholt ( Torhout ), after which he shared a missionary trip to Scandinavia with his mentor Ansgar , Bishop of Hamburg. Upon Ansgar's death in 865, Rimbert

76-588: A mission in Scandinavia . The account told of cynocephali living in the region and that they were living in organised communities. Rimbert had enquired if this in meant that the cynocephali were capable of reason and therefore are 'arose from the line of Adam ' making them human and eligible for Christian conversion. In his response, Ratramnus broke with the traditional understanding of cynocephali as animals or monsters and instead declared that they were indeed human and therefore should be converted. This letter highlights

114-466: A missionary archbishop, and such his episcopal see, Hamburg, was only that of a bishop not Archbishop. When Ansgar died and Rimbert assumed the archbishopric in 865, he understood that Hamburg was not large enough for an archiepiscopal see and the Archbishop of Cologne threatened to assert jurisdiction over Bremen, an area Ansgar had exercised some influence though to which he and Rimbert had no claim. This

152-611: A royal consecration. By the time of the Synod of Quierzy (858), Hincmar was claiming that Charles was anointed to the entire West Frankish kingdom. With the Treaty of Mersen in 870 the western part of Lotharingia was added to West Francia. In 875 Charles the Bald was crowned Emperor of Rome. The last record in the Annales Bertiniani dates to 882, and so the only contemporary narrative source for

190-594: Is 4 February. After Ansgar, known as the Apostle of the North , Rimbert is revered as the Second Apostle of the North , alongside the missionary Sigfrid of Sweden . In a highly notable letter from the controversial 9th century theologian, Ratramnus of Corbie , Ratramnus responded to a lost letter from Rimbert regarding the nature of cynocephali . In the letter, Ratramnus gave a response to an account received by Rimbert, while on

228-460: Is apparent as several of the accounts that Rimbert gives of the earlier bestowals of the archdiocese are at odds with surviving documentary evidence. Rimbert needed to provide believable context for the forged documents that he and Ansgar used to claim the episcopal justification over Bremen as well as Hamburg. As such, Rimbert wove together in the Vita Ansgari justification for the continuation of

266-595: The County and Kingdom of Burgundy (the duchy was already a part of West Francia), Alsace and Provence in the east and southeast for example. It also did not include the Brittany peninsula in the west. West Frankish kings were elected by the secular and ecclesiastic magnates, and for the half-century between 888 and 936 candidates from the Carolingian and Robertian houses were alternately chosen as monarchs. By this time

304-555: The Ansgar and Rimbert and the monks of Corbie . Rimbert aligned himself with the monks at Corbie and sought patronage in West Frankia with Charles the Bald . Similarly, this alliance was underpinned by a common support for ideas of predestination and the ideas of the controversial monk Gotschalk of Orbais . This however, bought Rimbert into an ideological conflict with Hincmar of Rheims who vehemently opposed both ideas of predestination,

342-726: The Aquitainian barons recognised Charles as their king. Thereafter Charles's armies had the upper hand, and by 849 had secured most of Aquitaine. In May, Charles had himself crowned "King of the Franks and Aquitainians" in Orléans . Archbishop Wenilo of Sens officiated at the coronation, which included the first instance of royal unction in West Francia. The idea of anointing Charles may be owed to Archbishop Hincmar of Reims , who composed no less than four ordines describing appropriate liturgies for

380-613: The Aquitainian nobility as King Pippin II of Aquitaine , although the succession had not been recognised by the emperor. Charles the Bald was at war with Pippin II from the start of his reign in 840, and the Treaty of Verdun ignored the claimant and assigned Aquitaine to Charles. Accordingly, in June 845, after several military defeats, Charles signed the Treaty of Benoît-sur-Loire and recognised his nephew's rule. This agreement lasted until 25 March 848, when

418-766: The Bald, crowned himself as the king of Burgundy and Provence. His son Louis the Blind was king of Provence from 890 and Emperor between 901 and 905. Rudolph II of Burgundy established the Kingdom of Burgundy in 933. After the death of East Francia's last Carolingian king Louis the Child , Lotharingia switched allegiance to the king of West Francia, Charles the Simple. After 911 the Duchy of Swabia extended westwards and added lands of Alsace . Baldwin II of Flanders became increasingly powerful after

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456-513: The Black and son of Robert I, Hugh the Great . Dukes of Normandy refused to recognise Rudolf until 933. The King also had to move with his army against the southern nobles to receive their homage and loyalty, however, the count of Barcelona managed to avoid this completely. After 925 Rudolf was involved in a war against the rebellious Herbert II, Count of Vermandois , who received support from kings Henry

494-516: The Carolingian practice of dividing lands among the sons was not followed and his brother Charles received nothing. In 966 Lothair married Emma , stepdaughter of his maternal uncle Otto I. Despite this, in August 978 Lothair attacked the old imperial capital Aachen . Otto II retaliated by attacking Paris, but was defeated by the combined forces of king Lothar and nobles and peace was signed in 980, ending

532-461: The Fowler and Otto I of East Francia. His rebellion continued until his death in 943. King Louis IV and Duke Hugh the Great were married to sisters of East Frankish king Otto I who after the deaths of their husbands managed Carolingian and Robertine rule together with their brother Bruno the Great , archbishop of Cologne, as regent. After further victories by Herbert II, Louis was rescued only with

570-708: The Odo's death in 898, gaining Boulogne and Ternois from Charles. The territory over which the king exercised actual control shrank considerably, and was reduced to lands between Normandy and river Loire. The royal court usually stayed in Rheims or Laon . Norsemen began settling in Normandy , and from 919 Magyars invaded repeatedly. In the absence of strong royal power, invaders were engaged and defeated by local nobles, like Richard of Burgundy and Robert of Neustria, who defeated Viking leader Rollo in 911 at Chartres . The Norman threat

608-401: The beginning of the change of perception of cynocephali and by extension, Vikings , with whom they were intrinsically linked. This understanding of cynocephali as human and therefore convertible had profound connotations for Rimbert. Not only was this continued justification for the conversion of his fellow Danes but also had profound prophetic implications. The apocalypse of pseudo-Methodius

646-577: The blind and in one instance, performing an exorcism on the son of Louis the German . While the Vita Rimberti claimed the importance of these miracles and the in the Vita Ansgari , Rimbert claimed that his and Ansgar's missionary work was popular and successful, they nevertheless produced underwhelming results in converting the Scandinavians. Rimbert is revered as a saint particularly in Frisia . His feast day

684-464: The brief Franco-German war . Lothar managed to increase his power, but this was reversed with the coming of age of Hugh Capet , who began forming new alliances of nobles and eventually was elected as king in 987 after Lothair and his son and successor Louis V of France had both died prematurely, traditionally marking the end of the French branch of Carolingian dynasty as well as the end of West Francia as

722-456: The city is Torhout 1992 KM . This West Flanders location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . West Francia In medieval historiography , West Francia ( Medieval Latin : Francia occidentalis ) or the Kingdom of the West Franks ( Latin : regnum Francorum occidentalium ) constitutes the initial stage of the Kingdom of France and extends from

760-451: The demonym of "Franks" continued to be attested as late as the 18th century. In August 843, after three years of civil war following the death of Louis the Pious on 20 June 840, the Treaty of Verdun was signed by his three sons and heirs. The youngest, Charles the Bald , received western Francia. The contemporary West Frankish Annales Bertiniani describes Charles arriving at Verdun, "where

798-564: The distribution of portions" took place. After describing the portions of his brothers, Lothair the Emperor ( Middle Francia ) and Louis the German ( East Francia ), he notes that "the rest as far as Spain they ceded to Charles". The Annales Fuldenses of East Francia describe Charles as holding the western part after the kingdom was "divided in three". Since the death of King Pippin I of Aquitaine in December 838, his son had been recognised by

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836-546: The financial state of the archbishopric. In 884 he personally led a Frisian army against the Vikings, and following the victorious Battle of Norditi was able to drive them permanently out of East Frisia . It was also chronicled in the Vita Rimberti that Rimbert had performed numerous miracles, many of which are associated with his missionary work in Sweden . The miracles attributed to him include calming stormy seas, restoring sight to

874-517: The help of the large nobles and Otto I. In 942 Louis gave up Lotharingia to Otto I. Succession conflict in Normandy led to a new war in which Louis was betrayed by Hugh the Great and captured by Danish prince Harald who eventually released him to the custody of Hugh, who freed the king only after receiving town of Laon as a compensation. The 13-year old Lothair of France inherited all the lands of his father in 954. By this time they were so small that

912-565: The humanity of the Cynocephali and questioned the value of the missionary work in Scandinavia. Prior to Rimbert's election as Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen the archiepiscopal see of Hamburg-Bremen had not technically existed. Ansgar himself had forged the bishopric of Hamburg , claiming that he had been granted the position by Louis the Pious after he died, a claim uncontested by Louis the German . Ansgar later became an archbishop, though only

950-497: The lack of royal or papal support for the missionary effort. As Archbishop, he maintained the poorhouse in Bremen that had been established by Ansgar and founded a monastery at Bücken . He also continued to preach to the Danes at Hedeby . Rimbert furthermore obtained market, coinage and toll rights for the city of Bremen in 888 from Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia and thus considerably improved

988-453: The missionary work in Scandinavia and the authority that Ansgar had over Bremen, legitimising the episcopal see of Hamburg-Bremen. Torhout Torhout ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈtɔrɦʌut] ; French : Thourout ; West Flemish : Toeroet ) is a city and municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders . The municipality comprises the city of Torhout proper,

1026-627: The next eighteen years in West Francia is the Annales Vedastini . The next set of original annals from the West Frankish kingdom are those of Flodoard , who began his account with the year 919. After the death of Charles's grandson, Carloman II , on 12 December 884, the West Frankish nobles elected his uncle, Charles the Fat, already king in East Francia and the Kingdom of Italy , as their king. He

1064-593: The power of the king became weaker and more nominal, as the regional dukes and nobles became more powerful in their semi-independent regions. The Robertians , after becoming counts of Paris and dukes of France, became kings themselves and established the Capetian dynasty after 987. Historians generally define this as the gradual transition toward the Kingdom of France. By the 13th century, the term Regnum francorum had evolved into Regnum Francia ("kingdom of France"), although

1102-451: The south local nobles were semi-independent after 887 as duchies were created: Burgundy , Aquitaine , Brittany , Gascony , Normandy , Champagne and the County of Flanders . The power of the kings continued to decline, together with their inability to resist the Vikings and to oppose the rise of regional nobles who were no longer appointed by the king but became hereditary local dukes. In 877 Boso of Provence , brother-in-law of Charles

1140-458: The title as King of the East Franks. Charles retired and soon died on 13 January 888. In Aquitaine, Duke Ranulf II may have had himself recognised as king, but he only lived another two years. Although Aquitaine did not become a separate kingdom, it was largely outside the control of the West Frankish kings. Odo, Count of Paris was then elected by nobles as the new king of West Francia, and

1178-630: The villages of Wijnendale and Sint-Henricus , and the hamlet of De Driekoningen . On 29 February 2024 Torhout had a total population of 24,891. The total area is 45.23 km which gives a population density of 445 inhabitants per km . Torhout-Werchter was until 1999 one of the largest annual pop festivals in Europe. Efforts were made to have a world music festival in Torhout after Torhout Werchter became Rock Werchter, held in Werchter only. The main club of

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1216-519: The year 843, from the Treaty of Verdun , to 987, the beginning of the Capetian dynasty . It was created from the division of the Carolingian Empire following the death of Louis the Pious , with its neighbor East Francia eventually evolving into the Kingdom of Germany . West Francia extended further north and south than modern metropolitan France , but it did not extend as far east. It did not include such future French holdings as Lorraine ,

1254-564: Was crowned the next month. At this point, West Francia was composed of Neustria in the west and in the east by Francia proper, the region between the Meuse and the Seine . After the 860s, Lotharingian noble Robert the Strong became increasingly powerful as count of Anjou, Touraine and Maine. Robert's brother Hugh, abbot of Saint-Denis, was given control over Austrasia by Charles the Bald. Robert's son Odo

1292-421: Was elected king in 888. Odo's brother Robert I ruled between 922 and 923 and was followed by Rudolph from 923 until 936. Hugh the Great , son of Robert I, was elevated to the title "duke of the Franks" by king Louis IV. In 987 his son Hugh Capet was elected king and the Capetian dynasty began. At this point they controlled very little beyond the Île-de-France . Outside the old Frankish territories and in

1330-431: Was eventually ended, with the last Danegeld paid in 924 and 926. Both nobles became increasingly opposed to Charles, and in 922 deposed him and elected Robert I as the new king. After Robert's death in 923 nobles elected Rudolf as king, and kept Charles imprisoned until his death in 929. After the rule of king Charles the Simple, local dukes began issuing their own currency. King Rudolf was supported by his brother Hugh

1368-405: Was one of the most widely read and popular accounts of the apocalypse in 9th century Europe, in which when all people had been converted to Christianity, the monstrous and barbaric people from the North would destroy the world. The prophetic and apocalyptic implications of his work to convert Scandinavian people was not lost Rimbert. Furthermore, the letter is evident of political connection between

1406-654: Was probably crowned "King in Gaul" ( rex in Gallia ) on 20 May 885 at Grand . His reign was the only time after the death of Louis the Pious that all of Francia would be re-united under one ruler. In his capacity as king of West Francia, he seems to have granted the royal title and perhaps regalia to the semi-independent ruler of Brittany, Alan I . His handling of the Viking siege of Paris in 885–86 greatly reduced his prestige. In November 887 his nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia revolted and assumed

1444-422: Was unanimously elected Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen. Upon his election, Rimbert travelled with Bishop Theodric of Minden and Abbot Adalgar of Corvey to the court of Louis the German , who sent him to Archbishop Liudbert of Mainz to receive his consecration, which he received with the aid of Luidhard of Paderborn and Thoedric. Rimbert continued much of the missionary work that had begun under Ansgar , despite

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