Misplaced Pages

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39-510: According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition "rigging" derives from Anglo-Saxon wrigan or wringing , "to clothe". The same source points out that "rigging" a sailing vessel refers to putting all the components in place to allow it to function, including the masts, spars, sails and the rigging. Theophrastus in his History of Plants ( c. 300 BCE) states that the rigging on King Antigonus ' fleet

78-564: A backstay , and upper and lower shrouds (side stays). Less common rigging configurations are diamond stays and jumpers. Both of these are used to keep a thin mast in column especially under the load of a large down wind sail or in strong wind. Rigging parts include swageless terminals , swage terminals , shackle toggle terminals and fail-safe wire rigging insulators. Whereas 20th-century square-rigged vessels were constructed of steel with steel standing rigging, prior vessels used wood masts with hemp-fiber standing rigging. As rigs became taller by

117-710: A cultural artifact : the British Empire was at its maximum, imperialism was largely unchallenged, much of the world was still ruled by monarchs, and the tumultuous world wars were still in the future. They are a resource for topics omitted from modern encyclopaedias, particularly for biography and the history of science and technology. As a literary text, the encyclopaedia has value as an example of early 20th-century prose. For example, it employs literary devices , such as pathetic fallacy (attribution of human-like traits to impersonal forces or inanimate objects), which are not as common in modern reference texts. In 1917, using

156-477: A complete electronic edition of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica . The preceding links adopt the spellings used in the target. Sheet (sailing) In sailing , a sheet is a line ( rope , cable or chain ) used to control the movable corner(s) ( clews ) of a sail . In nautical usage the term "sheet" is applied to a line or chain attached to the lower corners of a sail for the purpose of extension or change of direction. The connection in derivation with

195-528: A handful of female contributors, with 34 women contributing articles to the edition. These included Adelaide Anderson , Gertrude Bell , Margaret Bryant , Constance Jocelyn Ffoulkes , Harriette Lombard Hennessy , and Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick . The eleventh edition introduced a number of changes of the format of the Britannica . It was the first to be published complete, instead of the previous method of volumes being released as they were ready. The print type

234-464: A key is given in each volume to these initials. Some articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time, such as Edmund Gosse , J. B. Bury , Algernon Charles Swinburne , John Muir , Peter Kropotkin , T. H. Huxley , James Hopwood Jeans and William Michael Rossetti . Among the then lesser-known contributors were some who would later become distinguished, such as Ernest Rutherford and Bertrand Russell . Many articles were carried over from

273-574: A more thorough update of the work was required. The fourteenth edition, published in 1929, was considerably revised, with much text eliminated or abridged to make room for new topics. Nevertheless, the eleventh edition was the basis of every later version of the Encyclopædia Britannica until the completely new fifteenth edition was published in 1974, using modern information presentation. The eleventh edition's articles are still of value and interest to modern readers and scholars, especially as

312-403: A platform, called a " top ", or cross-wise beams, called " crosstrees ". Each additional mast segment is supported fore and aft by a series of stays that lead forward. These lines are countered in tension by backstays, which are secured along the sides of the vessel behind the shrouds. Running rigging is the cordage used to control the shape and position of the sails. Materials have evolved from

351-468: A reliable description of the academic consensus of its time, many modern readers find fault with the Encyclopedia for several major errors, ethnocentric and racist remarks, and other issues: The eleventh edition of Encyclopædia Britannica has become a commonly quoted source, both because of the reputation of the Britannica and because it is now in the public domain and has been made available on

390-431: A reliable source has been deemed problematic due to the outdated nature of some of its content. Modern scholars have deemed some articles as cultural artifacts of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Nevertheless, the 11th edition has retained considerable value as a time capsule of scientific and historical information, as well as scholarly attitudes of the era immediately preceding World War I . The 1911 eleventh edition

429-418: A reprint of the eleventh edition, formed the twelfth edition of the work. A similar thirteenth edition, consisting of three volumes plus a reprint of the twelfth edition, was published in 1926. The London editor was J.L. Garvin , as Chisholm had died. The twelfth and thirteenth editions were closely related to the eleventh edition and shared much of the same content. However, it became increasingly apparent that

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468-537: Is a 29-volume reference work, an edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica . It was developed during the encyclopaedia's transition from a British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time. This edition of the encyclopaedia, containing 40,000 entries, has entered the public domain and is readily available on the Internet. Its use in modern scholarship and as

507-409: Is almost always between a mast and the deck , using tension to hold the mast firmly in place. Due to its role, standing rigging is now most commonly made of steel cable. It was historically made of the same materials as running rigging, only coated in tar for added strength and protection from the elements. Most fore-and-aft rigged vessels have the following types of standing rigging: a forestay ,

546-712: The Enciclopedia Italiana and the Espasa as one of the three greatest encyclopaedias. It was the last edition to be produced almost in its entirety in Britain, and its position in time as a summary of the world's knowledge just before the outbreak of World War I is particularly valuable". Sir Kenneth Clark , in Another Part of the Wood (1974), wrote of the eleventh edition, "One leaps from one subject to another, fascinated as much by

585-429: The 9th edition , some with minimal updating. Some of the book-length articles were divided into smaller parts for easier reference, yet others were much abridged. The best-known authors generally contributed only a single article or part of an article. Most of the work was done by journalists, British Museum scholars and other scholars. The 1911 edition was the first edition of the encyclopaedia to include more than just

624-540: The Bermuda rig , which has two or three sets of sheets: On the smallest boats, a sheet is often a simple line, pulled by hand; on larger boats, intermediate blocks are sometimes used to provide mechanical advantage . However, many blocks and their multiply reeved lines, particularly on headsails, have been replaced by single-line sheets trimmed by powerful winches . Square-rigged vessels are much less common, and are usually large ships. Nevertheless, they too have sheets on

663-765: The Ku Klux Klan as protecting the white race and restoring order to the American South after the American Civil War , citing the need to "control the negro", and "the frequent occurrence of the crime of rape by negro men upon white women". Similarly, the "Civilization" article argues for eugenics , stating that it is irrational to "propagate low orders of intelligence, to feed the ranks of paupers, defectives and criminals ... which to-day constitute so threatening an obstacle to racial progress". The eleventh edition has no biography of Marie Curie , despite her winning

702-603: The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911, although she is mentioned briefly under the biography of her husband Pierre Curie . The Britannica employed a large female editorial staff that wrote hundreds of articles for which they were not given credit. The 1911 edition is no longer restricted by copyright , and it is therefore freely available in several more modern forms. While it may once have been

741-442: The 11th edition for having bourgeois and old-fashioned opinions on art, literature, and social sciences. A contemporary Cornell professor, Edward B. Titchener , wrote in 1912, "the new Britannica does not reproduce the psychological atmosphere of its day and generation... Despite the halo of authority, and despite the scrutiny of the staff, the great bulk of the secondary articles in general psychology ... are not adapted to

780-583: The Internet. It has been used as a source by many modern projects, including Misplaced Pages and the Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia . The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia is the eleventh edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica , renamed to address Britannica's trademark concerns. Project Gutenberg 's offerings are summarized below in the External links section and include text and graphics. As of 2018 , Distributed Proofreaders are working on producing

819-412: The content of the encyclopaedia was distributed as follows: Hooper sold the rights to Sears, Roebuck and Company of Chicago in 1920, completing the Britannica ' s transition to becoming a substantially American publication. In 1922, an additional three volumes (also edited by Hugh Chisholm) where published, covering the events of the intervening years, including World War I . These, together with

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858-399: The efforts made to make it more popular. American marketing methods also assisted sales. Some 14% of the contributors (214 of 1507) were from North America, and a New York office was established to coordinate their work. The initials of the encyclopaedia's contributors appear at the end of selected articles or at the end of a section in the case of longer articles, such as that on China, and

897-501: The eleventh and fourteenth editions in their entirety, said he found the fourteenth edition to be a "big improvement" over the eleventh, stating that "most of the material had been completely rewritten". Robert Collison , in Encyclopaedias: Their History Throughout The Ages (1966), wrote of the eleventh edition that it "was probably the finest edition of the Britannica ever issued, and it ranks with

936-432: The end of the 19th century, masts relied more heavily on successive spars, stepped one atop the other to form the whole, from bottom to top: the lower mast , top mast , and topgallant mast . This construction relies heavily on support by a complex array of stays and shrouds. Each stay in either the fore-and-aft or athwartships direction has a corresponding one in the opposite direction providing counter-tension. Fore-and-aft

975-417: The movable corners of their square sails. Unlike fore-and-aft sheets, though, square-rig sheets do not control the angle of the sails (which is performed using braces ); instead, they are used to haul the corners of the sails from their stowed positions down towards the tip of the yard below. They are then not adjusted significantly while sailing until the sail is to be handed (put away) again. The lowest sails,

1014-454: The play of mind and the idiosyncrasies of their authors as by the facts and dates. It must be the last encyclopaedia in the tradition of Diderot which assumes that information can be made memorable only when it is slightly coloured by prejudice. When T. S. Eliot wrote 'Soul curled up on the window seat reading the Encyclopædia Britannica ,' he was certainly thinking of the eleventh edition." (Clark refers to Eliot's 1929 poem " Animula ".) It

1053-622: The pseudonym of S. S. Van Dine, the US art critic and author Willard Huntington Wright published Misinforming a Nation , a 200+ page criticism of inaccuracies and biases of the Encyclopædia Britannica eleventh edition. Wright claimed that Britannica was "characterized by misstatements, inexcusable omissions, rabid and patriotic prejudices, personal animosities, blatant errors of fact, scholastic ignorance, gross neglect of non-British culture, an astounding egotism, and an undisguised contempt for American progress". Amos Urban Shirk , known for having read

1092-414: The requirements of the intelligent reader". In an April 2012 article, Nate Pederson of The Guardian said that the eleventh edition represented "a peak of colonial optimism before the slaughter of war" and that the edition "has acquired an almost mythic reputation among collectors". Critics have charged several editions with racism, sexism , and antisemitism . The eleventh edition characterises

1131-408: The root "shoot" is more clearly seen in "sheet-anchor", one that is kept in reserve, to be "shot" in case of emergency. Fore-and-aft rigs comprise the vast majority of sailing vessels in use today, including effectively all dinghies and yachts . The sheet on a fore-and-aft sail controls the angle of the sail to the wind, and should be adjusted to keep the sail just filled. Most smaller boats use

1170-469: The system of tensioning start with the stays that are anchored in front of each mast. Shrouds are tensioned by pairs of deadeyes , circular blocks that have the large-diameter line run around them, whilst multiple holes allow smaller line— lanyards —to pass multiple times between the two and thereby allow tensioning of the shroud. In addition to overlapping the mast below, the top mast and topgallant mast are supported laterally by shrouds that pass around either

1209-471: The tenth edition, which was published in 1902. Hooper's association with The Times ceased in 1909, and he negotiated with the Cambridge University Press to publish the 29-volume eleventh edition. Though it is generally perceived as a quintessentially British work, the eleventh edition had substantial American influences, in not only the increased amount of American and Canadian content, but also

Rigging - Misplaced Pages Continue

1248-456: The use of Manilla rope to synthetic fibers, which include dacron , nylon and kevlar . Running rigging varies between fore-and-aft rigged vessels and square-rigged vessels. They have common functions between them for supporting, shaping and orienting sails, which employ different mechanisms. For supporting sails, halyards (sometimes haulyards), are used to raise sails and control luff tension. On gaff-rigged vessels, topping lifts hold

1287-520: The yards across the top of the sail aloft. Sail shape is usually controlled by lines that pull at the corners of the sail, including the outhaul at the clew and the downhaul at the tack on fore-and-aft rigs. The orientation of sails to the wind is controlled primarily by sheets , but also by braces , which position the yard arms with respect to the wind on square-rigged vessels. Encyclop%C3%A6dia Britannica Eleventh Edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911)

1326-469: Was also the first edition of Britannica to include biographies of living people. Sixteen maps of the famous 9th edition of Stielers Handatlas were exclusively translated to English, converted to imperial units , printed in Gotha , Germany, by Justus Perthes and the maps became a part of this edition. Later editions only included Perthes' maps as low-quality reproductions. According to Coleman and Simmons,

1365-476: Was assembled with the management of American publisher Horace Everett Hooper . Hugh Chisholm , who had edited the previous edition, was appointed editor-in-chief, with Walter Alison Phillips as his principal assistant editor. Originally, Hooper bought the rights to the 25-volume 9th edition and persuaded the British newspaper The Times to issue its reprint, with eleven additional volumes (35 volumes total) as

1404-626: Was censored under pressure from the Roman Catholic Church after the 11th edition. Initially, the eleventh edition received criticism from members of the Roman Catholic Church, who accused it of misrepresenting and being biased against Catholics . The most "vociferous" American Catholic critics of the eleventh edition were editors of the Christian magazine America . Authorities ranging from Virginia Woolf to professors criticised

1443-455: Was kept in galley proofs and subject to continual updating until publication. It was the first edition of Britannica to be issued with a comprehensive index volume in which was added a categorical index, where like topics were listed. It was the first not to include long treatise-length articles. Even though the overall length of the work was about the same as that of its predecessor, the number of articles had increased from 17,000 to 40,000. It

1482-408: Was made from papyrus reed . Rigging is divided into two classes, standing , which supports the mast (and bowsprit), and running , which controls the orientation of the sails and their degree of reefing . Configurations differ for each type of rigging, between fore-and-aft rigged vessels and square-rigged vessels. Standing rigging is cordage which is fixed in position. Standing rigging

1521-560: Was one of Jorge Luis Borges 's favourite works, and was a source of information and enjoyment for his entire working life. In 1912, mathematician L. C. Karpinski criticised the eleventh edition for inaccuracies in articles on the history of mathematics , none of which had been written by specialists. English writer and former priest Joseph McCabe claimed in Lies and Fallacies of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1947) that Britannica

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