27-617: Rewa Kantha was a political agency of British India , managing the relations ( indirect rule ) of the British government's Bombay Presidency with a collection of princely states . It stretched for about 150 miles between the plain of Gujarat and the hills of Malwa , from the Tapti River to the Mahi River crossing the Rewa (or Narmada) River , from which it takes its name. The political agent, who
54-738: A simplified codification of the law of England at the time, elements were also derived from the Napoleonic Code and Edward Livingston 's Louisiana Civil Code of 1825. The first final draft of the Indian Penal Code was submitted to the Governor-General of India in Council in 1837, but the draft was again revised. The drafting was completed in 1850 and the code was presented to the Legislative Council in 1856, but it did not take its place on
81-552: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Indian Penal Code The Indian Penal Code ( IPC ) was the official criminal code in the Republic of India , inherited from British India after independence, until it was repealed and replaced by Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) in December 2023, which came into effect on 1 July 2024. It was a comprehensive code intended to cover all substantive aspects of criminal law . The code
108-492: Is presented in the following table: of the Right of Private Defence (Sections 96 to 106) A detailed list of all IPC laws which include above is here. Whoever, voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with imprisonment of life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine. Penetration
135-467: Is sufficient to constitute the carnal intercourse necessary to the offence described in this section. The Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code deals with suicide attempts, whereby attempting to die by suicide is punishable with imprisonment of up to one year. Considering long-standing demand and recommendations of the Law Commission of India , which has repeatedly endorsed the repeal of this section,
162-520: Is to provide a general penal code for India. Though not the initial objective, the Act does not repeal the penal laws which were in force at the time of coming into force in India. This was done because the code does not contain all the offences and it was possible that some offences might have still been left out of the code, which were not intended to be exempted from penal consequences. Though this code consolidates
189-673: The Continental European systems. The code has been amended several times. The code has substantially survived for over 150 years in several jurisdictions without major amendments. Nicholas Phillips , Justice of Supreme Court of the United Kingdom applauded the efficacy and relevance of the IPC while commemorating its 150 years of existence. Some references to specific sections (called dafā/dafa'a in Hindi-Urdu, دفعہ or दफ़ा/दफ़आ) of
216-580: The Government of India and were integrated into Bombay State . Bombay state was split along linguistic lines in 1960, and Rewa Kantha became part of Gujarat , like Saurashtra State . The number of separate states was 61, mostly minor or petty states except for five. Many of them were under British influence; the largest one was Rajpipla . The Agency also dealt with five first-class states named Chhota Udaipur State , Devgadh Bariya State , Santrampur , Lunawada State and Balasinor State . The total area of
243-714: The Government of India in December 2014 decided to decriminalise attempts to die by suicide by dropping Section 309 of the IPC from the statute book. In February 2015, the Legislative Department of the Ministry of Law and Justice was asked by the Government to prepare a draft Amendment Bill in this regard. In an August 2015 ruling, the Rajasthan High Court made the Jain practice of undertaking voluntary death by fasting at
270-628: The Gaekwar Baroda State ) : In addition to those of Rewa Kantha Agency itself, revenue and/or court fee stamps were issued for the following native states : Agencies of British India An agency of British India was an internally autonomous or semi-autonomous unit of British India whose external affairs were governed by an agent designated by the Viceroy of India . The agencies varied in character from fully autonomous self-governing dependencies such as princely states , where
297-724: The Gaikwar Baroda State ). In 1937 the princely states of the Rewa Kantha Agency were merged with Baroda State in order to form the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency , which in turn merged in 1944 with the Western India States Agency as Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency . After the Independence of British India in 1947, split into India and Pakistan, the rulers of the states all agreed to accede to
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#1732858495472324-435: The Government of India), 132 (mutiny), 194 (false evidence to procure conviction for a capital offence), 302, 303 (murder, has been declared unconstitutional in the case of Mittu Singh vs State of Punjab), 305 (abetting suicide), 364A (kidnapping for ransom), 396 (dacoity with murder), 376A (rape), 376AB (rape on woman under twelve years of age), 376DB (gang rape on woman under twelve years of age), and 376E (repeat offender) have
351-490: The IPC have entered popular speech in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. For instance, con men are referred to as 420s ( chaar-sau-bees in Hindi-Urdu) after Section 420 which covers cheating. Similarly, specific reference to section 302 (" tazīrāt-e-Hind dafā tīn-sau-do ke tehet sazā-e-maut ", " punishment of death under section 302 of the Indian Penal Code "), which covers the death penalty, have become part of common knowledge in
378-539: The IPC was amended several times and was supplemented by other criminal provisions. Despite promulgation of the BNS, litigation for all relevant offences committed before 1 July 2024 will continue to be registered under the IPC. The draft of the Indian Penal Code was prepared by the First Law Commission, chaired by Thomas Babington Macaulay in 1834 and was submitted to Governor-General of India Council in 1835. Based on
405-471: The Indian Penal Code has been criticised on the one hand for allegedly treating women as the private property of her husband, and on the other hand for giving women complete protection against punishment for adultery. This section was unanimously struck down on 27 September 2018 by a five-judge bench of the Supreme Court in case of Joseph Shine v. Union of India as being unconstitutional and demeaning to
432-545: The adjoining British district. Civil and criminal justice in agencies were usually administered through locally made laws, and the Indian Penal Code was not applicable by default in these agencies. Political agencies were created, merged or abolished at different times during the history of the British Raj . This list includes all agencies, regardless of the historical period. This Indian history-related article
459-569: The agent functioned mainly as a representative of the Viceroy, to tribal tracts which were integral parts of the British Empire and where the agent was completely in charge of law and order. The agent of a protected tract or princely state usually lived outside the territory in his charge, as opposed to a Resident who usually lived within his confines and was frequently the District Collector of
486-463: The ban on the practice. In 2017 the new Mental Healthcare Act of India was signed. Section 115(1) of the act effectively decriminalised suicide, saying "anyone who attempts suicide shall be presumed, unless proved otherwise, to have severe stress and shall not be tried and punished under the said Code." The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, officially decriminalized attempted suicide by not including an equivalent section to Section 309. The Section 497 of
513-634: The death penalty as a maximum allowable punishment. There is ongoing debate about abolishing capital punishment. In 2003, the Malimath Committee submitted its report recommending several far-reaching penal reforms including separation of investigation and prosecution (similar to the CPS in the UK) to streamline criminal justice system. The essence of the report was a perceived need for a shift from an adversarial to an inquisitorial criminal justice system, based on
540-428: The dignity of women. Adultery continues to be a ground for seeking divorce in a Civil Court, but is no longer a criminal offence in India. Adultery was omitted under Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita in 2024. However, BNS retains the essence of Section 498 from the IPC (Clause 84), which penalizes a man for enticing another man's wife to engage in intercourse with any person. Sections 120B (criminal conspiracy), 121 (war against
567-685: The end of a person's life, known as Santhara , punishable under sections 306 and 309 of the IPC. This led to some controversy, with some sections of the Jain community urging the Prime Minister to move the Supreme Court against the order. On 31 August 2015, the Supreme Court admitted the petition by Akhil Bharat Varshiya Digambar Jain Parishad and granted leave. It stayed the decision of the High Court and lifted
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#1732858495472594-658: The penal code he wrote come into force, having died near the end of 1859. The code came into force in Jammu and Kashmir on 31 October 2019, by virtue of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 , and replaced the state's Ranbir Penal Code . On 11 August 2023, the Government introduced a Bill in the Lok Sabha to replace the Indian Penal Code with a draft Code called the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) . The objective of this Act
621-524: The states the agency related to was 12,877 km (4,972 sq mi). In 1901 their population was 479,065. Many of the inhabitants were Bhils and Kolis . (includes all the main states; in direct relations with the Political Agent at Godhra) Salute states : Non-salute states : Only non-salute states: two geographical groups of minor or petty rural (e)states (near Narmada River ) (near Mahi River ; all paying tribute to
648-664: The statute book of British India until a generation later, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . The draft then underwent a very careful revision at the hands of Barnes Peacock , who later became the first chief justice of the Calcutta High Court , and the future puisne judges of the Calcutta High Court, who were members of the Legislative Council, and was passed into law on 6 October 1860. The code came into operation on 1 January 1862. Macaulay did not survive to see
675-426: The whole of the law on the subject and is exhaustive on the matters in respect of which it declares the law, many more penal statutes governing various offences have been created in addition to the code. The Indian Penal Code of 1860, subdivided into 23 chapters, comprises 511 sections. The code starts with an introduction, provides explanations and exceptions used in it, and covers a wide range of offences. The Outline
702-539: Was also District collector of the prant (British District) of the Panchmahal , resided at Godhra . The native states came under British subsidiary alliances after the Third Anglo-Maratha War of the early 19th century. The total surface was 4,971.75 square miles, comprising 3,412 villages, with a population of 479,055, yielding 2,072,026 Rupeese state revenue and paying 147,826 Rupees tribute (mostly to
729-555: Was drafted on the recommendations of the first Law Commission of India established in 1834 under the Charter Act of 1833 under the chairmanship of Thomas Babington Macaulay . It came into force in the subcontinent during the British rule in 1862. However, it did not apply automatically in the Princely states , which had their own courts and legal systems until the 1940s. While in force,
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