Misplaced Pages

#923076

57-471: The term retro has been in use since 1972 to describe on the one hand, new artifacts that self-consciously refer to particular modes, motifs, techniques, and materials of the past. But on the other hand, many people use the term to categorize styles that have been created in the past. Retro style refers to new things that display characteristics of the past. Unlike the historicism of the Romantic generations , it

114-526: A MaxiCode 2-D code for parcel tracking. RFID labels for shipping containers are also increasingly used. A Wal-Mart division, Sam's Club , has also moved in this direction and is putting pressure on its suppliers to comply. Shipments of hazardous materials or dangerous goods have special information and symbols (labels, placards, etc.) as required by UN, country, and specific carrier requirements. On transport packages, standardized symbols are also used to communicate handling needs. Some are defined in

171-419: A UFI . Technologies related to shipping containers are identification codes, bar codes , and electronic data interchange ( EDI ). These three core technologies serve to enable the business functions in the process of shipping containers throughout the distribution channel. Each has an essential function: identification codes either relate product information or serve as keys to other data, bar codes allow for

228-503: A life cycle assessment which considers the material and energy inputs and outputs to the package, the packaged product (contents), the packaging process, the logistics system, waste management , etc. It is necessary to know the relevant regulatory requirements for point of manufacture, sale, and use. The traditional "three R's" of reduce, reuse, and recycle are part of a waste hierarchy which may be considered in product and package development. Development of sustainable packaging

285-556: A resin identification code ), and the "Green Dot" . Food packaging may show food contact material symbols. In the European Union , products of animal origin which are intended to be consumed by humans have to carry standard, oval-shaped EC identification and health marks for food safety and quality insurance reasons. Bar codes , Universal Product Codes , and RFID labels are common to allow automated information management in logistics and retailing . Country-of-origin labeling

342-452: A classic game consoles . What constitutes a vintage or retro machine is sometimes open to debate, but typically, most retro gamers are interested in Commodore 64 , Amiga 500 , Atari 2600 , NES /Family Computer, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive , PlayStation , Nintendo 64 , Dreamcast , SNES /Super Famicom, and classic Game Boy games and consoles. Emulation often plays a part in retrogaming if

399-538: A demythologization of the past, distancing the present from the big ideas that drove the modern age. Most commonly retro is used to describe objects and attitudes from the recent past that never seem modern. It suggests a fundamental shift in the way we relate to the past. Different from more traditional forms of revivalism, "retro" suggests a half ironic, half longing consideration of the recent past; it has been called an "unsentimental nostalgia", recalling modern forms that are no longer current. The concept of nostalgia

456-474: A longer time frame. A package designed for one mode of shipment may not be suited to another. With some types of products, the design process involves detailed regulatory requirements for the packaging. For example, any package components that may contact foods are designated food contact materials . Toxicologists and food scientists need to verify that such packaging materials are allowed by applicable regulations. Packaging engineers need to verify that

513-459: A result of an accident: as a Brooklyn printer and paper-bag maker during the 1870s, he was once printing an order of seed bags, and the metal ruler, commonly used to crease bags, shifted in position and cut them. Gair discovered that by cutting and creasing in one operation he could make prefabricated paperboard boxes. Commercial paper bags were first manufactured in Bristol , England , in 1844, and

570-460: Is affected by other factors is its relationship to logistics . When the distribution system includes individual shipments by a small parcel carrier, the sorting, handling, and mixed stacking make severe demands on the strength and protective ability of the transport package. If the logistics system consists of uniform palletized unit loads , the structural design of the package can be designed to meet those specific needs, such as vertical stacking for

627-615: Is an area of considerable interest to standards organizations , governments, consumers, packagers, and retailers. Sustainability is the fastest-growing driver for packaging development, particularly for packaging manufacturers that work with the world's leading brands, as their CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) targets often exceed those of the EU Directive. Choosing packaging machinery includes an assessment of technical capabilities, labor requirements, worker safety, maintainability , serviceability, reliability , ability to integrate into

SECTION 10

#1732855003924

684-539: Is distinctive from modern computer-generated styling. Contemporary artist Anne Taintor uses retro advertising art as the centerpiece for her ongoing commentary on the modern woman. Specific styling features include analog machine design and vintage television programs . A famous example of a retro pop-art character is the more generalized form of the Ward Cleaver -styled J. R. "Bob" Dobbs -esque icon which has been widely played off, copied, and parodied. Foreshadowed by

741-447: Is expected to have a major impact on the market. Packaging and package labeling have several objectives Packaging may be of several different types. For example, a transport package or distribution package can be the shipping container used to ship, store, and handle the product or inner packages. Some identify a consumer package as one which is directed toward a consumer or household. Packaging may be described in relation to

798-477: Is fully integrated into government, business, institutional, industrial, and for personal use. Package labeling ( American English ) or labelling ( British English ) is any written, electronic, or graphic communication on the package or on a separate but associated label . Many countries or regions have regulations governing the content of package labels. Merchandising, branding, and persuasive graphics are not covered in this article. The first packages used

855-451: Is linked to retro, but the bittersweet desire for things, persons, and situations of the past has an ironic stance in retro style. Retro shows nostalgia with a dose of cynicism and detachment. The desire to capture something from the past and evoke nostalgia is fuelled by dissatisfaction with the present. Since the 1980s the implications of the word retro have been expanding in the application to different mediums. Several fields have adopted

912-662: Is mostly the recent past that retro seeks to recapitulate, focusing on the products, fashions, and artistic styles produced since the Industrial Revolution, the successive styles of Modernity . The English word retro derives from the Latin prefix retro , meaning backwards, or in past times. In France, the word rétro , an abbreviation for rétrospectif , gained cultural currency with reevaluations of Charles de Gaulle and France's role in World War II . The French mode rétro of

969-416: Is often used. Some products might use QR codes or similar matrix barcodes . Packaging may have visible registration marks and other printing calibration and troubleshooting cues. The labelling of medical devices includes many symbols, many of them covered by international standards, foremost ISO 15223-1. Several aspects of consumer package labeling are subject to regulation. One of the most important

1026-401: Is required for all but the simplest package design and development programs. An effective quality management system and Verification and Validation protocols are mandatory for some types of packaging and recommended for all. Package development involves considerations of sustainability , environmental responsibility, and applicable environmental and recycling regulations. It may involve

1083-431: Is the science , art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging also refers to the process of designing, evaluating, and producing packages. Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing, logistics , sale, and end use. Packaging contains, protects, preserves, transports, informs, and sells. In many countries it

1140-615: Is to accurately state the quantity (weight, volume, count) of the package contents. Consumers expect that the label accurately reflects the actual contents. Manufacturers and packagers must have effective quality assurance procedures and accurate equipment; even so, there is inherent variability in all processes . Regulations attempt to handle both sides of this. In the US, the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act provides requirements for many types of products. Also, NIST has Handbook 133, Checking

1197-505: The ASTM D5445 "Standard Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods", ISO 780 "Pictorial marking for handling of goods", and GHS hazard pictograms . Package design and development are often thought of as an integral part of the new product development process. Alternatively, the development of a package (or component) can be a separate process but must be linked closely with the product to be packaged. Package design starts with

SECTION 20

#1732855003924

1254-613: The Chinese to wrap foods as early as the first or second century BC. The usage of paper-like material in Europe was when the Romans used low grade and recycled papyrus for the packaging of incense . The earliest recorded use of paper for packaging dates back to 1035, when a Persian traveller visiting markets in Cairo , Arab Egypt , noted that vegetables, spices and hardware were wrapped in paper for

1311-489: The FCC and TÜV marks), trademarks , proof of purchase , etc. Some requirements and symbols exist to communicate aspects of consumer rights and safety, for example the CE marking or the estimated sign that notes conformance to EU weights and measures accuracy regulations. Examples of environmental and recycling symbols include the recycling symbol , the recycling code (which could be

1368-577: The Mothers of Invention album Cruising with Ruben & the Jets in 1968, and the revival and parody group Sha Na Na in 1969, the 1970s and 1980s brought about a 1950s–early 1960s revival with films and television shows such as American Graffiti , M*A*S*H , Grease , Happy Days and Peggy Sue Got Married set in this time period. Retrogaming is a pastime which is becoming increasingly popular where individuals play video games on vintage computers or

1425-458: The Royal Navy . The progressive improvement in canning stimulated the 1855 invention of the can opener . Robert Yeates, a cutlery and surgical instrument maker of Trafalgar Place West, Hackney Road, Middlesex , UK, devised a claw-ended can opener with a hand-operated tool that haggled its way around the top of metal cans. In 1858, another lever-type opener of a more complex shape was patented in

1482-487: The history of art , after Neoclassicism which in the Romantic era could itself be considered a historicist movement, the 19th century included a new historicist phase characterized by an interpretation not only of Greek and Roman classicism , but also of succeeding stylistic eras, which were increasingly respected. In particular in architecture and in the genre of history painting , in which historical subjects were treated with great attention to accurate period detail,

1539-503: The 1970s reappraised in film and novels the conduct of French civilians during the Nazi occupation. The term rétro was soon applied to nostalgic French fashions that recalled the same period. Shortly thereafter retro was introduced into English by the fashion and culture press, where it suggests a rather cynical revival of older but relatively recent fashions. In Simulacra and Simulation , French theorist Jean Baudrillard describes retro as

1596-531: The 1970s, the 1960s, or 1950s. The value of old artifacts has increased, because the objects used to be considered old-fashioned and every day. In this case ‘retro’ indicates a value, which is also partly why today's retailers produce new objects in an old style. Long before the use of the word retro , graphic design made reference to earlier graphic characteristics. William Morris can be seen as an example: for book design and other purposes he adopted Medieval production and stylistic models in 1891. Furthermore, in

1653-416: The 1980s pastel revival being a rebirth of a 1950s trend). Also at this time, late 1980s-style high-waisted mom jeans made a comeback with female hipsters . In the 2010s and 2020s, 1990s fashion has made a comeback: many of the fabrics and patterns ubiquitous in that decade (such as crushed velvet and floral) are popular now, and Dr. Martens , a shoe brand popular in the 1990s, also made a strong comeback in

1710-487: The 1980s, design history emerged as a discipline and several histories of design were published. The access to these overviews and the ability to experiment with computer design programs has caused an increase of retro designed objects in the last decades. Interior design magazines often show retro style as an interior decoration of mixed styles and objects from the past, second hand and new. For example, 1970s patterned wallpapers, combined with second-hand furniture also from

1767-798: The 20th century. The Arts and Crafts style managed to combine a looser vernacular historicism with elements of Art Nouveau and other contemporary styles. The influence of historicism remained strong until the 1950s in many countries. When postmodern architecture became widely popular during the 1980s, a Neohistorism style followed, that is still prominent and can be found around the world, especially in representative and upper-class buildings. International British Empire France Austria and Germany Greece and Balkans Italy Mexico Netherlands Portugal Romania Russian Empire and USSR Scandinavia Spain United States Packaging and labeling Packaging

Retro style - Misplaced Pages Continue

1824-595: The American Francis Wolle patented a machine for automated bag-making in 1852. Packaging advancements in the early 20th century included Bakelite closures on bottles , transparent cellophane overwraps and panels on cartons . These innovations increased processing efficiency and improved food safety . As additional materials such as aluminum and several types of plastic were developed, they were incorporated into packages to improve performance and functionality. In 1952, Michigan State University became

1881-555: The Net Contents of Packaged Goods. This is a procedural guide for compliance testing of net contents and is referenced by several other regulatory agencies. Other regions and countries have their own regulatory requirements. For example, the UK has its Weights and Measures (Packaged Goods) Regulations as well as several other regulations . In the EEA , products with hazardous formulas need to have

1938-618: The United States by Ezra Warner of Waterbury, Connecticut . Set-up boxes were first used in the 16th century and modern folding cartons date back to 1839. The first corrugated box was produced commercially in 1817 in England. Corrugated (also called pleated) paper received a British patent in 1856 and was used as a liner for tall hats. Scottish-born Robert Gair invented the pre-cut paperboard box in 1890—flat pieces manufactured in bulk that folded into boxes. Gair's invention came about as

1995-644: The automated input of identification codes and other data, and EDI moves data between trading partners within the distribution channel. Elements of these core technologies include UPC and EAN item identification codes, the SCC-14 (UPC shipping container code), the SSCC-18 (Serial Shipping Container Codes), Interleaved 2-of-5 and UCC/EAN-128 (newly designated GS1-128 ) bar code symbologies , and ANSI ASC X12 and UN/EDIFACT EDI standards. Small parcel carriers often have their own formats. For example, United Parcel Service has

2052-545: The beginning of the twentieth century, Gothic, Baroque and Rococo motifs were used for new products. In typography , classicism has always been an influence and throughout the 20th century, and in early woodcut printing as well. The introduction of the technique of photocomposition in the 1960s allowed typographers greater flexibility in the selection and arrangement of type styles and sizes. For example, psychedelic typefaces were developed, gaining inspiration from Art Nouveau and other cultures. Historicist styles are also used in

2109-410: The completed package will keep the product safe for its intended shelf life with normal usage. Packaging processes, labeling, distribution, and sale need to be validated to assure that they comply with regulations that have the well being of the consumer in mind. Sometimes the objectives of package development seem contradictory. For example, regulations for an over-the-counter drug might require

2166-572: The customers after they were sold. The use of tinplate for packaging dates back to the 18th century. The manufacturing of tinplate was the monopoly of Bohemia for a long time; in 1667 Andrew Yarranton , an English engineer , and Ambrose Crowley brought the method to England where it was improved by ironmasters including Philip Foley . By 1697, John Hanbury had a rolling mill at Pontypool for making "Pontypoole Plates". The method pioneered there of rolling iron plates by means of cylinders enabled more uniform black plates to be produced than

2223-463: The early 2010s, as 2011–12 was the British company's best-selling season of all time. The style now called retro art is a genre of pop art which was developed from the 1940s to 1960s, in response to a need for bold, eye-catching graphics that were easy to reproduce on simple presses available at the time in major centres. Retro advertising art has experienced a resurgence in popularity since its style

2280-480: The first university in the world to offer a degree in Packaging Engineering . In-plant recycling has long been typical for producing packaging materials. Post-consumer recycling of aluminum and paper-based products has been economical for many years: since the 1980s, post-consumer recycling has increased due to curbside recycling , consumer awareness, and regulatory pressure. Many prominent innovations in

2337-471: The global influence of historicism was especially strong from the 1850s onwards. The change is often related to the rise of the bourgeoisie during and after the Industrial Revolution . By the end of the century, in the fin de siècle , Symbolism and Art Nouveau followed by Expressionism and Modernism acted to make Historicism look outdated, although many large public commissions continued in

Retro style - Misplaced Pages Continue

2394-533: The identification of all the requirements: structural design, marketing , shelf life , quality assurance , logistics , legal, regulatory, graphic design , end-use, environmental, etc. The design criteria, performance (specified by package testing ), completion time targets, resources, and cost constraints need to be established and agreed upon. Package design processes often employ rapid prototyping , computer-aided design , computer-aided manufacturing and document automation . An example of how package design

2451-438: The natural materials available at the time: baskets of reeds, wineskins ( bota bags ), wooden boxes , pottery vases , ceramic amphorae , wooden barrels , woven bags, etc. Processed materials were used to form packages as they were developed: first glass and bronze vessels. The study of old packages is an essential aspect of archaeology . The first usage of paper for packaging was sheets of treated mulberry bark used by

2508-495: The original hardware is unavailable. A handful of airlines have chosen to paint a historical livery on a single selected aircraft in their modern fleet, typically as a marketing device or to commemorate an anniversary. In Japan, Showa retro is retro related to the Showa era . Historicism (art) Historicism or historism comprises artistic styles that draw their inspiration from recreating historic styles or imitating

2565-571: The package to be tamper-evident and child resistant : These intentionally make the package difficult to open. The intended consumer, however, might be disabled or elderly and unable to readily open the package. Meeting all goals is a challenge. Package design may take place within a company or with various degrees of external packaging engineering : independent contractors , consultants , vendor evaluations, independent laboratories, contract packagers, total outsourcing , etc. Some sort of formal project planning and project management methodology

2622-418: The packaging industry were developed first for military use. Some military supplies are packaged in the same commercial packaging used for general industry. Other military packaging must transport materiel , supplies, foods, etc. under severe distribution and storage conditions. Packaging problems encountered in World War II led to Military Standard or "mil spec" regulations being applied to packaging, which

2679-460: The packaging line, capital cost, floorspace, flexibility (change-over, materials, multiple products, etc.), energy requirements, quality of outgoing packages, qualifications (for food, pharmaceuticals, etc.), throughput, efficiency, productivity, ergonomics , return on investment , etc. Packaging machinery can be: Efforts at packaging line automation increasingly use programmable logic controllers and robotics . Packaging machines may be of

2736-411: The packaging sector accounted for about two percent of the gross national product in developed countries . About half of this market was related to food packaging . In 2019 the global food packaging market size was estimated at USD 303.26 billion, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.2% over the forecast period. Growing demand for packaged food by consumers owing to quickening pace of life and changing eating habits

2793-416: The past emerged and a broader range of objects from the recent past was used for new designs. Before the word retro came into use in the 1970s, the practice of adopting old styles for new designs was already common. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, designers borrowed from the past, for example, classicistic style. The difference is that since the 1960s, people started to refer to the recent past. In

2850-463: The promotion and packaging of food and household products, referring to childhood memories and domestic nostalgic ideals. In logo designing, retro logos have been highlighted. Brands have incorporated retro logo designs to highlight their brand's voice and message: clean, classic, and reminiscent of the recent past. In the 2000s and 2010s, there was a revival of pastel and neon colors, stereotypically associated with 1980s and early 1990s fashion (with

2907-514: The term from the design field. Until the 1960s, interiors were often decorated with antiques . During the 1960s in London, shops started selling pieces of second-hand furniture. These shops differed from the previous antique shops because they sold daily life objects from the recent past. These objects used to be seen as junk: Victorian enamel signs, stuffed bears, old furniture painted with union jacks, bowler hats etc. A new way of producing and consuming

SECTION 50

#1732855003924

2964-423: The tin canning process was patented by British merchant Peter Durand in 1810. After receiving the patent, Durand did not himself follow up with canning food. He sold his patent in 1812 to two other Englishmen, Bryan Donkin and John Hall, who refined the process and product and set up the world's first commercial canning factory on Southwark Park Road, London. By 1813, they were producing the first canned goods for

3021-407: The type of product being packaged: medical device packaging, bulk chemical packaging, over-the-counter drug packaging, retail food packaging , military materiel packaging, pharmaceutical packaging, etc. It is sometimes convenient to categorize packages by layer or function: primary , secondary , tertiary ,etc. These broad categories can be somewhat arbitrary. For example, depending on

3078-593: The use, a shrink wrap can be primary packaging when applied directly to the product, secondary packaging when used to combine smaller packages, or tertiary packaging when used to facilitate some types of distribution, such as to affix a number of cartons on a pallet. Packaging can also have categories based on the package form. For example, thermoform packaging and flexible packaging describe broad usage areas. Many types of symbols for package labeling are nationally and internationally standardized. For consumer packaging, symbols exist for product certifications (such as

3135-418: The work of historic artists and artisans. This is especially common in architecture, where there are many different styles of Revival architecture , which dominated large buildings in the 19th century. Through a combination of different styles or the implementation of new elements, historicism can create completely different aesthetics than former styles. Thus, it offers a great variety of possible designs. In

3192-527: Was possible with the former practice of hammering . Tinplate boxes first began to be sold from ports in the Bristol Channel in 1725. The tinplate was shipped from Newport, Monmouthshire . By 1805, 80,000 boxes were made and 50,000 exported. Tobacconists in London began packaging snuff in metal-plated canisters from the 1760s onwards. With the discovery of the importance of airtight containers for food preservation by French inventor Nicholas Appert ,

3249-581: Was then designated "military specification packaging". As a prominent concept in the military, mil spec packaging officially came into being around 1941, due to operations in Iceland experiencing critical losses, ultimately attributed to bad packaging. In most cases, mil spec packaging solutions (such as barrier materials, field rations , antistatic bags , and various shipping crates ) are similar to commercial grade packaging materials, but subject to more stringent performance and quality requirements. As of 2003 ,

#923076