Misplaced Pages

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34-608: The name of the maneuver was based on the R-bar and V-bar lines that are used in the approach of the space station. R-bar or Earth Radius Vector is an imaginary line connecting the space station to the center of the Earth. V-bar would be the velocity vector of the space station. The shuttle approached the station along the R-bar line and at a small distance from the ISS, usually around 600 feet (180 meters),

68-504: A damaged portion of Endeavour ' s heat shield was performed by the STS-118 crew later in the mission after ground engineers reviewed the RPM photographs. Expedition 16 crewmembers Clay Anderson and Yuri Malenchenko photographed and videotaped the RPM of Discovery during STS-120 . During STS-121 , the rendezvous pitch maneuver was performed at 14:02 UTC on July 6, 2006, when Discovery

102-484: Is a former cosmonaut and commander of the International Space Station . He has flown into space three times, aboard Mir and the International Space Station , and was one of the top 10 astronauts in terms of total time in space after his third spaceflight. Vinogradov has also conducted seven spacewalks in his cosmonaut career, and holds the record for the oldest person to perform a spacewalk. Vinogradov

136-665: Is married to Irina Valentinovna Vinogradova (née Zakharova); they have one child. His hobbies include game sports, history of aviation and cosmonautics and astronomy. Vinogradov graduated from Moscow Aviation Institute in 1977. Vinogradov was awarded the Hero of the Russian Federation medal. From 1977 to 1983 Vinogradov specialized in software development for automated interactive designing systems of recoverable vehicles, development of aerodynamics and aerodyne arrangement design models, computer graphics. In 1983 he started working for

170-485: Is the Earth-centered inertial (ECI) system defined as follows: The ECI reference frame is not truly inertial because of the slow, 26,000 year precession of Earth's axis , so the reference frames defined by Earth's orientation at a standard astronomical epoch such as B1950 or J2000 are also commonly used. Many other reference frames can be used to meet various application requirements, including those centered on

204-745: Is the unit vector tangent to the trajectory, then v = v u ^ t {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} =v{\hat {\mathbf {u} }}_{t}} The velocity vector v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} \,} can be derived from position vector r {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} } by differentiation with respect to time: v = d r d t {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} ={\frac {d\mathbf {r} }{dt}}} An object's state vector can be used to compute its classical or Keplerian orbital elements and vice versa. Each representation has its advantages. The elements are more descriptive of

238-711: The Zvezda service module. Malenchenko had been directed to take extra images of the starboard OMS pod , so an "area of interest" on the thermal blanket could be evaluated. Some 300 images were expected to be captured. Orbital state vectors In astrodynamics and celestial dynamics , the orbital state vectors (sometimes state vectors ) of an orbit are Cartesian vectors of position ( r {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} } ) and velocity ( v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} } ) that together with their time ( epoch ) ( t {\displaystyle t} ) uniquely determine

272-656: The Head Design Bureau of RSC Energia. He worked on flight procedure verification for Soyuz-TM and Buran spacecraft, development of automated crew training systems. He has also participated in launch preparation of the Soyuz-TM, Buran spacecraft and Energia rocket. He was selected for the cosmonaut program on 3 March 1992 and spent the next two years in training. From October 1992 to February 1994, he completed generic space training at GCTC. From May 1994 to February 1995, he completed advanced test-cosmonaut training. Vinogradov

306-459: The ISS Expedition 11 , using handheld Kodak 760 DCS digital cameras. On this occasion, astronaut Stephen Robinson undertook a precautionary spacewalk to remove protruding gap fillers prior to re-entry. During STS-115 , Atlantis ' belly was photographed by the ISS Expedition 13 . During STS-116 , Discovery , commanded by Mark L. Polansky , performed the RPM and was photographed by

340-473: The ISS Expedition 14 . During the RPM of STS-117 performed by mission commander Rick Sturckow , Sunita Williams and another member of Expedition 15 used 400mm and 800mm lenses for taking photos out of two windows of the ISS. During STS-118 the RPM of Endeavour was photographed by Expedition 15 . The maneuver was videotaped by Clay Anderson and photographed by Fyodor Yurchikhin and Oleg Kotov with 800mm and 400mm lenses. A Focused Inspection of

374-479: The ISS on 31 March 2006. During their mission, Vinogradov and Williams hosted two NASA shuttle crews during their stay on board the ISS. Space Shuttle Discovery visited the ISS between 6–15 July 2006. The main purposes of STS-121 were to test new safety and repair techniques introduced following the Columbia disaster as well as to deliver supplies, equipment and ESA astronaut Thomas Reiter from Germany to

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408-550: The ISS. Space Shuttle Atlantis brought the P3/P4 truss and its solar wings to the ISS during its STS-115 mission from September 9 to 21. The Soyuz capsule carrying Vinogradov undocked from the ISS at 5:53 p.m. EDT on 28 September 2006, and landed in the steppes of Kazakhstan near Arkalyk at 9:13 p.m. EDT. Vinogradov was joined by NASA astronaut Jeffrey Williams and Spaceflight Participant Anousheh Ansari . Vinogradov spent 182 days, 23 hours and 44 minutes in space on board

442-545: The Keplerian elements computed from the state vector at any moment are only valid for a short period of time and need to be recomputed often to determine a valid object state. Such element sets are known as osculating elements because they coincide with the actual orbit only at that moment. Pavel Vinogradov Pavel Vladimirovich Vinogradov ( Russian : Павел Владимирович Виноградов ; born 31 August 1953 in Magadan , USSR )

476-734: The Soyuz spacecraft and the ISS. Pavel flew with ISS Expeditions 35 and 36, from March to September 2013. On 12 May 2013 Pavel assumed command of the International Space Station. Vinogradov has conducted seven spacewalks during his cosmonaut career. Five of these spacewalks were in 1997 and 1998 during his stay on board the Mir space station. His EVA time through seven spacewalks is 38 hours and 25 minutes. On 22 August 1997 Vinogradov completed his first career spacewalk. He and fellow cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyov began their spacewalk at 11:14 UTC. During

510-419: The Soyuz spacecraft docked with Mir on 7 August. The crew repaired the power cable and harness/connectors in the severely damaged Spektr module and restored much of the lost power. They also repaired and replaced the oxygen generators in Mir. Vinogradov, Solovyev along and ESA astronaut Léopold Eyharts returned to Earth on 19 February 1998. The Soyuz capsule landed 30 km of Arkalyk at 09:10 UTC. During

544-578: The Sun or on other planets or moons, the one defined by the barycenter and total angular momentum of the solar system (in particular the ICRF ), or even a spacecraft's own orbital plane and angular momentum. The position vector r {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} } describes the position of the body in the chosen frame of reference , while the velocity vector v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} } describes its velocity in

578-566: The airlock of the Pirs docking compartment. Vinogradov was slated to hit a golf ball into space during the spacewalk as part of an agreement between Russia's Federal Space Agency and the Canadian golf equipment firm Element 21 Golf Co. However, it was canceled. On 19 April 2013 Pavel Vinogradov and Roman Romanenko performed a 6:38 EVA (Russian EVA 32). [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

612-502: The effects of its own inertia and gravity. For example, it could be a spacecraft or missile in a suborbital trajectory. If other forces such as drag or thrust are significant, they must be added vectorially to those of gravity when performing the integration to determine future position and velocity. For any object moving through space, the velocity vector is tangent to the trajectory. If u ^ t {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {u} }}_{t}}

646-592: The entire EVA installing solar panels. The spacewalk began at 00:12 UTC and ended at 06:24 UTC. The excursion lasted 6 hours and 12 minutes. On 8 January 1998 Vinogradov completed his fifth career spacewalk, again with Anatoly Solovyov. The duo retrieved equipment and repaired leaking EVA hatch. The spacewalk began at 23:08 UTC and ended at 02:14 UTC. The excursion lasted 3 hours and 6 minutes. On 2 June 2006 Vinogradov performed his sixth career spacewalk. Vinogradov and NASA astronaut Jeffrey Williams spent six hours and 31 minutes making repairs and collecting experiments along

680-845: The excursion the two spacewalkers, connect power cables, inspected damage on the Spektr module and retrieved equipment. The spacewalk lasted 3 hours and 16 minutes. On 20 October 1997 Vinogradov conducted his second career spacewalk inside the Spektr module, with Anatoly Solovyov. The duo began their spacewalk at 09:40 UTC. The spacewalk ended at 16:18 UTC. The duration of the spacewalk was 6 hours and 38 minutes. On 3 November 1997 Vinogradov completed his third career spacewalk, again with Anatoly Solovyov. The two dismantled solar panels and deployed Sputnik 40 . The spacewalk began at 03:32 UTC and ended at 09:36 UTC. The excursion lasted 6 hours and 4 minutes. On 6 November 1997 Vinogradov completed his fourth career spacewalk, again with Anatoly Solovyov. The two spent

714-400: The external tank and hitting the shield at liftoff. The damage was too great for the heat shield to protect the shuttle from the heat and structural strain of atmospheric reentry , causing it to break apart. For this reason, the integrity of the heat shield had been a critical concern of NASA ever since. The maneuver was first performed by Mission Commander Eileen Collins on STS-114 , which

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748-437: The gravity of the primary body. The state vectors ( r {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} } and v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} } ) can be easily used to compute the specific angular momentum vector as Because even satellites in low Earth orbit experience significant perturbations from non-spherical Earth's figure , solar radiation pressure , lunar tide , and atmospheric drag ,

782-580: The maneuver is complete the shuttle flew from the R-bar to the V-bar, a 90-degree angle change as seen from ISS and then continued along the V-bar line to close in on the space station and eventually complete the docking. The rendezvous pitch maneuver was developed by NASA engineers Steve Walker, Mark Schrock and Jessica LoPresti after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster . Columbia had sustained damage to its heat shield due to insulating foam breaking off

816-594: The mission, Vinogradov spent 197 days, 17 hours, and 34 minutes in space. In January 2004, Vinogradov began training as the ISS Expedition 13 crew commander. The mission was launched aboard the Soyuz TMA-8 with Vinogradov and NASA astronaut Jeffrey Williams from the Baikonour Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on 29 March 2006. Vinogradov served as the Soyuz commander. After two days of solo flight, Soyuz TMA-8 docked with

850-504: The product G M {\displaystyle GM} of gravitational constant and attractive mass at the center of the orbit are known, position and velocity are the initial values for that second order differential equation for r ( t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} (t)} which has a unique solution. The body does not actually have to be in orbit for its state vectors to determine its trajectory; it only has to move ballistically , i.e., solely under

884-470: The same frame at the same time. Together, these two vectors and the time at which they are valid uniquely describe the body's trajectory as detailed in Orbit determination . The principal reasoning is that Newton's law of gravitation yields an acceleration r ¨ = − G M / r 2 {\displaystyle {\ddot {\mathbf {r} }}=-GM/r^{2}} ; if

918-457: The shuttle performed a slow 360° pitch , during which it exposed its underside, the heat shield, to the ISS. The crew inside the ISS visually inspected and photographed the heat shield to determine whether or not it had been damaged during liftoff and ascent. This maneuver required skilled piloting, as the Shuttle commander must fly very close to the ISS without the station always in full view. After

952-466: The size, shape and orientation of an orbit, and may be used to quickly and easily estimate the object's state at any arbitrary time provided its motion is accurately modeled by the two-body problem with only small perturbations. On the other hand, the state vector is more directly useful in a numerical integration that accounts for significant, arbitrary, time-varying forces such as drag, thrust and gravitational perturbations from third bodies as well as

986-419: The space station's Elektron oxygen generator. Vinogradov and Williams also replaced a broken video camera that provides key views from the space station's railcar-like Mobile Base System. During the spacewalk, Vinogradov watched a foot restraint adapter, which had previously linked him to the station's Strela crane, drift off into space. The spacewalk ended at 1:19 a.m. EDT when the two spacewalkers re-entered

1020-451: The space station's exterior. Their excursion lasted almost an hour longer than planned after the astronauts fell behind in their work schedule. The two spacewalkers began their spacewalk at 22:48 GMT, when they stepped outside the Pirs docking compartment airlock. The spacewalking duo completed two key ISS repairs. Vinogradov replaced a clogged vent nozzle used to dump excess hydrogen overboard by

1054-426: The trajectory of the orbiting body in space. Orbital state vectors come in many forms including the traditional Position-Velocity vectors, Two-line element set (TLE), and Vector Covariance Matrix (VCM). State vectors are defined with respect to some frame of reference , usually but not always an inertial reference frame . One of the more popular reference frames for the state vectors of bodies moving near Earth

Rendezvous pitch maneuver - Misplaced Pages Continue

1088-460: Was one of Space Shuttle Discovery ' s two "Return To Flight" missions after the Columbia STS-107 disaster. During STS-114 , the rendezvous pitch maneuver was performed by Commander Eileen Collins shortly before docking with the ISS at 11:18 UTC on July 28, 2005, when Space Shuttle Discovery was photographed by Commander Sergei Krikalev and Flight Engineer John L. Phillips , of

1122-419: Was photographed by Commander Pavel Vinogradov and Flight Engineer Jeffrey Williams of the ISS Expedition 13 , using 400mm and 800mm lenses. The STS-122 RPM occurred on February 9, 2008. From 16:24 to 16:31 UTC, Atlantis pilot Alan G. Poindexter performed the RPM. The RPM was photographed by Expedition 16 crew members Peggy Whitson and Yuri Malenchenko with 400mm and 800mm lenses, respectively, from

1156-567: Was the backup flight engineer for the Soyuz TM-22 flight, launched on 3 September 1995. He was assigned to the Soyuz TM-24 flight, but the entire crew was grounded when the flight commander, Gennadi Manakov , experienced heart problems. Vinogradov flew as the flight engineer on Soyuz TM-26 on 5 August 1997 with cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyev to the Mir space station. After two days of autonomous flight

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