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54-610: Rehavia was established in the early 1920s on lands leased from the Greek Orthodox Church . It was designed by the German-born Jewish architect Richard Kauffmann , who envisioned it as a garden suburb inspired by garden city principles and the International Style . The neighbourhood is marked by its tranquil character, achieved through narrow, curved streets intended to minimise traffic and commercial activity, which

108-763: A boycott of Theophilos. In December 2007, the Israeli government finally granted Theophilos full recognition. The dominance of ethnic Greeks in the Church's hierarchy excludes the Arab majority from its upper ranks. This has been a point of endless contention within the church and among its outside supporters, with the Greeks backed by the Greek government , Israel, and the Turkey-based Ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople , in opposition to

162-591: A long siege of Jerusalem , Patriarch Sophronius surrendered Jerusalem to Caliph Umar , but secured the Covenant of Umar I , which recognised Christian rights to protection. In 638, the Armenian Apostolic Church began appointing its own bishop in Jerusalem . After 638, however, Christians suffered many persecutions. Christian shrines were repeatedly ransacked and defaced by the successors of Umur, and there

216-667: A main boulevard, avoiding an excessive sense of symmetry. For legal reasons the land was transferred back to the PLDC in exchange for lands in the Jezreel Valley , but the JNF retained some real-estate in the neighborhood. The Gymnasia Rehavia high school, Yeshurun Synagogue, and the Jewish Agency building were built on this land, overlooking the Old City . Rehavia's general outline was modelled after

270-538: A street was named Keren Kayemet Le'Israel to honor the 25th year of the Jewish National Fund. In 1934, the Rehavia neighborhood council decided to change the name of this street to Rechov Ussishkin, and move Keren Kayemet Le'Israel Street to its present location. Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem , also known as the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem ,

324-730: Is " Aghion House ", at No. 3 Balfour Street, on the corner with Smolenskin Street. When the Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie was exiled from Ethiopia in 1936, he lived for a short time on Al-Harizi Street. Rehavia became known as a neighborhood of upper-class Ashkenazi Jews , home to professors and intellectuals, particularly émigrés from Germany. Many of the country's early leaders lived in Rehavia: David Ben-Gurion , Israel's first prime minister, who lived on Ben Maimon street; Zionist leader Arthur Ruppin ; Menachem Ussishkin, head of

378-649: Is an autocephalous church within the wider communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity . Established in the mid-fifth century as one of the oldest patriarchates in Christendom , it is headquartered in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and led by the patriarch of Jerusalem , currently Theophilos III . The patriarchate's ecclesiastical jurisdiction includes roughly 200,000 to 500,000 Orthodox Christians across

432-426: Is composed of several square blocks connected to one another and in the center of the building there is a stairway, decorated with a row of windows in the front. The front of the building also includes a section molded in a circular way, and in a boat-like fashion typical of the International Style . The house is coated with Jerusalem stone . The premises include an inner courtyard ( patio )—an element that differs from

486-660: Is home to national institutions such as the Jewish Agency , Jewish National Fund , and Keren Hayesod, and the home of former Prime Minister Levi Eshkol , and Beit Aghion – the Prime Minister's official residence. Historical buildings include the original residence of President Yitzhak Ben-Zvi , the Yad Ben-Zvi institute , Jason's Tomb , the Great Synagogue and the Yeshurun Central Synagogue. The neighborhood

540-477: The Apostolic Age , the early centers of Christianity consisted of an indefinite number of local churches that initially looked to Jerusalem as its main centre and point of reference. Some found their way to Antioch, where they undertook evangelical efforts, and to whom the term "Christians" was first used. Nevertheless, Jerusalem was consistently central to Christianity . During the first Christian centuries

594-757: The Arabization of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, known as the Arab Orthodox Movement , started in the 19th century. The movement began within the context of rising Arab nationalism , inspired by 19th-century nationalist movements in the Balkans, which merged demands for religious reforms and national emancipation under the Ottoman Empire , and the successful Arabization of Syria and Lebanon's Antioch Patriarchate in 1899 . It demands

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648-623: The Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136). By or during that time, the Christians had returned to Jerusalem. However, to punish the Jews for their revolt and to prevent further unrest, Jerusalem was made a Roman colony and renamed Aelia Capitolina by Hadrian . In 135, the Metropolitan of Caesarea appointed Marcus as the first bishop of the renamed Church of Aelia Capitolina . He was the first gentile bishop of

702-611: The Holy Land in Palestine, Jordan and Israel. The church traces its foundation in Jerusalem to the day of Pentecost , when the Holy Spirit , according to Christian beliefs, descended on the disciples of Jesus Christ and ushered the spread of the Gospel . The church celebrates its liturgy in the ancient Byzantine Rite – whose sacred language , Koine Greek , is the original language of

756-659: The Holy Land , sometimes jointly with the Roman Catholic Church and the Oriental Churches ( Egyptian , Syrian , Ethiopian and Armenian Orthodox Christians). Theophilos III became patriarch of the church at a very difficult time in its history. The politics of the Middle East and the delicacy of the relations with the Palestinian Authority , Israel and Jordan continues to make the role and place of

810-525: The Jewish National Fund ; Golda Meir , Israel's fourth prime minister; Daniel Auster , the first Jewish mayor of Jerusalem, and philosophers Hugo Bergmann and Gershon Scholem . Among the government ministers who made their home in Rehavia were Dov Yosef and Yosef Burg . Landmark buildings in Rehavia include the headquarters of the Jewish Agency for Israel, the windmill on Ramban Street, and

864-520: The New Testament – and follows its own liturgical year under the Julian calendar . The majority of Orthodox Christians under the patriarchate are Palestinians and Jordanians , with minorities of Russians , Romanians , and Georgians . However, the church's hierarchy has been dominated by Greek clergy since its creation, which has been a source of recurring tension and dispute. A movement to Arabize

918-684: The Orthodox patriarch of Jerusalem . In 1099, the crusaders captured Jerusalem , setting up the Kingdom of Jerusalem and establishing a Latin hierarchy under a Latin patriarch , and expelling the Orthodox patriarch. The Latin patriarch resided in Jerusalem from 1099 to 1187, while Greek patriarchs continued to be appointed, but resided in Constantinople . In 1187, the Crusaders were forced to flee Jerusalem, and

972-521: The Ratisbonne Monastery. Gymnasia Rehavia, the country's second modern high school (after Gymnasia Herzliya in Tel Aviv ) was built on Keren Kayemet Street in 1928. Yitzhak Ben Zvi , who was to become the second president of Israel, and his future wife, Rachel Yanait , were teachers there. In the center of historic Rehavia is Yad Ben-Zvi, a research institute established by Ben-Zvi. Jason's Tomb

1026-700: The church at this place was the centre of Christianity in Jerusalem, "Holy and glorious Sion, mother of all churches." Certainly no spot in Christendom can be more venerable than the place of the Last Supper , which became the first Christian church. Before the outbreak of the First Jewish–Roman War (66-73 AD) and the destruction of Herod's Temple in 70 by Titus , Christians led by Simeon fled to Pella in Decapolis ( Jordan ), where they remained until 135. The Jews of Judea again revolted against Rome in

1080-469: The garden cities of Europe (especially Germany, e.g. the quarters of Dahlem or Grunewald in Berlin ), while the architecture of the buildings shows an emphasis on the International Style popular at the time. The first phase, called Rehavia Aleph, was bordered by King George Street to the east, Ramban Street to the south, Ussishkin Street to the west, and Keren Kayemet Street to the north. To preserve

1134-538: The palladium of Christianity, the Precious Cross. Chrysostomos Papadopoulos writes in his history of the patriarchate: "The Churches and the monasteries, inside and outside Jerusalem, were destroyed; the Christians were brutally slaughtered … thousands of prisoners purchased by Jews were slaughtered. Anything good that existed was destroyed or was plundered by the invaders. The monks were slaughtered mercilessly, especially those of St Savvas Monastery ." In 637, after

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1188-625: The Church of Jerusalem (or Aelia Capitolina), all the previous ones having been Jewish. The persecution of Jews by Roman authorities in Judea increased, with most of the Jewish and Christian population of Judea being enslaved and dispersed throughout the Roman Empire. The importance and place of Jerusalem in the life of the Christian Church diminished, though a Jewish and Christian remnant always remained in

1242-787: The Government Campus in Jerusalem − the "Shira" project. Additionally, it was recommended that until a new building is constructed, the Prime Minister's Office should rectify and repair safety and protection deficiencies in the Beit Aghion. Nevertheless, Beit Aghion has not been renovated since Netanyahu vacated in July 2021. Nor has building of a new residence been initiated. Since Netanyahu returned to office in 2023, he has resided in his homes in Caesarea and on Gaza Road in Jerusalem. On June 30, 2024, Netanyahu's government approved NIS 37.5 million to build

1296-653: The Head of Government ) or metonymously as Balfour is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Israel . It is located at 9 Smolenskin Street, on the corner of Balfour Street in the upscale central Jerusalem neighborhood of Rehavia . The house was built between 1936 and 1938 for Greek-Jewish merchant Edward Aghion, an affluent resident of Alexandria in Egypt . It was designed by German architect Richard Kauffmann . In 1941, Peter II, King of Yugoslavia resided in

1350-546: The Israeli Government withheld recognition of Theophilos as the new patriarch, and continued to only recognize Irenaios as patriarch. This position has been criticised as defying the unanimous decision by representatives of all Eastern Orthodox churches meeting at the Phanar at the call of the ecumenical patriarch withdrawing communion from Irineos and recognizing Theophilos's canonical election. Israel's refusal to recognise

1404-837: The Israeli Prime Minister between 1950 and 1974, to Beit Aghion. During the 1990s, a wall was erected around the house for security reasons and a segment of Balfour Street was closed to traffic. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu resided in Beit Aghion until July 2021, more than a month after he was ousted from office by a coalition headed by Naftali Bennett and Yair Lapid. Since then, renovations have been underway at Beit Aghion. During their terms as Prime Minister, Bennett remained in his family residence in Ra’anana and Lapid largely lived in Tel Aviv during his tenure as prime minister. The building

1458-744: The Israeli government for 99 years, with an option to extend. Even Israel’s parliament, the Knesset , was built on lands owned by the Greek Orthodox Church. The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate's properties also include historic buildings in Jerusalem's Old City , including the Imperial and Petra hotels, inside the Jaffa Gate of the Old City, as well as extensive areas in the Palestinian territories . In 2005, it

1512-621: The Orthodox patriarch returned to Jerusalem. The Catholic Church continued to appoint Latin patriarchs, though the office holder resided in Rome until 1847, when they were permitted to return to the Middle East by the Ottoman authorities. The Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre , which is closely linked to the Orthodox Church of Jerusalem, remains the custodian of many of the Christian Holy places in

1566-815: The Patriarchate and of the Holy Synod is Patriarch Theophilos III (Ilias Giannopoulos), Patriarch of the Holy City of Jerusalem and all Palestine , Israel, Syria , beyond the Jordan River , Cana of Galilee and Holy Zion . Gates 1. Jaffa 2. Zion 3. Dung 4. Golden 5. Lions 6. Herod 7. Damascus 8. New ( Double, Single, Tanners ' ) Al-Mawazin Beit Aghion Beit Aghion ( Hebrew : בית אגיון , Aghion House ), also known as Beit Rosh HaMemshala ( Hebrew : בית ראש הממשלה , lit. House of

1620-603: The appointment of an Arab patriarch, Arab laity control over Jerusalem patriarchate's properties for social and educational purposes, and the use of the Arabic as a liturgical language . Initially a church movement among Palestine and Transjordan 's Orthodox Arab Christians , it was later supported as a Palestinian and Arab nationalist cause and championed by Arab Muslims, owing to the Greek-dominated patriarchate's early support to Zionism . The Arab Orthodox laity maintains that

1674-613: The area was known in Arabic as Ginzaria, a native Jerusalem plant, also spelled Janjirieh. The Jewish National Fund (JNF) bought the land and commissioned the German-Jewish architect Richard Kauffmann to design a garden neighborhood . Kauffmann, who referred to it as the Janziriah project, prepared plans for a neighbourhood featuring homes surrounded by gardens and an orderly, but not too strict, grid of streets and footpaths on either sides of

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1728-415: The bishops of Aelia Capitolina until 325. At the First Council of Nicaea in 325, though the bishop of Aelia Capitolina was still subordinate to the Metropolitan of Caesarea , the council accorded the bishop a certain undefined precedence in its seventh canon . In a decree issued from the seventh session of the Fourth Ecumenical Council (the Council of Chalcedon ) in 451 the bishop of Jerusalem

1782-544: The case. The Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported on 11 February 2007 that the Israeli government offered to recognize Theophilos if he would give up control of several valuable properties and sell church property only to Israelis. In May 2007, the government of Jordan revoked its previous recognition of Theophilos III, but on 12 June 2007 the Jordanian cabinet reversed its decision and announced that it had once again officially recognised Theophilos as patriarch. Archbishop Theodosios (Hanna) of Sebastia has also called for

1836-680: The church, known as the Arab Orthodox Movement , began in the 19th century. The church serves as custodian of several holy places in Christianity, including the Church of the Nativity , in Bethlehem , where Jesus is said to have been born, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem , which includes the traditional site of Jesus' crucifixion and the empty tomb from which he is believed to have resurrected. Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure : Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Semi-Autonomous: In

1890-434: The city and the land. Despite the strife, persecutions and meager population, bishops continued to be elected or named. Eusebius of Caesarea provides the names of an unbroken succession of thirty-six Bishops of Jerusalem up to the year 324. The first sixteen of these bishops were Jewish—from James the Just to Judas († 135)—and the remainder were Gentiles. The Metropolitans of Caesarea continued to appoint

1944-405: The common International Style, but is common among Islamic-style buildings . The patio was most probably added by request from the Aghion family. On 8 February 2009, the Israeli government approved the Almog Project, which provided that the official residence of the Prime Minister be united with his office within the government complex , thus replacing Beit Aghion. The cost of that planned project

1998-480: The conversion of a large proportion of the population of Roman and Byzantine Syria-Palestina to Christianity; the coming together of pilgrims from around the world; the importance of outstanding bishops, monks, and teachers of the Church of Jerusalem; the struggles of the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre on behalf of Orthodoxy; and the support of various emperors of Byzantium . The Persians occupied Jerusalem in 614 and took Patriarch Zachariah prisoner, along with

2052-400: The destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. In the eleventh century, the Caliph Ali az-Zahir , under a treaty with Byzantium, permitted the reconstruction of the shrines. In the Great Schism of 1054, the patriarch of Jerusalem joined those of Antioch , Constantinople and Alexandria as the Eastern Orthodox Church . All Christians in the Holy Land came under the jurisdiction of

2106-411: The house. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War it served as a hospital for the Irgun fighters. In 1952, the Israeli government purchased the house for the purpose of turning it to an official residence for the Foreign Minister . In 1974, the Israeli Government decided to transfer the official residence of the Prime Minister from Julius Jacobs House ( com ), which had served as the official residence of

2160-434: The native Palestinian clergy, some of whom seek to nationalize the church's leadership. The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem is the second biggest owner of land in Israel , after only the Israeli government. The Greek Church purchased most of its lands from the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century. In the 1950s, shortly after Israel’s independence, the Greek Patriarchate agreed to lease most of its lands in Israel to

2214-412: The patriarch and the patriarchate very challenging. In 2005, a crisis occurred in the church when Irenaios was deposed as patriarch by the Holy Synod of Jerusalem after having sold church property in East Jerusalem to Israeli investors. On August 22, 2005, the Holy Synod of the Church of Jerusalem unanimously elected Archbishop Theophilos of Tabor as the 141st patriarch of Jerusalem. For some time

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2268-402: The patriarch's temporal role inhibited the patriarch's ability to take the Israeli government to court, and froze patriarchal bank accounts. This in turn threatened the maintenance of the Holy Places and the patriarchate school system with 40,000 students. It has been alleged that the origins of the dispute are part of a forty-year attempt by Israeli settler organizations and politicians to open up

2322-441: The patriarchate was forcibly Hellenized in 1543, while the Greek clergy counters by saying that the patriarchate was historically Greek. Opposition to the Greek clergy started violent in the 19th century, when they came under physical attack by the Arab laity in the streets. There were historically also several interventions to solve the conflict by the Ottoman , British (1921-1948), and Jordanian (1948-1967) authorities, owing to

2376-453: The patriarchate's extensive land holdings worth estimated hundreds of millions of dollars. In 2006, Israel refused to renew visas of many of the Greek clergy, which threatened to create to a serious crisis within the church, as most of the monks are Greek citizens. Patriarch Theophilos applied to the Israeli Supreme Court. A decision was due in mid-2006 and then in January 2007, but the Israeli government repeatedly requested further delays in

2430-406: The patriarchate's headquarters being located in East Jerusalem . Despite the city coming under Israeli occupation since 1967 , the patriarchate has continued to function according to a 1958 Jordanian law, which mandates the clergy hold Jordanian citizenship and speak Arabic. To this day, the patriarchate continues to be dominated by Greek clergy, and continues to own vast properties that make it

2484-459: The quiet character, the neighborhood association allowed commercial businesses only on the two main roads at the neighborhood's edges. The roads open to traffic were deliberately built narrow, to keep them less busy and thus quieter. The main, tree-lined boulevard which bisected the neighborhood was open to pedestrian traffic only. Later expansion was primarily to the south, in the direction of Gaza Street . The prime minister 's official residence

2538-497: The second largest landowner in Israel. In recent decades, lawsuits have ensued in Israeli courts between the Arab laity and the patriarchate over ownership of properties, and land sales by the patriarchate to Israeli investors has led to several controversies, the most recent of which led to the dismissal of patriarch Irenaios in 2005. The patriarch's total control over the patriarchate and its vast properties has led to it being described as resembling "small absolute kingdom". Head of

2592-400: Was around 650 million shekels ($ 162 million USD ), and thus was criticized as overly extravagant. On 5 April, the decision to move the official residence of the Prime Minister of Israel was canceled. In 2014, the Almog plan was reinitiated. However, in October 2018, its advancement was halted. In 2019, the Prime Minister's Office began developing an alternative plan, in another location on

2646-737: Was discovered during construction work on Alfasi Street. The Schocken library in Rehavia, assembled by the German-Jewish editor Salman Schocken , houses the largest collection of German books in the country. Most of Rehavia's streets are named after Jewish scholars and poets from the Golden Age of Jewish culture in Spain . Among them are Maimonides (Ben Maimon), Nachmanides (Ramban), Don Isaac Abarbanel , Abraham ibn Ezra , Hasdai ibn Shaprut , Isaac Alfasi , Rabbi David Kimhi (the Radak) , Yehuda Alharizi , Shlomo ibn Aderet (the Rashba) , Benjamin of Tudela , and Dunash ben Labrat . There are few exceptions, most notably Keren Kayemet Le'Israel ( Jewish National Fund ) Street and Ussishkin Street. In 1926,

2700-424: Was elevated to the rank of patriarch , ranked fifth after the sees of Rome , Constantinople , Alexandria , and Antioch (see pentarchy ). Since then, the Church of Jerusalem has remained an autocephalous church. Jerusalem was established as a patriarchate because of the holiness of the place; the special significance acquired between the first and fourth ecumenical councils; the erection of magnificent churches;

2754-471: Was great persecution all around. The most deadly persecution occurred during the time of the Fatamid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (1007–1009), a schizophrenic, named the " Nero of Egypt" for his merciless acts. He persecuted ferociously both Christians and Jews . He ordered that in public Jews were to wear masks representing the head of an ox and bells around their necks; Christians were to wear mourning apparel and crosses one yard in length. Also, Al-Hakim ordered

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2808-449: Was limited to main streets. Early on, it attracted German-Jewish immigrants, affluent Sephardic families, and key leaders of the Yishuv , earning a reputation as an aristocratic enclave. The neighbourhood has been associated with yekke culture . In the modern era, Rehavia remains a desirable residential area, known for its high property values. It continues to host many academics, doctors, judges, and public officials. The neighbourhood

2862-402: Was named by Eliezer Yellin , its first inhabitant and one of its early architects, after Moses ' grandson, "Rehavia", ( 1 Chronicles 23:17, 24:21, 26:25 ). Rehavia was established on a large plot of land purchased in 1921 from the Greek Orthodox Church by the Palestine Land Development Company (PLDC). The first house, built for Eliezer and Thelma Yellin, was completed in 1924. At the time,

2916-434: Was revealed that then patriarch Irenaios had sold lands owned by the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate in East Jerusalem to Jews who seek to increase their presence in what is a predominantly Arab area. The majority of Orthodox Christians in Jerusalem identify as Palestinians, and the sale of lands to Israelis caused a major uproar, which resulted in Irenaios being ousted as patriarch. A political and social movement aiming for

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