Misplaced Pages

#770229

40-432: Regional science was founded in the late 1940s when some economists began to become dissatisfied with the low level of regional economic analysis and felt an urge to upgrade it. But even in this early era, the founders of regional science expected to catch the interest of people from a wide variety of disciplines. Regional science's formal roots date to the aggressive campaigns by Walter Isard and his supporters to promote

80-510: A call for economists to pay more attention to economic geography in a book entitled Geography and Trade , focusing largely on the core regional science concept of agglomeration economies. Krugman's call renewed interest by economists in regional science and, perhaps more importantly, founded what some term the "new economic geography", which enjoys much common ground with regional science. Broadly trained "new economic geographers" combine quantitative work with other research techniques, for example at

120-753: A collection of laboratory protocols, recipes that provide step-by-step instructions for conducting experiments, which in 2018 was made available in SpringerLink instead. Book publications include major reference works, textbooks, monographs and book series; more than 168,000 titles are available as e-books in 24 subject collections. Springer is a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association . For some of its journals, Springer does not require its authors to transfer their copyrights, and allows them to decide whether their articles are published under an open-access license or in

160-560: A computer and surrounded by research assistants. Trevor J. Barnes suggests the decline of regional science practice among planners and geographers in North America could have been avoided. He says "It is unreflective, and consequently inured to change, because of a commitment to a God’s eye view. It is so convinced of its own rightness, of its Archimedean position, that it remained aloof and invariant, rather than being sensitive to its changing local context." Economist An economist

200-491: A fraudulent peer review process was uncovered. According to Goodhart's law and concerned academics like the signatories of the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment , commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation of bibliometrics and scientometrics like the journal impact factor , which is often used as a proxy of prestige and can influence revenues, including public subsidies in

240-514: A larger following among economists and public policy practitioners, the discipline has fallen out of favor among more radical and post-modernist geographers. In an apparent effort to secure a larger share of research funds, geographers had the National Science Foundation 's Geography and Regional Science Program renamed "Geography and Spatial Sciences". In 1991, Paul Krugman , as a highly regarded international trade theorist, put out

280-674: A majority stake in Springer-Verlag. In 2003, the British investment groups Cinven and Candover bought BertelsmannSpringer from Bertelsmann. They merged the company in 2004 with the Dutch publisher Kluwer Academic Publishers (successor of D. Reidel , Dr. W. Junk, Plenum Publishers, most of Chapman & Hall ), and Baltzer Science Publishers ) which they bought from Wolters Kluwer in 2002, to form Springer Science+Business Media. In 2006, Springer acquired Humana Press . Springer acquired

320-512: A small firm of 4 employees into Germany's then second-largest academic publisher with 65 staff in 1872. In 1964, Springer expanded its business internationally, opening an office in New York City. Offices in Tokyo, Paris, Milan, Hong Kong, and Delhi soon followed. In 1999, the academic publishing company BertelsmannSpringer was formed after the media and entertainment company Bertelsmann bought

360-427: A variety of major national and international firms in the financial and commercial sectors, and in manufacturing, retailing and IT, as well as in the public sector – for example, in the health and education sectors, or in government and politics . Some graduates go on to undertake postgraduate studies , either in economics, research, teacher training or further qualifications in specialist areas. Unlike most nations,

400-688: Is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing. Originally founded in 1842 in Berlin , it expanded internationally in the 1960s, and through mergers in the 1990s and a sale to venture capitalists it fused with Wolters Kluwer and eventually became part of Springer Nature in 2015. Springer has major offices in Berlin, Heidelberg , Dordrecht , and New York City . Julius Springer founded Springer-Verlag in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer grew it from

440-524: Is a formalized role. Professionals here are employed (or engaged as consultants ) to conduct research, prepare reports, or formulate plans and strategies to address economic problems. Here, as outlined, the analyst provides forecasts, analysis and advice, based upon observed trends and economic principles; this entails also collecting and processing economic and statistical data using econometric methods and statistical techniques. In contrast to regulated professions such as engineering, law or medicine, there

SECTION 10

#1732854569771

480-715: Is a professional and practitioner in the social science discipline of economics . The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy . Within this field there are many sub-fields, ranging from the broad philosophical theories to the focused study of minutiae within specific markets , macroeconomic analysis, microeconomic analysis or financial statement analysis , involving analytical methods and tools such as econometrics , statistics , economics computational models , financial economics , regulatory impact analysis and mathematical economics . Economists work in many fields including academia, government and in

520-464: Is also evident in Europe and other places where local economic areas do not coincide with political boundaries. In the more current era of devolution knowledge about "local solutions to local problems" has driven much of the interest in regional science. Thus, there has been much political impetus to the growth of the discipline. Regional science has enjoyed mixed fortunes since the 1980s. While it has gained

560-552: Is not a legally required educational requirement or license for economists. In academia, most economists have a Ph.D. degree in Economics . In the U.S. Government, on the other hand, a person can be hired as an economist provided that they have a degree that included or was supplemented by 21 semester hours in economics and three hours in statistics, accounting, or calculus. In fact, a professional working inside of one of many fields of economics or having an academic degree in this subject

600-401: Is often considered to be an economist; see Bachelor of Economics and Master of Economics . Economics graduates are employed in varying degrees depending on the regional economic scenario and labour market conditions at the time for a given country. Apart from the specific understanding of the subject, employers value the skills of numeracy and analysis, the ability to communicate and

640-543: The Regional Studies Association . The latter is a separate and growing organisation involving economists, planners, geographers, political scientists, management academics, policymakers, and practitioners. Walter Isard 's efforts culminated in the creation of a few academic departments and several university-wide programs in regional science. At Walter Isard's suggestion, the University of Pennsylvania started

680-617: The London School of Economics . The unification of Europe and the increased internationalization of the world's economic, social, and political realms has further induced interest in the study of regional, as opposed to national, phenomena. The new economic geography appears to have garnered more interest in Europe than in America where amenities, notably climate, have been found to better predict human location and re-location patterns, as emphasized in recent work by Mark Partridge. In 2008 Krugman won

720-786: The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and his Prize Lecture has references both to work in regional science's location theory as well as economic's trade theory. Today there are dwindling numbers of regional scientists from academic planning programs and mainstream geography departments. Attacks on regional science's practitioners by radical critics began as early as the 1970s, notably David Harvey who believed it lacked social and political commitment. Regional science's founder, Walter Isard, never envisioned regional scientists would be political or planning activists. In fact, he suggested that they will seek to be sitting in front of

760-619: The Papers and Proceedings, Regional Science Association (now Papers in Regional Science published by Springer ). In 1958, the Journal of Regional Science followed. Since the 1970s, the number of journals serving the field has exploded. The RSAI website displays most of them. Most recently the journal Spatial Economic Analysis has been published by the RSAI British and Irish Section with

800-881: The UK are the more than 3500 members of the Government Economic Service . Analysis of destination surveys for economics graduates from a number of selected top schools of economics in the United Kingdom (ranging from Newcastle University to the London School of Economics ), shows nearly 80 percent in employment six months after graduation – with a wide range of roles and employers, including regional, national and international organisations, across many sectors. Some current well-known economists include: [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of economist at Wiktionary Springer Science%2BBusiness Media Springer Science+Business Media , commonly known as Springer ,

840-590: The open-access publisher BioMed Central in October 2008 for an undisclosed amount. In 2009, Cinven and Candover sold Springer to two private equity firms, EQT AB and Government of Singapore Investment Corporation , confirmed in February 2010 after the competition authorities in the US and in Europe approved the transfer. In 2011, Springer acquired Pharma Marketing and Publishing Services (MPS) from Wolters Kluwer. In 2013,

SECTION 20

#1732854569771

880-605: The "objective" and "scientific" analysis of settlement, industrial location, and urban development. Isard targeted key universities and campaigned tirelessly. Accordingly, the Regional Science Association was founded in 1954, when the core group of scholars and practitioners held its first meetings independent from those initially held as sessions of the annual meetings of the American Economics Association. A reason for meeting independently undoubtedly

920-470: The Economics of Transportation ; Melvin L. Greenhut 's (1956) Plant Location in Theory and Practice ; Gunnar Myrdal 's (1957) Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions ; Albert O. Hirschman 's (1958) The Strategy of Economic Development ; and Claude Ponsard 's (1958) Histoire des Théories Économiques Spatiales . Nonetheless, Walter Isard's first book in 1956, Location and Space Economy , apparently captured

960-601: The London-based private equity firm BC Partners acquired a majority stake in Springer from EQT and GIC for $ 4.4 billion. In January 2015, Holtzbrinck Publishing Group / Nature Publishing Group and Springer Science+Business Media announced a merger . in May 2015 they concluded the transaction and formed a new joint venture company, Springer Nature with Holtzbrinck in the majority 53% share and BC Partners retaining 47% interest in

1000-706: The RSAI continues to grow. Topically speaking, regional science took off in the wake of Walter Christaller 's book Die Zentralen Orte in Sűddeutschland (Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1933; transl. Central Places in Southern Germany , 1966), soon followed by Tord Palander 's (1935) Beiträge zur Standortstheorie ; August Lösch 's Die räumliche Ordnung der Wirtschaft (Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1940; 2nd rev. edit., 1944; transl. The Economics of Location , 1954); and Edgar M. Hoover 's two books-- Location Theory and

1040-764: The Regional Science Department in 1956. It featured as its first graduate William Alonso and was looked upon by many to be the international academic leader for the field. Another important graduate and faculty member of the department is Masahisa Fujita . The core curriculum of this department was microeconomics , input-output analysis , location theory , and statistics . Faculty also taught courses in mathematical programming , transportation economics , labor economics , energy and ecological policy modeling, spatial statistics , spatial interaction theory and models, benefit/cost analysis , urban and regional analysis, and economic development theory, among others. But

1080-546: The Shoe and Leather Industry (1938) and The Location of Economic Activity (1948). Other important early publications include: Edward H. Chamberlin 's (1950) The Theory of Monopolistic Competition ; François Perroux 's (1950) Economic Spaces: Theory and Application ; Torsten Hägerstrand 's (1953) Innovationsförloppet ur Korologisk Synpunkt ; Edgar S. Dunn 's (1954) The Location of Agricultural Production ; Martin J. Beckmann , C.B McGuire, and Clifford B. Winston's (1956) Studies in

1120-418: The capacity to grasp broad issues which the graduates acquire at the university or college . Whilst only a few economics graduates may be expected to become professional economists, many find it a base for entry into a career in finance – including accounting, insurance, tax and banking, or management . A number of economics graduates from around the world have been successful in obtaining employment in

1160-731: The company. In 1996, Springer launched electronic book and journal content on its SpringerLink site. SpringerImages was launched in 2008. In 2009, SpringerMaterials, a platform for accessing the Landolt-Börnstein database of research and information on materials and their properties, was launched. AuthorMapper is a free online tool for visualizing scientific research that enables document discovery based on author locations and geographic maps, helping users explore patterns in scientific research, identify literature trends, discover collaborative relationships, and locate experts in several scientific/medical fields. Springer Protocols contained

1200-521: The department's unusual multidisciplinary orientation undoubtedly encouraged its demise, and it lost its department status in 1993. With a few exceptions, such as Cornell University , which awards graduate degrees in Regional Science, most practitioners hold positions in departments such as economics, geography, civil engineering , agricultural economics , rural sociology , urban planning, public policy, or demography . The diversity of disciplines participating in regional science have helped make it one of

1240-655: The economist profession in Brazil is regulated by law; specifically, Law № 1,411, of August 13, 1951. The professional designation of an economist, according to said law, is exclusive to those who graduated with a Bachelor of Economics degree in Brazil. According to the United States Department of Labor , there were about 15,000 non-academic economists in the United States in 2008, with a median salary of roughly $ 83,000, and

Regional science - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-473: The imagination of many, and his third, Methods of Regional Analysis , published in 1960, only sealed his position as the father of the field. As is typically the case, the above works were built on the shoulders of giants. Much of this predecessor work is documented well in Walter Isard's Location and Space Economy as well as Claude Ponsard's Histoire des Théorie Économique Spatiales . Particularly important

1320-565: The journal Zentralblatt MATH . Tullio Levi-Civita , who was Jewish, was forced out from the editorial board, and Otto Neugebauer resigned in protest along with most of the rest of the board. In 2014, it was revealed that 16 papers in conference proceedings published by Springer had been computer-generated using SCIgen . Springer subsequently retracted all papers from these proceedings. IEEE had removed more than 100 fake papers from its conference proceedings. In 2015, Springer retracted 64 papers from 10 of its journals it had published after

1360-438: The most interesting and fruitful fields of academic specialization, but it has also made it difficult to fit the many perspectives into a curriculum for an academic major. It is even difficult for authors to write regional science textbooks, since what is elementary knowledge for one discipline might be entirely novel for another. Part of the movement was, and continues to be, associated with the political and economic realities of

1400-665: The private sector, where they may also "study data and statistics in order to spot trends in economic activity, economic confidence levels, and consumer attitudes. They assess this information using advanced methods in statistical analysis, mathematics, computer programming [and] they make recommendations about ways to improve the efficiency of a system or take advantage of trends as they begin." In addition to government and academia, economists are also employed in banking , finance , accountancy , commerce , marketing , business administration , lobbying and non- or not-for profit organizations. In many organizations, an " Economic Analyst "

1440-484: The role of the local community. On any occasion where public policy is directed at the sub-national level, such as a city or group of counties, the methods of regional science can prove useful. Traditionally, regional science has provided policymakers with guidance on the following issues: By targeting federal resources to specific geographic areas the Kennedy administration realized that political favors could be bought. This

1480-665: The top ten percent earning more than $ 147,040 annually. Nearly 135 colleges and universities grant around 900 new Ph.D.s every year. Incomes are highest for those in the private sector, followed by the federal government, with academia paying the lowest incomes. As of January 2013, PayScale.com showed Ph.D. economists' salary ranges as follows: all Ph.D. economists, $ 61,000 to $ 160,000; Ph.D. corporate economists, $ 71,000 to $ 207,000; economics full professors, $ 89,000 to $ 137,000; economics associate professors, $ 59,000 to $ 156,000, and economics assistant professors, $ 72,000 to $ 100,000. The largest single professional grouping of economists in

1520-462: The traditional restricted licence model. While open-access publishing typically requires the author to pay a fee for copyright retention, this fee is sometimes covered by a third party. For example, a national institution in Poland allows authors to publish in open-access journals without incurring any personal cost but using public funds. In 1938, Springer-Verlag was pressed to apply Nazi principles on

1560-412: Was the contribution by 19th century German economists to location theory . The early German hegemony more or less starts with Johann Heinrich von Thünen and runs through both Wilhelm Launhardt and Alfred Weber to Walter Christaller and August Lösch . If an academic discipline is identified by its journals, then technically regional science began in 1955 with the publication of the first volume of

1600-579: Was the group's desire to extend the new science beyond the rather restrictive world of economists and have natural scientists, psychologists, anthropologists, lawyers, sociologists, political scientists, planners, and geographers join the club. Now called the Regional Science Association International (RSAI), it maintains subnational and international associations, journals, and a conference circuit (notably in North America, continental Europe, Japan , and South Korea ). Membership in

#770229