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55-628: A regional jet (RJ) is a jet -powered regional airliner with fewer than 100 seats. The first one was the Sud-Aviation Caravelle in 1959, followed by the widespread Yakovlev Yak-40 , Fokker F-28 , and BAe 146 . The 1990s saw the emergence of the Canadair Regional Jet and its Embraer Regional Jet counterpart, then the larger Embraer E-Jet and multiple competing projects. In the US, they are limited in size by scope clauses . The market

110-606: A 25° swept , supercritical wing designed by Antonov and twin rear-mounted General Electric CF34 engines. Bombardier Aerospace developed the 108- to 160-seat CSeries powered by two Pratt & Whitney PW1000G geared turbofans. The smaller CS100 entered service in July 2016 with Swiss Global Air Lines and the larger CS300 entered service with airBaltic in December. After the April 2016 CSeries dumping petition by Boeing , Airbus acquired

165-963: A 50.01% majority stake in the program in October 2017 and renamed it the A220 -100/300 in July 2018. In 2017, Embraer started calling large, almost narrowbody regional jets "crossover" jets, for the Embraer E-Jet E2 and the CSeries . While those rival the A320neo , the smaller MRJ and SSJ100 could be stretched. They are often the largest airliners which can access city airports like London City Airport , benefiting from their longer range and lower fuel burn to open new markets while making lower noise for better local community acceptance. In 2019, after attempting to renegotiate scope clauses, United Airlines ultimately decided to order fifty CRJs for its regional affiliates;

220-442: A Boeing 737 costs less than 8 cents per seat mile at Southwest Airlines but 15 cents at Continental Airlines . While designed primarily for medium stage lengths, regional jets may now be found supplementing major trunk routes alongside traditional larger jet aircraft. RJs allow airlines to open new "long, thin" routings with jet equipment which heretofore did not exist, such as Atlanta to Monterrey, Nuevo León . RJs have also meant

275-524: A different approach and started development of the 787 in 2003 with a new composite frame and more fuel-efficient engines. This would prove to be the smarter choice as the lighter airframe paired with two next generation engines ( Trent 1000 and GEnx ) was much less costly to operate then the quad engine A380. The final blow to the A380 program came when Emirates cancelled a major order in 2018 and left Airbus without enough demand to continue production. It cancelled

330-566: A gap in the market by flying on longer routes than turboprops, but shorter than the narrow body jets. Jet airliner Most airliners today are powered by jet engines, because they are capable of safely operating at high speeds and generate sufficient thrust to power large-capacity aircraft. The first jetliners, introduced in the 1950s, used the simpler turbojet engine; these were quickly supplanted by designs using turbofans , which are quieter and more fuel-efficient. The first airliners with turbojet propulsion were experimental conversions of

385-509: A jet powered aircraft for the first time, Wing Commander Maurice A. Smith, editor of Flight magazine, said, "Piloting a jet aircraft has confirmed one opinion I had formed after flying as a passenger in the Lancastrian jet test beds, that few, if any, having flown in a jet-propelled transport, will wish to revert to the noise, vibration and attendant fatigue of an airscrew-propelled piston-engined aircraft" The first purpose-built jet airliner

440-458: A lower cost, reversing the 1990s trend. Bombardier delivered its last 50-seat CRJ in 2006 and Embraer delivered its last ERJ in 2011. Bombardier switched to its lengthened 70- to 100-seat CRJ700 /900/1000, while Embraer launched the four-abreast E-Jet series 170/175/190/195. 50-seat jet demand is lower with high fuel prices, and this reflects on their lower market value . A majority of them will be scrapped . Bombardier and Embraer have started

495-470: A market for more than 500 aircraft and planned to produce up to 80 a year, but at peak delivered 157 ERJs in 2000 while Bombardier delivered 155 CRJs in 2003. After 9/11 , high fuel prices returned and jets had to grow to keep seat-mile costs down. Airlines renegotiated scope clause to limit jets to 70 seats as the market consolidated . Larger aircraft came back on regional routes for their efficiency , and on shorter routes turboprops were not much slower for

550-670: A return of jet service to cities where full-size jet service had departed over a decade ago, such as Macon, Georgia , and Brownsville, Texas . The idea that regional jets would provide point-to-point service and bypass the hub-and-spoke system is debated. As of January 2003, 90% of all regional jet flights in the United States had a hub or major airport at one end of that flight, and this number has been gradually increasing since 1995. However an International Center for Air Transportation Report in 2004 noted that regional jets were no longer used solely for hub feeder operations. As such they filled

605-602: A series of lawsuits over export taxes and subsidies. Although not as economical as the turboprop, by flying directly to and from smaller airports, regional jets reduced the need for low-cost regional airliners. The 68- to 99-seat Antonov An-148 , designed and produced by Antonov in Ukraine, made its maiden flight on 17 December 2004 after a development started in the 1990s. It was certified on 26 February 2007 and introduced in 2009. The stretched An-158 can seat 99 passengers. United Aircraft Corporation subsidiary Sukhoi developed

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660-450: A small market niche, like the de Havilland Canada Dash 7 , but four engines led to higher maintenance costs than twin-engine designs and BAe did not produce a lower operating cost twin-engine design, unlike the Dash 8 . In 1988, the 97- to 122-seat Fokker 100 , a stretched F28, was introduced, followed by the shorter, 72– to 85-seat Fokker 70 in 1994. Low fuel prices drove the development of

715-586: A swept wing, proved to be the most common arrangement and was most easily compatible with the large-diameter high-bypass turbofan engines that subsequently prevailed for reasons of quietness and fuel efficiency . The Pratt & Whitney JT3 turbojets powered the original Boeing 707 and DC-8 models; in the early 1960s the JT3 was modified into the JT3D low-bypass turbofan for long-range 707 and DC-8 variants. The de Havilland and Tupolev designs had engines incorporated within

770-578: A third of US domestic flights on major airlines were late, as using more smaller jets led to more crowded skies and runways in an already saturated system. US major carriers high pilots' wages led them to subcontract flights to regional airlines with lower labor costs. Pilot unions then demanded to regulate subcontracted aircraft size to a 50 seats maximum scope clause . In turn, large routes were served by sub-optimal 50-seat jets which accelerated demand for those types in North America . Embraer envisioned

825-652: Is a 78- to 90-seat jet manufactured by the Chinese state-owned aerospace company Comac . Development began in March 2002, the first prototype was rolled out on 21 December 2007, and made its maiden flight on 28 November 2008. It received its CAAC Type Certification on 30 December 2014 and was introduced on 28 June 2016 by Chengdu Airlines . Resembling the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 / MD-90 produced under licence in China, it features

880-722: Is the process of transferring ownership or outsourcing of a business, enterprise, agency, public service or public property from the public sector to the private sector . For example, the European Union has liberalized gas and electricity markets, instituting a competitive system. Some leading European energy companies such as France's EDF and Sweden's Vattenfall remain partially or completely in government ownership. Liberalized and privatized public services may be dominated by big companies, particularly in sectors with high capital, water, gas, or electricity costs. In some cases they may remain legal monopolies, at least for some segments of

935-732: The Avro Lancastrian piston-engined airliner, which were flown with several types of early jet engine, including the de Havilland Ghost and the Rolls-Royce Nene . They retained the two inboard piston engines, the jets being housed in the outboard nacelles. The first airliner with jet power only was the Nene-powered Vickers VC.1 Viking G-AJPH , which first flew on 6 April 1948. The early jet airliners had much lower interior levels of noise and vibration than contemporary piston-engined aircraft, so much so that in 1947, after piloting

990-549: The Boeing 737 and Airbus A319 on the "large" side and the RJs on the "small side". On 5 February 1996, Bombardier started looking at a takeover of a struggling Fokker , producer of the Fokker 100 100-seater. After evaluating Fokker's opportunities and challenges, Bombardier dropped the prospect on 27 February. Bombardier was feeling that the 100-seat market was already saturated by designs like

1045-660: The Superjet 100 , it made its maiden flight on 19 May 2008 and was introduced in April 2011 with Armavia . It typically seats 98 passengers and is powered by 2 PowerJet SaM146 turbofans from a Safran / NPO Saturn joint venture. Many CRJ100 /200 were retired since 2003 and in 2013 the first Embraer ERJ were disassembled: 50-seaters' value was dwindling as US carriers were dropping them. The ERJ retirements could be exacerbated because Rolls-Royce plc restricts parts choice, making engine maintenance more expensive, but its TotalCare agreements provide cost predictability. The Comac ARJ21

1100-530: The Tupolev Tu-144 , have been superseded. The 1970s jet airliners introduced wide-body (twin-aisle) craft and high-bypass turbofan engines . Pan Am and Boeing "again opened a new era in commercial aviation" when the first Boeing 747 entered service in January 1970, marking the debut of the high-bypass turbofan which lowered operating costs, and the initial models which could seat up to 400 passengers earned it

1155-626: The 1960s, and the small Aerospatiale Corvette (1974) was used as a regional airliner from the 1970s. In 1978, the US Airline Deregulation Act led to route liberalization , favouring small airliners demand. US passengers were disappointed by these, lacking aircraft lavatories or flight attendants of larger jet aircraft. As feeder routes grew, regional airlines replaced these small aircraft with larger turboprop airliners to feed larger airline hubs . These medium airliners were then supplanted by faster, longer range, regional jets like

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1210-522: The 50-seat three-abreast ERJ 145 from the EMB-120 Brasilia turboprop, which was introduced in December 1996. They replaced the turboprops thanks to their better perceived image and larger range. On small-capacity long routes, they could offer a better service by increasing frequencies at a smaller capacity and could replace mainline jet airliners like McDonnell Douglas DC-9s and Boeing 737s . They can be used for direct airport-to-airport flights, to

1265-526: The 767 on long-distance overseas routes that did not require the capacity of larger airliners. By the late 1980s, DC-10 and L-1011 models were approaching retirement age, prompting manufacturers to develop replacement designs. McDonnell Douglas started working on the MD-11 , a stretched and upgraded successor of the DC-10. Airbus, thanks to the success of its A320 family, developed the medium-range A330 twinjet and

1320-816: The A319, a decision that looked foolish with the successful introduction of the E-Jets. The share of US domestic passengers flying in 32- to 100-seat regional jets grew to one-third from 2000 to 2005, as network carriers subcontracted low-volume routes to cheaper commuter airlines with smaller planes. Amid regional jet usage saturation, bankruptcy of regional airlines and shrinking of Delta Air Lines and Northwest Airlines , cramped 50-seaters were evolving into more spacious 70- to 100-seaters, limited by union rules. In late 2005, Bombardier suspended its CRJ-200 production line. Between 2000 through 2006, 385 large planes were grounded while 1,029 regional jets were added. By June 2007, nearly

1375-535: The US Essential Air Service program. The Sud Aviation Caravelle (80 to 140 seats), introduced in 1959 and ordered by many European flag carriers , was the first purpose-built short-haul jetliner. It was a twin turbojet design for inter-European routes. The Caravelle used the forward fuselage nose section of the de Havilland Comet , the first commercial jetliner , not effective for continental-European flights. The BAC One-Eleven (89 to 119 seats)

1430-547: The US, many more than 20 years old. SkyWest wants to replace 150 of its 200 ageing Bombardier CRJ200s and ERJs and while many have logged 30,000 cycles, their life may be extended to 60,000 cycles for 10-15 more years of service. SkyWest asked Bombardier, Embraer and Mitsubishi Aircraft to develop a new aircraft but the market is regulated by scope clauses . The Mitsubishi SpaceJet (ex MRJ), seating 70–90 passengers and manufactured by Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation , made its first flight on 11 November 2015. After several delays,

1485-522: The World Bank were established in 1946, the proposal for ITO did not materialize. Instead, the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) , a less ambitious institution, was formed in 1948. The primary objective of GATT is to expand international trade by liberalizing trade so as to bring about all round economic prosperity. GATT was signed in 1947, came into effect in 1948 and lasted until 1994. It

1540-759: The aircraft size and number in US regional airlines , are often a design point for regional jets. Since 2012, American Airlines , Delta Air Lines and United Airlines cap their regional airlines' jets at 76 seats and maximum take-off weight at 86,000 lb (39 t). For an EASA assessment of aircraft noise , regional jets were defined by ICAO / CAEP experts as 30–50 t (66,000–110,000 lb) MTOW aircraft. These aircraft are widely used by commuter airlines such as SkyWest and American Eagle . The low rate of fuel consumption, which translates to low cost of operation, makes regional jets ideal for use as commuter aircraft or to connect lower traffic airports to large or medium hub airports. Regional jets are heavily used in

1595-460: The aircraft will be sourced from existing CRJ700 airframes and reconfigured with 50 seats in 3 classes. Bombardier will recertify the aircraft as the CRJ550 model, with a lower MTOW to comply with the scope clauses, and hopes to sell this new configuration to replace up to 700 existing 50-seaters with US regional airlines. By August 2019, there were 1,100 50-seat jets operated worldwide including 700 in

1650-597: The better operating economics of the Boeing 707 and the DC-8, while some American airlines ordered the Caravelle. Boeing became the most successful of the early manufacturers. The KC-135 Stratotanker and military versions of the 707 remain operational, mostly as tankers or freighters . The basic configuration of the Boeing, Convair and Douglas aircraft jet airliner designs, with widely spaced podded engines underslung on pylons beneath

1705-576: The detriment of the hub-and-spoke model . Since 1999, the Fairchild Dornier 328JET was also competing but the type did not enter large scale production as Fairchild Dornier went bankrupt, also ending the larger Fairchild Dornier 728 family development. The CRJ/ERJ also resulted in the end of the BAe 146 line. The CRJ and ERJ success also played a minor part in the failure of Fokker , whose Fokker 100 found itself squeezed on both sides by new models of

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1760-562: The first Bombardier CRJ100/200 . Early small jets had higher operating costs than turboprops on short routes. The gap narrowed with better turbofans, and closed with the higher utilization due to higher speeds. In 1983 British Aerospace introduced its BAe 146 short-range jet, produced in three sizes between 70 and 112 seats: the -100, -200, and the largest -300, later renamed the Avro Regional Jet. Low aircraft noise and short takeoffs were suited to city-center to city-center service,

1815-572: The last Concorde was retired in 2003. The 1960s jet airliners were known for the advancement of the more economical turbofan technology, which passes air around the engine core instead of through it. Jet airliners that entered service in the 1960s were powered by slim, low-bypass turbofan engines, many aircraft used the rear-engined, T-tail configuration, such as the BAC One-Eleven , Boeing 737 , and Douglas DC-9 twinjets ; Boeing 727 , Hawker Siddeley Trident , Tupolev Tu-154 trijets ; and

1870-455: The latest widebody airliners are the Airbus A380 (first flight in 2005), Boeing 787 (first flight in 2009) and Airbus A350 (first flight in 2013). These improvements allowed longer ranges and lower cost of transportation per passenger. Sukhoi Superjet 100 and Airbus A220 (formerly Bombardier CSeries) are examples of narrowbodies with similar level of technological advancements. The A380

1925-565: The market like consumers. Liberalization, privatization and stabilization are the Washington Consensus 's trinity strategy for economies in transition. The Bretton Woods Conference of 1944, which recommended the establishment of International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank , had also recommended the establishment of an International Trade Organization (ITO). Although, the IMF and

1980-471: The nickname "Jumbo Jet". The Boeing 747 revolutionized air travel by making commercial air travel more affordable as ticket prices fell and airlines improved their pricing practices. Other wide-body designs included the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 TriStar trijets , smaller than the Boeing 747 but capable of flying similar long-range routes from airports with shorter runways. There

2035-547: The paired multi-engined Ilyushin Il-62 , and Vickers VC10 . The rear-engined T-tail arrangement is still used for jetliners with a maximum takeoff weight of less than 50 tons. As of April 2023, 15,591 Boeing 737s have been ordered and 11,395 delivered, and it remains the most produced jet aircraft. Other 1960s developments, such as rocket-assisted takeoff ( RATO ), water-injection , and afterburners (also known as reheat) used on supersonic jetliners (SSTs) such as Concorde and

2090-474: The political ideology liberalism , which took form by the early 19th century. In social policy, liberalization may refer to a relaxation of laws restricting certain practices or activities, such as divorce , abortion , or psychoactive drugs . Regarding civil rights , it may refer to the elimination of laws prohibiting homosexuality , private ownership of firearms or other items, same-sex marriage , inter-racial marriage , or inter-faith marriage . There

2145-595: The practice of making laws, systems, or opinions less severe, usually in the sense of eliminating certain government regulations or restrictions. The term is used most often in relation to economics , where it refers to economic liberalization , the removal or reduction of restrictions placed upon (a particular sphere of) economic activity. However, liberalization can also be used as a synonym for decriminalization or legalization (the act of making something legal after it used to be illegal), for example when describing drug liberalization . Economic liberalization refers to

2200-400: The program after realizing it would never recoup the €25 billon ($ 30 billion) spent on research and development . In all, 251 A380s were produced for and flown by 14 airlines. As of June 2023, Boeing has produced 1,054 787s for 34 airlines and has 592 unfulfilled orders. Liberalization Liberalization or liberalisation ( British English ) is a broad term that refers to

2255-526: The program was canceled in February 2023. After Bombardier Aviation divested its CSeries and Dash 8 programmes, it sold the CRJ programme to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries , in a deal that closed on 1 June 2020. A smaller airplane is more costly per seat mile than a larger plane, but it mostly depends on the airline: in 2005, Bombardier was estimating regional jet costs at 9 to 10 US cents per seat mile while flying

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2310-410: The reduction or elimination of government regulations or restrictions on private business and trade. It is usually promoted by advocates of free markets and free trade , whose ideology is also called economic liberalism . Economic liberalization also often involves reductions of taxes, social security, and unemployment benefits. Economic liberalization is often associated with privatization , which

2365-426: The regional jet as up to 100 seats in capacity. This is also the limit capacity for two flight attendants . FlightGlobal sort the 66- to 146-seat Embraer E-Jet / E2 as a regional aircraft, but the 116- to 141-seat Airbus A220 (ex Bombardier CSeries) as a mainline airliner. Boeing defines regional jets as below 90 seats. Regional Jet is used in the name of multiple airliners: The scope clauses , limiting

2420-467: The regional jet: in the 1990s oil prices were around $ 10–20 per barrel. Turboprop manufacturers wanted to develop their portfolio. Canadair 's purchase by Bombardier in 1986 enabled a 50-seat stretched development of its Challenger business jet , green-lighted by then chief executive Laurent Beaudoin in March 1989. The first Bombardier four-abreast Canadair Regional Jet was delivered in October 1992 to Lufthansa CityLine . Embraer then developed

2475-487: The related long-range A340 quad-jet. In 1988, Boeing began developing what would be the 777 twinjet, using the twin-engine configuration given past design successes, projected engine developments, and reduced-cost benefits. In addition, Boeing also released a major update on their 747, the 747-400 . The most modern airliners are characterized by increased use of composite materials, high-bypass ratio turbofan engines, and more advanced digital flight systems. Examples of

2530-516: The safety and security of the "luxury of ocean liners " in the public 's perception . Aeroflot used Soviet Tupolevs , while Air France introduced French Caravelles . Commercial realities dictated exceptions, however, as few airlines could risk missing out on a superior product: American Airlines ordered the pioneering Comet (but later cancelled when the Comet ran into metal fatigue problems), Canadian, British and European airlines could not ignore

2585-607: The term jetliner came into use as a generic term for passenger jet aircraft. These first jet airliners were followed some years later by the Sud Aviation Caravelle from France, the Tupolev Tu-104 from the Soviet Union (2nd in service), and the Boeing 707 , Douglas DC-8 and Convair 880 from the United States. National prestige was attached to developing prototypes and bringing these early designs into service. There

2640-528: The wings next to the fuselage , a concept that endured only within military designs while the Caravelle pioneered engines mounted either side of the rear fuselage. The 1960s jet airliners include the BAC One-Eleven and Douglas DC-9 twinjets ; Boeing 727 , Hawker Siddeley Trident and Tupolev Tu-154 trijets ; and the paired multi-engined Ilyushin Il-62 , and Vickers VC10 . The world-renowned supersonic Concorde first flew in 1969 but proved to be an economical disaster. Only 14 ever entered service, and

2695-416: Was also a strong nationalism in purchasing policy, so that US Boeing and Douglas aircraft became closely associated with Pan Am , while BOAC ordered British Comets. Pan Am and BOAC, with the help of advertising agencies and their strong nautical traditions of command hierarchy and chain of command (retained from their days of operating flying boats ), were quick to link the "speed of jets" with

2750-761: Was also the market debut of the European consortium Airbus , whose first aircraft was the twinjet Airbus A300 . In 1978, Boeing unveiled the twin-engine Boeing 757 to replace its 727 , and the wide body twin-engine 767 to challenge the Airbus A300 . The mid-size 757 and 767 launched to market success, due in part to 1980s extended-range twin-engine operational performance standards ( ETOPS ) regulations governing transoceanic twinjet operations. These regulations allowed twin-engine airliners to make ocean crossings at up to three hours' distance from emergency diversionary airports . Under ETOPS rules, airlines began operating

2805-488: Was consolidated as Bombardier Aviation sold its airliner programs between 2017 and 2019, leaving Embraer as the sole large independent regional jet manufacturer, while emerging players try to push competitors: the Mitsubishi SpaceJet , Sukhoi Superjet 100 , Comac ARJ21 , and Antonov An-148 . Regional Jet is a term in industry jargon and not a regulatory category. Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University defines

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2860-542: Was discontinued in 2019 and the last plane was delivered to Emirates in 2021. Airbus began designing it in the 90s with the expectation that airlines would be moving many people between large hubs with just one flight. Their focus was on building a very large plane with a conventional metal airframe and engines to supersede the Boeing 747 . However, airlines started to operate more direct, point-to-point flights between smaller cities which made twin engine jets more attractive and economical to operate. For comparison, Boeing took

2915-604: Was replaced by the World Trade Organization in 1995. The original GATT text (GATT 1947) is still in effect under the WTO framework. Thus liberalization was born. There is also a concept of hybrid liberalization. For instance, in Ghana , cocoa crops can be sold to competing private companies , but there is a minimum price for which it can be sold and all exports are controlled by the state. The term liberalization has its origin in

2970-582: Was the British de Havilland Comet which first flew in 1949 and entered service in 1952 with BOAC. It carried 36 passengers up to 2500 miles (4000 km) at a speed of 450mph (725 km/h). Serious structural problems arose not even two years after entering service and prompted several changes in design. The last original Comet was retrofitted in 1958. Also developed in 1949 was the Avro Canada C102 Jetliner , which never reached production; however,

3025-482: Was then introduced in 1965. In 1968, Aeroflot introduced the 32-seat Yakovlev Yak-40 and the 65- to 85-seat Fokker F28 Fellowship was introduced in 1969. In 1975, the 40- to 44-seat VFW-Fokker 614 saw service entry with its distinctive overwing engines, 19 were built. Some business jets like the British Aerospace 125 (first delivery: 1964) and Dassault Falcon 20 (1965) were operated by small airlines from

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