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33-504: The islands lie about 80 km (50 mi) north of Nendo , the largest of the Santa Cruz Islands . The center of the group is at approximately 10°12'36" S lat ., 166°10'12" E. long . The islands are raised some five metres on the east and tilted west. The islands are subject to tidal surges caused by cyclones and volcanic activity from nearby Tinakula volcano. The island soils are shallow yet fertile. The islands or atolls of

66-479: A colony there. Historically, the island has also been called New Guernsey and Lord Egmont's Island , after John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont , First Lord of the Admiralty . Located at 10°25′12″S 165°30′00″E  /  10.42000°S 165.50000°E  / -10.42000; 165.50000  ( Nendö Island ) , Nendö is 40 km (25 mi.) long and 22 km (14 mi.) wide. Its land area

99-731: A population of the endemic Santa Cruz shrikebills , also known as the Nendo shrikebill. Potential threats to the site come from logging and cyclones . Due to the island's location along the Ring of Fire , earthquakes are frequent; some of them are large. Attempting to return to the Solomon Islands archipelago , which he had encountered in 1568, Spanish explorer Álvaro de Mendaña in his second trip of 1595, discovered Nendö Island on 8 September 1595, which they named Santa Cruz . Mendaña landed at what they named Graciosa Bay (still its name today), and

132-570: A safety principle. In British Columbia, Canada, the BC Forest Safety Council was created in September 2004 as a not-for-profit society dedicated to promoting safety in the forest sector. It works with employers, workers, contractors, and government agencies to implement fundamental changes necessary to make it safer to earn a living in forestry. The risks experienced in logging operations can be somewhat reduced, where conditions permit, by

165-452: A set of wheels over ten feet tall, initially pulled by oxen. As the logging industry expanded, the 1880s saw the introduction of mechanized equipment like railroads and steam-powered machinery, marking the beginning of the railroad logging era. Logs were moved more efficiently by railroads built into remote forest areas, often supported by additional methods like high-wheel loaders , tractors and log flumes . The largest high-wheel loader,

198-566: A settlement was commenced. Relations with local islanders and their chief Malope started well, with food provided and assistance in constructing buildings. However, morale amongst the Spanish was low and sickness (almost certainly malaria ) was rife. At that point some soldiers deliberately murdered villagers in order to provoke hostilities and so force the abandonment of the colony, and seditious petitions were signed. Mendaña took action, and at his behest Maestre de Campo Pedro Merino Manrique, leader of

231-611: Is 505.5 km² (195 sq. mi.). The highest point on the island is 549 m (1,801 ft.) above sea level . The two small islands of Malo and Nibanga (also called Tömotu Neo and Tömotu Noi ), lie about 1 kilometre (0.5 nmi; 0.6 mi) distant: Malo to the northwest, Nibanga to the southeast. Lata , located in the northwestern part of the island, is its chief town and the provincial capital. Luova Airport , at Graciosa Bay, serves Nendö. Nendö, along with neighbouring Malo, has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports

264-502: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Nendo Island Nendö [neⁿdɵ] is the largest of the Santa Cruz Islands , located in the Temotu province of Solomon Islands . The island is also known as Santa Cruz , Nendo , Ndeni , Nitendi or Ndende . The name Santa Cruz was given to the island in 1595 by the Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña , who started

297-507: Is called underwater logging , a form of timber recovery. Clearcutting, or clearfelling, is a method of harvesting that removes essentially all the standing trees in a selected area. Depending on management objectives, a clearcut may or may not have reserve trees left to attain goals other than regeneration, including wildlife habitat management, mitigation of potential erosion or water quality concerns. Silviculture objectives for clearcutting, (for example, healthy regeneration of new trees on

330-595: Is not necessarily considered a type of logging but a harvesting or silviculture method. Cutting trees with the highest value and leaving those with lower value, often diseased or malformed trees, is referred to as high grading . It is sometimes called selective logging, and confused with selection cutting , the practice of managing stands by harvesting a proportion of trees. Logging usually refers to above-ground forestry logging. Submerged forests exist on land that has been flooded by damming to create reservoirs . Harvesting trees from forests submerged by flooding or dam creation

363-504: Is often far from professional emergency treatment. Traditionally, the cry of "Timber!" developed as a warning alerting fellow workers in an area that a tree is being felled, so they should be alert to avoid being struck. The term " widowmaker " for timber, typically a limb or branch that is no longer attached to a tree, but is still in the canopy either wedged in a crotch, tangled in other limbs, or miraculously balanced on another limb demonstrates another emphasis on situational awareness as

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396-402: Is then transported to the landing, where it is bucked and loaded on a truck. This leaves the slash (and the nutrients it contains) in the cut area, where it must be further treated if wild land fires are of concern. Trees and plants are felled and transported to the roadside with top and limbs intact. There have been advancements to the process which now allows a logger or harvester to cut

429-609: The Ethnological Museum of Berlin the last still complete Tepukei (ocean-going outrigger canoe) from the Santa Cruz Islands. 10°43′23″S 165°56′06″E  /  10.723°S 165.935°E  / -10.723; 165.935 Logging Logging is the process of cutting, processing, and moving trees to a location for transport . It may include skidding , on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks or skeleton cars . In forestry ,

462-544: The Reefs – Santa Cruz languages family). Speakers of other Temotu province languages are also present, for example the other Reefs – Santa Cruz language Äiwoo and the Polynesian outlier language Vaeakau-Taumako . In 1966–67 Gerd Koch , a German anthropologist, carried out field studies on the culture of Nendö and other Santa Cruz Islands. In 1971 Koch published Die Materielle Kultur der Santa Cruz-Inseln . Koch brought back to

495-932: The "Bunyan Buggie," was built in 1960 for service in California, featuring wheels 24 feet (7.3 m) high. After World War II, mechanized logging equipment, including chainsaws, diesel trucks, and Caterpillar tractors , transformed the logging industry, making railroad-based logging obsolete. With the advent of these tools, transporting logs became more efficient as new roads were constructed to access remote forests. However, in protected areas like United States National Forests and designated wilderness zones, road building has been restricted to minimize environmental impacts such as erosion in riparian zones . Today, heavy machinery such as yarders and skyline systems are used to gather logs from steep terrain, while helicopters are used for heli-logging to minimize environmental impact. Less common forms of logging, like horse logging and

528-615: The Reef Islands, both Oceanic , yet genealogically and typologically very different. The inhabitants of Pileni , Matema , Nupani and Nukapu , speak Vaeakau-Taumako (a.k.a. Pileni ), a Polynesian outlier language . The remaining Melanesian (non-Polynesian) population speaks Äiwoo , a member of the Reefs–Santa Cruz group of Oceanic . 10°15′S 166°10′E  /  10.250°S 166.167°E  / -10.250; 166.167 This Solomon Islands location article

561-572: The decision was made to abandon the settlement. When the three ships departed on 18 November 1595, forty-seven people had died in the space of one month, and the first European colony in the South Seas was ended. In August 1767, Philip Carteret in HMS Swallow encountered the island, which he named "Lord Egmont's island" or "Egmont island", recognising it as the Santa Cruz of the Spanish. Carteret sent

594-482: The entire tree including branches and tops. This technique removes both nutrients and soil cover from the site and so can be harmful to the long-term health of the area if no further action is taken, however, depending on the species, many of the limbs are often broken off in handling so the result may not be as different from tree-length logging as it might seem. Cut-to-length logging is the process of felling, delimbing, bucking, and sorting ( pulpwood , sawlog, etc.) at

627-522: The group are: Numa Miombilou or "Great Reef" is one continuous shoal, extending about 25 km (16 mi) west of Nifiloli. About 10 km (6.2 mi) to the south of this shoal are 4 small coral reefs : Separated from these groups are what are called the "outer islands": The total population of the Reef Islands is about 5,600, according to 2003 estimates. This includes a Polynesian community, believed to be descendants of people from northern Tuvalu . Two very different languages are spoken in

660-703: The highest fatality rate of 23.2 per 100,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) workers and a non-fatal incident rate of 8.5 per 100 FTE workers. The most common type of injuries or illnesses at work include musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), which include an extensive list of "inflammatory and degenerative conditions affecting the muscles , tendons , ligaments , joints , peripheral nerves , and supporting blood vessels ." Loggers work with heavy, moving weights, and use tools such as chainsaws and heavy equipment on uneven and sometimes steep or unstable terrain . Loggers also deal with severe environmental conditions, such as inclement weather and severe heat or cold. An injured logger

693-414: The local produce. Due to hostilities, Carteret was unable to trade for much-needed food, and with widespread illness among his crew, had not the strength to take supplies by force from the organised and well-armed defenders. Nendö's population is somewhat over 5000. Most indigenous Nendö people are speakers of Natügu , but there are also about 200 speakers of the related Nanggu language (both members of

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726-483: The logging industry employed 86,000 workers and accounted for 93 deaths. This resulted in a fatality rate of 108.1 deaths per 100,000 workers that year. This rate is over 30 times higher than the overall fatality rate. Forestry/logging-related injuries (fatal and non-fatal) are often difficult to track through formal reporting mechanisms. Thus, some programs have begun to monitor injuries through publicly available reports such as news media. The logging industry experiences

759-456: The malcontents, was cut down in his presence, and on the same day the Spaniards' best friend, Malope, was murdered by some of Manrique's gang. Wracked by internal divisions and an increasing death toll, the settlement began to fall apart. Mendaña himself died on 18 October 1595, leaving his wife Isabel Barreto as heir and governor, her brother Lorenzo Barreto as captain-general. On 30 October,

792-519: The manual logging era before the 1880s, the railroad logging era from the 1880s to World War II , and the modern mechanized era that began after the war. In the early days, felled logs were transported using simple methods such as rivers to float tree trunks downstream to sawmills or paper mills. This practice, known as log driving or timber rafting , was the cheapest and most common. Some logs, due to high resin content, would sink and were known as deadheads. Logs were also moved with high-wheel loaders,

825-442: The risk of wildfires , and restore ecosystem functions, though their efficiency for these purposes has been challenged. Logging frequently has negative impacts. The harvesting procedure itself may be illegal , including the use of corrupt means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission or from a protected area; the cutting of protected species; or the extraction of timber in excess of agreed limits. It may involve

858-491: The ship's Master with fifteen men in the cutter to explore, whilst another ten men in the longboat collected water. After an initially friendly encounter, the Master gave the inhabitants "just cause of offence" leading to a violent exchange of arrows and muskets, and the deaths of several British and many natives. Two days later, after minor repairs, Carteret sent men to collect more water, and the ensuing confrontation led to him firing

891-421: The ship's guns on the inhabitants, who had attacked the voyagers in retaliation or in an attempt to drive them away. Sailing westward along the north coast of the island, he observed several villages; reaching "Trevanion's lagoon" they found "both the main and the island appeared to be one continued town, and the inhabitants were innumerable". Hogs, poultry, coconuts, bananas, and other vegetables were reported among

924-416: The site) and a focus on forestry distinguish it from deforestation . Other methods include shelterwood cutting , group selective , single selective , seed-tree cutting , patch cut , and retention cutting . The above operations can be carried out by different methods, of which the following three are considered industrial methods: Trees are felled and then delimbed and topped at the stump. The log

957-449: The so-called " timber mafia ". Excess logging can lead to irreparable harm to ecosystems, such as deforestation and biodiversity loss . Infrastructure for logging can also lead to other environmental degradation . These negative environmental impacts can lead to environmental conflict . Additionally, there is significant occupational injury risk involved in logging. Logging can take many formats. Clearcutting (or "block cutting")

990-458: The stump area, leaving limbs and tops in the forest. Mechanical harvesters fell the tree, delimb, and buck it, and place the resulting logs in bunks to be brought to the landing by a skidder or forwarder . This method is routinely available for trees up to 900 mm (35 in) in diameter. Logging methods have changed over time, driven by advancements in transporting timber from remote areas to markets. These shifts fall into three main eras:

1023-515: The term logging is sometimes used narrowly to describe the logistics of moving wood from the stump to somewhere outside the forest , usually a sawmill or a lumber yard . In common usage, however, the term may cover a range of forestry or silviculture activities. Logging is the beginning of a supply chain that provides raw material for many products societies worldwide use for housing , construction , energy , and consumer paper products. Logging systems are also used to manage forests , reduce

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1056-443: The tree down, top, and delimb a tree in the same process. This ability is due to the advancement in the style felling head that can be used. The trees are then delimbed, topped, and bucked at the landing. This method requires that slash be treated at the landing. In areas with access to cogeneration facilities, the slash can be chipped and used for the production of electricity or heat. Full-tree harvesting also refers to utilization of

1089-656: The use of oxen, still exist but are mostly superseded. Logging is a dangerous occupation. In the United States, it has consistently been one of the most hazardous industries and was recognized by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues. In 2008,

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