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24-568: The Red Triumvirate took charge of Rome on 1 August 1849 from General Charles Oudinot , who had led the French occupation of the city since 3 July. The triumvirate's government had a very conservative character: one foreign diplomat termed it a return, "openly and without reserve, to the old system of unqualified absolutism". Its first decree, given on 2 August 1849, annulled every law and regulation that had been enacted in Rome since 16 November 1848. This entailed

48-419: A Council of Censure was constituted to investigate those hired previously who had remained to serve the republic, subjecting many functionaries otherwise loyal to the pope to interrogations over their "lack of fervour". A special Court of Inquiry was also established to identify and arrest critics of the papal government, many of whom would spend lengthy periods in prison without charge. Others were forced to leave

72-571: A Council of Ministers with five members to oversee the day-to-day administration: four of these were laymen, but the one cleric, Domenico Savelli  [ it ] , held preponderant power as interior minister. The reactionary measures of the Red Triumvirate provoked consternation in the French Second Republic , the armies of which had restored, and now protected, the ecclesiastical government in Rome. On 18 August 1849, not long after

96-520: A challenge to his own authority. On 18 September, however, the triumvirate made a partial concession to French opinion by offering an amnesty to most of those involved with the republic, except for the members of its government and legislative assembly, as well as those who had benefited from a previous amnesty in 1846. Nevertheless, most of its measures remained intact: the triumvirate maintained its revocation of rights from Jews despite entreaties from James de Rothschild . The Red Triumvirate dissolved upon

120-841: A prominent part in the resistance in favour of the Second Republic , he retired from military and political life, though remaining in Paris. Beside the brief memoir of his Italian operations in 1849, he wrote several works of more specialized interest, on military ranks and orders, the use of soldiers in constructing public works and cavalry and its proper housing: Aperçu historique sur la dignité de marechal de France (1833); Considérations sur les ordres militaires de Saint Louis, &c . (1833); "De L'Italie et de ses Forces Militaires" (1835); L'Emploi des troupes aux grands travaux d'utilité publique (1839); De la Cavalerie et du casernement des troupes à cheval (1840); Des Remontes de l'armée (1840). In

144-533: A railway tunnel near Saumur. The hastily organized night raid was to stop a planned German Panzer Division , travelling to engage the newly landed allied forces in Normandy. The panzers were expected to use the railway to cross the Loire. No. 83 Squadron RAF illuminated the area with flares from four Avro Lancasters and marked the target at low level by three de Havilland Mosquitos . 25 Lancasters of No. 617 Squadron RAF ,

168-660: Is also the scene for Balzac 's novel Eugénie Grandet , written in 1833. Prior to the French Revolution , Saumur was the capital of the Sénéchaussée de Saumur  [ fr ] , a bailiwick which existed until 1793. Saumur was the location of the Battle of Saumur during the Revolt in the Vendée . It hosted a state prison under Napoleon . The town was an equestrian centre with both

192-793: The Loire and Thouet rivers, and is surrounded by the vineyards of Saumur itself, Chinon , Bourgueil , Coteaux du Layon , etc.. Saumur station has rail connections to Tours, Angers, La Roche-sur-Yon and Nantes. First attested in the Medieval Latin form of Salmuri in 968 AD, the origin of the name is obscure. Albert Dauzat hypothesized a pre-Celtic unattested element *sala 'marshy ground' ( cf. Celtic salm 'which jumps and flows'), followed by another unattested element meaning "wall". Many places in Europe seem to contain *Sal(m)- elements, which may share Old European roots . The Dolmen de Bagneux on

216-679: The Luigi Magni 's film In the Name of the Sovereign People (1990), Oudinot is played by Gianni Garko . This article about the period of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Saumur Saumur ( French: [somyʁ] ) is a commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France . The town is located between

240-604: The military cavalry school from 1783 and later the Cadre Noir equestrian team. During the Battle of France in World War II , Saumur was the site of the Battle of Saumur (1940) ; the town and south bank of the Loire were defended by the teenage cadets of the cavalry school . In 1944 it was the target of the first Tallboy and the fourth Azon bombing raids by Allied planes. On 8/9 June 1944, 5,400 kg (12,000 lb) Tallboy "earthquake" bombs were first used, against

264-682: The officer school for armored forces ( tanks ). There is the national tank museum, the Musée des Blindés , with more than 850 armored vehicles, wheeled or tracked. Most of them are from France, though some come from other countries such as Brazil , Germany , and the Soviet Union , as well as axis and allied vehicles of World War Two. The annual military Carrousel takes place in July each year, as it has done for over 160 years, with displays of horse cavalry skills, historic and modern military vehicles. Amongst

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288-464: The "Dambusters" then dropped their Tallboys from 5,500 m (18,000 ft) with great accuracy. They hit the approaches to the bridge, blocked the railway cutting and one pierced the roof of the tunnel, bringing down a huge quantity of rock and soil which blocked the tunnel, badly delaying the German reinforcements moving towards Normandy, especially 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich . The damaged tunnel

312-588: The Papal States. This persecution extended even to figures such as Terenzio, Count Mamiani della Rovere who had supported the papacy during the republic but were perceived to be overly liberal: Mamiani's papers were seized by the Inquisition and he was pressured into exile. In all, several thousand people were exiled or dismissed from office, including not just republicans but various constitutionalists, moderates, and political independents. The triumvirate established

336-517: The bridge; escort was provided by 121 of 135 P-51s. The bridge was damaged. The town of Saumur was awarded the Croix de Guerre with palm for its resistance and display of French patriotism during the war. Saumur is home to the Cadre Noir , the École Nationale d'Équitation (National School of Horsemanship), known for its annual horse shows, as well as the Armoured Branch and Cavalry Training School ,

360-461: The eldest son of Napoleon I 's marshal Nicolas Oudinot and Charlotte Derlin, also made a military career. He served through the later campaigns of Napoleon, 1809–1814, and was promoted to major in 1814 for gallant conduct. Unlike his father he was a cavalryman, and after retirement during the early years of the Restoration held command of the cavalry school at Saumur (1822–1830) and

384-571: The later 12th century. It changed hands several times between Anjou and France until 1589. Houses in Saumur are constructed almost exclusively of Tuffeau stone . The caves dug to excavate the stone are now often used as commercial wine cellars. Amyraldism , or the School of Saumur, is a distinctive form of Reformed theology taught by Moses Amyraut at the University of Saumur in the 17th century. Saumur

408-501: The most important monuments of Saumur are the great Château de Saumur itself which stands high above the town, and the nearby Château de Beaulieu which stands just 200 metres from the south bank of the Loire River and which was designed by the architect Jean Drapeau. A giant sequoia tree (which is protected) stands in the grounds of Château de Beaulieu. The Dolmen de Bagneux is on the old road going south. The architectural character of

432-615: The pope's arrival in Rome on 12 April 1850, and the administration was taken up by Cardinal Secretary of State Giacomo Antonelli . The hardline policies of the triumvirate significantly increased the opposition to the papal government among the Roman nobility and the lower ranks of the clergy. Charles Oudinot Lieutenant-General Charles Nicolas Victor Oudinot, 2nd Duc de Reggio (3 November 1791 in Bar-le-Duc – 7 June 1863 in Bar-le-Duc),

456-591: The restoration of capital punishment and the Roman Inquisition , as well as the rescinding of civil rights granted to Jews under the republic. The currency of the republic, the Roman scudo , was significantly devalued, and bonds issued by the republic were publicly burned. The triumvirs oversaw a campaign of reprisals against both partisans of the republic and other perceived opponents. All government employees who had been hired since 16 November 1848 were dismissed, and

480-527: The south of the town, is 23 meters long and is built from 15 large slabs of the local stone, weighing over 500 tons. It is the largest in France. The Château de Saumur was constructed in the 10th century to protect the Loire River crossing from Norman attacks after the settlement of Saumur was sacked in 845. The castle, destroyed in 1067 and inherited by the House of Plantagenet , was rebuilt by Henry II of England in

504-430: The town owes much to the fact that it is constructed almost exclusively of Tuffeau stone . The wine industry surrounds Saumur , many utilising the tunnels as cellars with the hundreds of domaines producing white, red, rosé and sparkling wines. Visits to producers and the annual Grandes Tablées du Saumur-Champigny is an annual event held in early August with over 1 km of tables set up in Saumur so people can sample

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528-437: The triumvirate's assumption of power, the French president Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte dispatched a letter to Colonel Edgar Ney in Rome protesting that the French army had been sent to preserve liberty in Rome, not destroy it. Upon receiving Bonaparte's letter, the triumvirate threatened to withdraw from Rome—Oudinot's successor as the French commander in the city, Louis de Rostolan , also refused to circulate it, perceiving it as

552-455: Was inspector-general of cavalry (1836–1848). Oudinot is chiefly known as the commander of the French expedition that besieged and took Rome in 1849, crushing the short-lived revolutionary Roman Republic and re-establishing the temporal power of Pope Pius IX , under the protection of French arms. His brief published account presents the French view of the events. After Louis Napoleon 's coup d'état of 2 December 1851, when he took

576-532: Was quickly dug out to make a deeper cutting, resulting in the need for a second attack. On 22 June, nine Consolidated B-24 Liberators of the United States Army Air Forces used the new Azon 450 kg (1,000 lb) glide bombs against the Saumur rail bridge; escorted by 43 North American P-51 Mustangs . They failed to destroy the bridge. During the morning of 24 June, 38 American Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses with conventional bombs attacked

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