Misplaced Pages

#961038

61-587: Red Man traditionally came as leaf tobacco, in contrast to twist chewing tobacco or the ground tobacco used in snuff . It is made by the Pinkerton Tobacco company of Owensboro, Kentucky . In 1985, Pinkerton was acquired by a Swedish corporation, and after further corporate reshuffling, the brand now falls under the umbrella of the Swedish Match company, which in turn is owned primarily by institutional investors. The proportion owned by non-Swedish investors

122-404: A sneeze , though this is often seen by snuff-takers as the sign of a beginner or amateur. This is not uncommon; however, the tendency to sneeze varies with the person and the particular snuff. Generally, drier snuffs are more likely to do this. For this reason, sellers of snuff often sell handkerchiefs . Snuff is readily available over the counter in most European tobacco shops. It is subject to

183-562: A daily basis for good health at a time of recurrent pandemics . In addition to being desired by those using medieval medicine , the European elite also craved spices in the Middle Ages, believing spices to be from and a connection to "paradise". An example of the European aristocracy's demand for spice comes from the King of Aragon , who invested substantial resources into importing spices to Spain in

244-405: A day's worth of snuff only. Large snuff containers, called mulls (made from a variety of materials, notably including rams' horns decorated with silver), were usually kept on the table. An accessory often carried with the snuff box was the snuff spoon , a small spoon used for snuff-taking, that was used to avoid staining the fingers with powder. A floral-scented snuff called "English Rose"

305-448: A few miracle " snake oil " claims on the health or curative benefits of certain snuff types surfaced in publications. For instance, a London weekly journal called The Gentlewoman advised readers with ailing sight to use the correct type of Portuguese snuff, "whereby many eminent people had cured themselves so that they could read without spectacles after having used them for many years". Snuff's image as an aristocratic luxury attracted

366-485: A ground spice can be much shorter. Ground spices are better stored away from light. Some flavor elements in spices are soluble in water; many are soluble in oil or fat. As a general rule, the flavors from a spice take time to infuse into the food so spices are added early in preparation. This contrasts to herbs which are usually added late in preparation. A study by the Food and Drug Administration of shipments of spices to

427-413: A person quit smoking. Snuff is a cause of oral cancer , oesophagus cancer , and pancreas cancer . All tobacco products, including smokeless tobacco, contain cancer-causing chemicals. These carcinogenic compounds occurring in snuff vary widely, and depend upon the kind of product and how it was manufactured. There are 28 known cancer-causing substances in snuff products. Using snuff increases

488-578: A pinch of snuff is either placed onto the back surface of the hand , held pinched between thumb and index finger, or held by a specially made "snuffing" device. Snuff originated in the Americas and was commonly used in Europe by the 17th century. Traditional snuff production consists of a lengthy, multi-step process, in tobacco snuff mills. The selected tobacco leaves are first subject to special tobacco curing or fermentation processes, where they will later provide

549-417: A range of texture and moistness, from very fine to coarse, and from toast (very dry) to very moist. Often drier snuffs are ground more finely. There is also a range of tobacco-free snuffs, such as Pöschl's Weiss (White), made from glucose powder or herbs. While strictly speaking, these are not snuffs because they contain no tobacco, they are an alternative for those who wish to avoid nicotine, or for "cutting"

610-467: A relative of cardamom which mostly replaced pepper in late medieval north French cooking, long pepper , mace , spikenard , galangal , and cubeb . Voyagers from Spain and Portugal were interested in seeking new routes to trade in spices and other valuable products from Asia. The control of trade routes and the spice-producing regions were the main reasons that Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama sailed to India in 1499. When da Gama discovered

671-414: A spice is derived in part from compounds (volatile oils) that oxidize or evaporate when exposed to air. Grinding a spice greatly increases its surface area and so increases the rates of oxidation and evaporation. Thus, the flavor is maximized by storing a spice whole and grinding when needed. The shelf life of a whole dry spice is roughly two years; of a ground spice roughly six months. The "flavor life" of

SECTION 10

#1732858076962

732-462: A status symbol among the elite of the Qing dynasty . These were usually available in two forms, both made of glass. In one type, glass bottles were painted on the inside to protect the design. Another type used layered multi-colored glass to create an image in relief. Besides glass, materials such as porcelain, agate, jade, coral, and lacquer were also used. Another common accessory is the snuff bullet, which

793-533: A strong snuff to an acceptable strength. When snuff-taking was fashionable, the manufacture of snuff accessories was a lucrative industry in several cultures. In Europe, snuff boxes ranged from those made in very basic materials, such as horn, to highly ornate designs featuring precious materials made using state-of-the-art techniques. Since prolonged exposure to air causes snuff to dry out and lose its quality, pocket snuff boxes were designed to be airtight containers with strong hinges, generally with enough space for

854-510: A symbol of wealth and social class. The most popular explanation for the love of spices in the Middle Ages is that they were used to preserve meat from spoiling, or to cover up the taste of meat that had already gone off. This compelling but false idea constitutes something of an urban legend, a story so instinctively attractive that mere fact seems unable to wipe it out... Anyone who could afford spices could easily find meat fresher than what city dwellers today buy in their local supermarket. It

915-435: A variety of unique recipes and blends, as well as special recipes for individual customers. Common flavors also include coffee , chocolate , bordeaux , honey , vanilla , cherry , orange , apricot , plum , camphor , cinnamon , rose and spearmint . Modern flavors include bourbon , cola and whisky . Traditional classic German snuff blends are the pungent and sharp Schmalzler and Brasil blends. Snuff comes in

976-528: A whole pig cost about the same as a pound of the cheapest spice, pepper. There is also no evidence of such use from contemporary cookbooks: "Old cookbooks make it clear that spices weren't used as a preservative. They typically suggest adding spices toward the end of the cooking process, where they could have no preservative effect whatsoever." Indeed, Cristoforo di Messisbugo suggested in the 16th century that pepper may speed up spoilage. Though some spices have antimicrobial properties in vitro, pepper—by far

1037-523: Is approximately 80%. The Red Man brand was introduced in 1904 by Pinkerton Tobacco (incorporated in 1901). Red Man was initially sold in a few Midwestern states; it expanded in 1954 into the South , and then in 1963 largely nationwide. The corporation's marketing material describes Red Man's consumer base: "A large number of consumers work outdoors and enjoy hunting, fishing and watch [sic] auto racing." Contemporary materials from Swedish Match also suggest that

1098-559: Is available throughout the United States and is much more widely consumed. In certain areas of Africa, some claim that snuff reached native Africans before white Europeans did, even though tobacco is not indigenous to Africa. A fictional representation of this is in Chinua Achebe 's novel Things Fall Apart , where the Igbo villagers are regular snuff-takers long before they ever encountered

1159-445: Is commonly used as an ingredient in fragrance manufacturing. Plant-based sweeteners such as sugar are not considered spices. Spices may be used fresh and whole, after drying, grating, chopping, crushing, or grinding, or by extraction into a tincture . Such processing may happen before a spice is offered for sale, while preparing a dish in a kitchen, or after a dish has been presented for consumption (such as peppercorns ground at

1220-537: Is designed to make snuff use easier and more discreet in public situations. These are small, bullet shaped devices that you would use to store a small amount of snuff for use throughout the day. The self-applicator pipe is known as ‘ Kuripe ’, and the blow pipe is known as a ‘ Tepi ’ in the Brazilian tradition . Various national and international health organizations including the World Health Organization ,

1281-496: Is often claimed that spices were used either as food preservatives or to mask the taste of spoiled meat , especially in the European Middle Ages . This is false. In fact, spices are rather ineffective as preservatives as compared to salting , smoking , pickling , or drying , and are ineffective in covering the taste of spoiled meat. Moreover, spices have always been comparatively expensive: in 15th century Oxford,

SECTION 20

#1732858076962

1342-637: Is provided for members of the British House of Commons . Recent practice has been for this tradition to be maintained at the principal doorkeeper's personal expense due to smoking in the House being banned since 1693. A famous silver communal snuff box kept at the entrance of the House was destroyed in an air raid during World War II with a replacement being subsequently presented to the House by Winston Churchill . Very few members are said to take snuff nowadays. In China, elaborately decorated snuff bottles became

1403-480: Is subject to the same warning labels on all smokeless tobacco, indicating a possibility of oral cancer and tooth loss. This reflects the fact that American dry snuff users may still use the product orally, unlike the majority of Europe, but nasal use of snuff is also practiced by some users. Dry snuff is typically not readily available outside the South and Appalachia, unlike its successor, dipping tobacco (moist snuff), which

1464-536: Is usually more flavorful than its dried form, but fresh spices are more expensive and have a much shorter shelf life. There is not enough clinical evidence to indicate that consuming spices affects human health. India contributes to 75% of global spice production. This is reflected culturally through its cuisine . Historically, the spice trade developed throughout the Indian subcontinent as well as in East Asia and

1525-745: The Banda Islands in Southeast Asia , was introduced to Europe in the 6th century BCE. The Romans had cloves in the 1st century CE, as Pliny the Elder wrote about them. Spices were among the most demanded and expensive products available in Europe in the Middle Ages , the most common being black pepper , cinnamon (and the cheaper alternative cassia ), cumin , nutmeg , ginger, and cloves . Given medieval medicine's main theory of humorism , spices and herbs were indispensable to balance "humors" in food, on

1586-695: The Middle East . Europe's demand for spices was among the economic and cultural factors that encouraged exploration in the early modern period . The word spice originated in Middle English , from the Old French words espece , espis(c)e , and espis(c)e . According to the Middle English Dictionary , the Old French words came from Anglo-French spece ; according to Merriam Webster ,

1647-552: The 12th century. He was specifically looking for spices to put in wine and was not alone among European monarchs at the time to have such a desire for spice. Spices were all imported from plantations in Asia and Africa, which made them expensive. From the 8th until the 15th century, the Republic of Venice held a monopoly on spice trade with the Middle East, using this position to dominate

1708-436: The 17th century some prominent objectors to snuff-taking arose. Pope Urban VIII banned the use of snuff in churches and threatened to excommunicate snuff-takers. In Russia in 1643, Tsar Michael prohibited the sale of tobacco, instituted the punishment of removing the nose of those who used snuff, and declared that persistent users of tobacco would be killed. Despite this, use persisted elsewhere; King Louis XIII of France

1769-631: The 1920s and 30s, the company sponsored a professional basketball team – the Toledo Red Man Tobaccos . Marketing tie-ins with rural and outdoor sports have been a hallmark of the Red Man brand. From 1952 to 1955, Red Man produced a series of baseball cards , the only tobacco company to do so after 1920. The sets are valuable due to the appearance of 25 of the top players of 1952–55, including Stan Musial , Yogi Berra and Willie Mays . In 1982, Red Man launched its first TV advertising ever, produced by

1830-642: The 2007 smoking ban in England , snuff had regained some degree of popularity. Spice In the culinary arts , a spice is any seed , fruit , root , bark , or other plant substance in a form primarily used for flavoring or coloring food. Spices are distinguished from herbs , which are the leaves, flowers, or stems of plants used for flavoring or as a garnish . Spices are sometimes used in medicine , religious rituals , cosmetics , or perfume production. They are usually classified into spices, spice seeds, and herbal categories. For example, vanilla

1891-452: The French nobility. The Dutch, who named the ground powdered tobacco "snuff" ( snuif ), were using the product by 1560. By the early 1600s, snuff had become an expensive luxury commodity. In 1611, commercially manufactured snuff made its way to North America by way of John Rolfe , the husband of Pocahontas , who introduced a sweeter Spanish variety of tobacco to North America. Though most of

America's Best Chew - Misplaced Pages Continue

1952-454: The Middle East, and the east coast of Africa. Arab merchants facilitated the routes through the Middle East and India. This resulted in the Egyptian port city of Alexandria being the main trading center for spices. The most important discovery prior to the European spice trade was the monsoon winds (40 CE). Sailing from Eastern spice cultivators to Western European consumers gradually replaced

2013-594: The New World came new spices, including allspice , chili peppers , vanilla , and chocolate . This development kept the spice trade, with the Americas as a latecomer with their new seasonings, profitable well into the 19th century. Spices are primarily used as food flavoring or to create variety. They are also used to perfume cosmetics and incense . At various periods, many spices were used in herbal medicine . Finally, since they can be expensive, rare and exotic commodities, their conspicuous consumption has often been

2074-1319: The Old-French words came from Anglo-French espece, and espis . Both publications agree that the Anglo-French words are derived from Latin species . Middle English spice had its first known use as a noun in the 13th century. The spice trade developed throughout the Indian subcontinent and Middle East by 2000 BCE with cinnamon and black pepper , and in East Asia with herbs and pepper. The Egyptians used herbs for cuisine and mummification . Their demand for exotic spices and herbs helped stimulate world trade. Cloves were used in Mesopotamia by 1700 BCE. The earliest written records of spices come from ancient Egyptian, Chinese, and Indian cultures. The Ebers Papyrus from early Egypt dating from 1550 BCE describes some eight hundred different herbal medicinal remedies and numerous medicinal procedures. By 1000 BCE, medical systems based upon herbs could be found in China , Korea , and India . Early uses were associated with magic, medicine, religion, tradition, and preservation. Indonesian merchants traveled around China, India,

2135-777: The Portuguese to take control of the sea routes to India. In 1506, he took the island of Socotra in the mouth of the Red Sea and, in 1507, Ormuz in the Persian Gulf . Since becoming the viceroy of the Indies , he took Goa in India in 1510, and Malacca on the Malay Peninsula in 1511. The Portuguese could now trade directly with Siam , China , and the Maluku Islands . With the discovery of

2196-584: The US National Cancer Institute , and the UK Royal College of Physicians stated that, even if it is less dangerous than smoking, using snuff is addictive, represents a major health risk, has no safe level use, and is not a safe substitute for smoking. Using snuff can cause a number of adverse health effects such as dental disease, oral cancer , oesophagus cancer , pancreatic cancer , cardiovascular disease , asthma , and deformities in

2257-415: The United States during fiscal years 2007–2009 showed about 7% of the shipments were contaminated by Salmonella bacteria, some of it antibiotic-resistant. As most spices are cooked before being served salmonella contamination often has no effect, but some spices, particularly pepper, are often eaten raw and are present at the table for convenient use. Shipments from Mexico and India, a major producer, were

2318-499: The ad agency Benton & Bowles . This decision came after Levi Garrett 's aggressive entrance into the chewing tobacco market in the United States. Since then, the brand has sponsored competitive events including the "Red Man All-American Pulling Series", a tractor pulling circuit, and the "Red Man All-American Bass Championship", a fishing competition. In 1991, under pressure from the Federal Trade Commission , which

2379-463: The brand name came from something of an homage to American Indians . In January 2022, parent company Swedish Match announced that they would be changing brand's name to "America's Best Chew" and removing the depiction of a Native American chief on its packaging. Early in its history, Red Man advertisements were painted on the sides of barns , featuring an endorsement from baseball player Nap Lajoie : "Lajoie chews Red Man, ask him if he don't." During

2440-563: The city; state control over the activity later concentrated the production to one location opposite the Church of San Pedro. By the mid-18th century it was decided to build a large and grand industrial building outside the city walls, and thus the Royal Tobacco Factory ( Real Fábrica de Tabacos ) was built, becoming Europe's first industrial tobacco factory, producing snuff and auctioning tobacco at first, and Spain's second largest building at

2501-618: The colonists in America never fully accepted the English style of snuff use, American aristocrats used snuff. Snuff use in England increased in popularity after the Great Plague of London (1665–1666). People believed snuff had valuable medicinal properties, which added a powerful impetus to its consumption. By 1650, snuff use had spread from France to England, Scotland, and Ireland, and throughout Europe , as well as Japan , China , and Africa . By

America's Best Chew - Misplaced Pages Continue

2562-403: The elite members of society from the common people, who generally smoked their tobacco. It was also during the 18th century that an English author and botanist, John Hill , concluded nasal cancer could develop with the use of snuff. Under the guise of a doctor, he reported five cases of " polyps , a swelling in the nostril adherent with the symptoms of open cancer". In Victorian era Britain,

2623-399: The female reproductive system. It also raises the risk of fatal coronary artery disease , fatal stroke and non-fatal ischaemic heart disease Smokeless tobacco globally contributes to 650 000 deaths each year with a significant proportion of them in Southeast Asia . Quitting snuff use is as challenging as smoking cessation . There is no scientific evidence that using snuff can help

2684-456: The first British missionaries . In some African countries, such as South Africa and Nigeria, snuff is still quite popular with the older generation, though its use is slowly declining, with cigarette smoking becoming the dominant form of tobacco use . This includes parts of southern Ethiopia, where powdered tobaccos can be purchased at many larger markets across the Oromo region. Around the time of

2745-403: The first U.S. federal tax on tobacco, created in 1794. Despite two centuries of pipe smoking and snuff use, by the mid-1850s, North Americans rejected European practices in general—especially British practices—that entailed snuff boxes and formality. By the late 1700s, taking snuff nasally had fallen out of fashion in the United States. Instead, dry snuff users would use a twig as a brush to "dip"

2806-516: The first people known to have used ground tobacco as snuff. They would grind their tobacco leaves using a mortar and pestle made of rosewood , where the tobacco would also acquire a delicate aroma of the wood. The resulting snuff was then stored in airtight ornate bone bottles or tubes to preserve its flavor for later consumption. Snuff-taking by the Taino and Carib people of the Lesser Antilles

2867-534: The individual characteristics and flavor for each type of snuff blend. Snuff is usually scented or flavored, with many blends of snuff requiring months to years of special storage to reach the required maturity. Typical traditional flavors are varieties of blended tobacco leaves considered original "fine snuff" without any addition of scents or essences. Varieties of spice , piquant, fruit , floral, and mentholated (also called "medicated") soon followed, either pure or in blends. Each snuff manufacturer usually has

2928-726: The land-locked spice routes once facilitated by the Middle East Arab caravans. Spices were prominent enough in the ancient world that they are mentioned in the Old Testament . In Genesis , Joseph was sold into slavery by his brothers to spice merchants. In Exodus , manna is described as being similar to coriander in appearance. In the Song of Solomon , the male narrator compares his beloved to many saffron, cinnamon, and other spices. The ancient Indian epic Ramayana mentions cloves. Historians believe that nutmeg , which originates from

2989-485: The most common spice—is relatively ineffective, and in any case, salt, which is far cheaper, is also far more effective. A mortar and pestle is the classic set of tools for grinding a whole spice. Less labor-intensive tools are more common now: a microplane or fine grater can be used to grind small amounts; a coffee grinder is useful for larger amounts. A frequently used spice such as black pepper may merit storage in its own hand grinder or mill . The flavor of

3050-421: The name sponsor. Snuff (tobacco) Snuff is a type of smokeless tobacco product made from finely ground or pulverized tobacco leaves. It is snorted or "sniffed" (alternatively sometimes written as "snuffed") into the nasal cavity, delivering nicotine and a flavored scent to the user (especially if flavoring has been blended with the tobacco). Traditionally, it is sniffed or inhaled lightly after

3111-611: The neighboring Italian maritime republics and city-states. The trade made the region rich. It has been estimated that around 1,000 tons of pepper and 1,000 tons of other common spices were imported into Western Europe each year during the Late Middle Ages . The value of these goods was the equivalent of a yearly supply of grain for 1.5 million people. The most exclusive was saffron , used as much for its vivid yellow-red color as for its flavor. Spices that have now fallen into obscurity in European cuisine include grains of paradise ,

SECTION 50

#1732858076962

3172-598: The pepper market in India, he was able to secure peppers for a much cheaper price than the ones demanded by Venice . At around the same time, Christopher Columbus returned from the New World . He described to investors the new spices available there. Another source of competition in the spice trade during the 15th and 16th centuries was the Ragusans from the maritime republic of Dubrovnik in southern Croatia. The military prowess of Afonso de Albuquerque (1453–1515) allowed

3233-410: The risk of fatal coronary heart disease and stroke . In 2010 more than 200,000 people died from coronary heart disease due to smokeless tobacco use. Snuff can cause adverse reproductive effects including stillbirth , premature birth , low birth weight . Nicotine in snuff products that are used during pregnancy can affect how a baby's brain develops before birth. When sniffed, snuff often causes

3294-683: The same sale and purchase age restrictions as with other tobacco products in accordance with local laws. In the United Kingdom, tobacco duty is not charged on "nasal" snuff tobacco. In the Republic of Ireland it is illegal to take snuff in workplaces and bars. In the United States, snuff is less readily available and is typically found only in specialty tobacco shops or online. Smokeless tobacco products including snuff are banned from sale in Australia but up to 1.5kg may be imported for personal use only. The indigenous populations of Brazil were

3355-465: The snuff, which then involved placing the snuff inside the cheek. This is seen as a precursor to dipping tobacco (moist snuff) use which is still popular today. In addition, orally chewing tobacco or dipping snuff was more convenient for Americans trekking westward in their wagons. During the 1800s until the mid-1930s, a communal snuff box was installed for members of the US Congress . American snuff

3416-405: The table as a condiment ). Some spices such as turmeric are seldom available either fresh or whole and so must be purchased in ground form. Small seeds such as fennel or mustard may be used either whole or in powdered form. A whole dried spice has the longest shelf life, so it can be purchased and stored in larger amounts, making it cheaper on a per-serving basis. A fresh spice, such as ginger ,

3477-610: The time. In 1561 Jean Nicot , the French ambassador in Lisbon , Portugal, who described tobacco's medicinal properties as a panacea in his writings, is credited with introducing ground tobacco snuff to the Royal Court of Catherine de' Medici to treat her persistent headaches. Catherine was so impressed with its curative relieving properties, she promptly declared the tobacco would henceforth be termed Herba Regina (Queen Herb). Her royal seal of approval would help popularize snuff among

3538-412: Was a devout snuff-taker, whereas later, Louis XV of France banned the use of snuff from the Royal Court of France during his reign. By the 18th century, snuff had become the tobacco product of choice among the elite. Snuff use reached a peak in England during the reign of Queen Anne (1702–14). It was during this time that England's own production of ready-made snuff blends started; home-made blending

3599-700: Was common. Prominent snuff users included Pope Benedict XIII who repealed the smoking ban set by Pope Urban VIII; Queen Anne; King George III 's wife Queen Charlotte , referred to as 'Snuffy Charlotte', who had an entire room at Windsor Castle devoted to her snuff stock; and King George IV , who had his own special blends and hoarded a stockpile of snuff. Napoleon , Lord Nelson , the Duke of Wellington , Marie Antoinette , Alexander Pope , Samuel Johnson and Benjamin Disraeli all used snuff, as well as numerous other notable persons. The taking of snuff helped to distinguish

3660-518: Was enforcing a 1986 U.S. statute banning television ads for smokeless tobacco , Red Man agreed to stop displaying its "product logo, selling message or the color or design of the tobacco product or its package" during televised coverage of the tractor pulls. The competitive fishing circuit that culminated in the Bass Championship was sponsored by the company and called the "Red Man Tournament Trail" from 1983 to 2000, after which Walmart took over as

3721-658: Was observed by the Franciscan friar Ramón Pané on Columbus' second voyage to the New World in 1493. Pané returned to Spain with snuff, introducing it to Europe. In the early 16th century, the Spanish Casa de Contratación (House of Trade) established and held a trade monopoly in the first manufacturing industries of snuff, in the city of Seville , which became Europe's first manufacturing and development centre for snuff. The Spanish called snuff polvo or rapé . At first they were independent production mills dispersed within

SECTION 60

#1732858076962
#961038