64-507: The Red Hills or Tallahassee Hills is a region of gently rolling hills in the southeastern United States . It is a geomorphic region and an ecoregion . The Red Hills physiographic region of northern Florida was defined in 1914 as most of Leon County north of the Cody Scarp , and small portions of southernmost Grady and Thomas counties in Georgia. The original tree cover of the region
128-681: A border state that remained with the Union while being contested by the Confederacy and Confederate government of West Virginia . Following the Reconstruction era in the 1870s, many Southeast state legislatures passed Jim Crow laws . The American segregation era spanned from the late 19th century to the mid-1960s. In the mid-to-late 20th century, the Southeast saw many shifting changes take place population wise and economically. The Southeast started to see
192-406: A few years after being established under fully stocked over stories. Most black oak sprouts under mature stands develop crooked stems and flat-topped or misshapen crowns. After the over story is removed, only the large stems are capable of competing successfully. Seedlings are soon overtopped. The few that survive usually remain in the intermediate crown class. Even-aged silvicultural systems satisfy
256-576: A high content of rock or chert fragments. Black oak grows best on well drained, silty clay to loam soils. The most important factors determining site quality for black oak are the thickness and texture of the A horizon , texture of the B horizon , aspect , and slope position. Other factors may be important in localized areas. For example, in northwestern West Virginia increasing precipitation to 1,120 millimetres (44 in) resulted in increased site quality; more than 1,120 mm (44 in) had no further effect. In southern Indiana, decreasing site quality
320-437: A number of notable universities, public and private, whose research exert influence globally. Chief among public universities are: There are a number of well-known private institutions, as well. Notable among these are: The region is home to the greatest number of historically black colleges and universities in the nation. The three largest in the region are: There are nine National Football League (NFL) franchises across
384-537: A single defoliation, two or three defoliations in successive years kill many trees. Other defoliators that attack black oak and may occasionally be epidemic are the variable oak leaf caterpillar ( Heterocampa manteo ), the orange striped oakworm ( Anisota senatoria ), and the brown tail moth ( Euproctis chrysorrhoea ). The nut weevils ( Curculio spp.), gall-forming cynipids ( Callirhytis spp.), filbertworm ( Melissopus latiferreanus ), and acorn moth ( Valentinia glandulella ) damage black oak acorns. Black oak
448-565: A spur of new economic growth in the 1930s, which stemmed from New Deal policies such as the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Fair Labor Standards Act instituting a minimum wage for the entire nation. World War II further helped growth within the Southeast, as military bases and military production drew workers from farming or low-wage industries into a new economy. With farming mechanization picking up to speed in
512-680: A variety of magnolia , as well as hickory , flowering dogwood , red maple , and redbud . Conifers are also abundant, including shortleaf pine , and loblolly pine . The Red Hills are home to some of the last remnants of the great longleaf pine forests remaining in the nation. The Red Hills Region supports the northern bobwhite quail , white-tailed deer , red fox , raccoon , eastern gray squirrel , nine-banded armadillo , black bear , migratory bird, federally endangered red-cockaded woodpecker , gopher tortoise , eastern diamondback rattlesnake , eastern tiger salamander , and many other animals and plants. The Red Hills Region serves as one of
576-502: Is a Red Hills Physiographic Province in south central Alabama. The area was first settled by Paleo-Indians in and around the various lakes in the southern part of the Red Hills. The Apalachee were found here in the 16th century, and were almost annihilated through wars, disease, and slavery. In the 18th century, the Seminoles made the Red Hills their home until the early 19th century and
640-455: Is abundant across the southeastern United States in summer, as the rainfall often comes in quick, but intense downpours. The mid-South, especially Tennessee, and the northern halves of Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia, have maximum monthly rainfall amounts in winter and spring, owing to copious Gulf moisture and clashes between warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and cold, dry air from Canada during
704-741: Is also an NCAA Division I conference made up of Southeastern college teams, including the: Alabama Crimson Tide , Arkansas Razorbacks , Auburn Tigers , Florida Gators , Georgia Bulldogs , Kentucky Wildcats , LSU Tigers , Ole Miss Rebels , Mississippi State Bulldogs , South Carolina Gamecocks , Tennessee Volunteers , and Vanderbilt Commodores . The Sugar Bowl , Orange Bowl , Peach Bowl , Citrus Bowl , and Music City Bowl , are notable college football bowls held in Southeastern cities. 34°N 85°W / 34°N 85°W / 34; -85 Quercus velutina Quercus velutina (Latin 'velutina', "velvety") ,
SECTION 10
#1732852220495768-418: Is classed as intermediate in tolerance to shade. It is less tolerant than many of its associates such as white and chestnut oaks, hickories, beech ( Fagus grandifolia ), maples, elm, and blackgum. However, it is more tolerant than yellow-poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera ), black cherry, and shortleaf pine ( Pinus echinata ). It is about the same as northern red oak and scarlet oak. Seedlings usually die within
832-536: Is defined variably among agencies and organizations. The history of the present-day Southeastern United States dates to the dawn of civilization in approximately 11,000 BC or 13,000 BC. The earliest artifacts from the region were from the Clovis culture . Prior to the arrival of European colonialists, Native Americans occupied the region for several hundred years during the Woodland period . The first Europeans to arrive in
896-417: Is found at elevations up to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in the southern Appalachians . In southern New England, black oak grows on cool, moist soils. Elsewhere it occurs on warm, moist soils. The most widespread soils on which black oak grows are the udalfs and udolls . These soils are derived from glacial materials, sandstones, shales, and limestone and range from heavy clays to loamy sands with some having
960-481: Is often a predominant species in the canopy of an oak–heath forest . In forest stands, black oak begins to produce seeds at about age 20 and reaches optimum production at 40 to 75 years. It is a consistent seed producer with good crops of acorns every 2 to 3 years. In Missouri, the average number of mature acorns per tree was generally higher than for other oaks over a 5-year period, but the number of acorns differed greatly from year to year and from tree to tree within
1024-430: Is spread from tree to tree through root grafts and over larger distances by sap-feeding beetles ( Nitidulidae ) and the small oak bark beetle. Shoestring root rot ( Armillaria mellea ) attacks black oak and may kill trees weakened by fire, lightning, drought, insects, or other diseases. A root rot, Phytophthora cinnamomi , may kill seedlings in the nursery. Cankers caused by Strumella and Nectria species damage
1088-417: Is still home to dozens of such plantations, such as Greenwood , Pebble Hill , and Goodwood . Rolling hills, ravines and gullies covered by forests and the large lakes of Lake Jackson , Lake Iamonia , Lake Miccosukee , Lake Lafayette , and Lake Talquin . The highest point in the Red Hills is 280 feet (85 meters) north of Tallahassee by 10 miles (16 kilometers). The soil is red clay deposited during
1152-585: The Seminole Wars . Also in the 19th century, white settlers began cotton plantations , which thrived until the Civil War . At one time, Leon County, Florida , was the 5th largest producer of cotton among all counties in Georgia and Florida. After the Civil War, many of the Red Hills' plantations became winter homes and quail hunting plantations for wealthy northerners; the area between Thomasville and Tallahassee
1216-969: The Thirteen Colonies who sent delegates to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia , which declared independence from the British Crown , which was established with the colonies' victory over the British in the American Revolutionary War . During the American Civil War , the Confederate States of America consisted of the southeastern states of Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Tennessee, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Louisiana, and Arkansas. Texas
1280-642: The United States located in the eastern portion of the Southern United States and the southern portion of the Eastern United States . The region includes a core of states that reaches north to Maryland and West Virginia , bordering the Ohio River and Mason–Dixon line , and stretches west to Arkansas and Louisiana . There is no official U.S. government definition for the region, and it
1344-662: The United States Virgin Islands , and Virginia . There is no official United States Census Bureau definition of the Southeastern United States. They instead divide a larger region which includes Texas , Oklahoma , Maryland , Delaware , Washington, D.C., and West Virginia , designated as "the South," into three separate subregions, none of which are conventionally considered to define the Southeast. The nonprofit American Association of Geographers defines
SECTION 20
#17328522204951408-464: The black oak , is a species of oak in the red oak group ( Quercus sect. Lobatae ), native and widespread in eastern and central North America. It is sometimes called the eastern black oak . Quercus velutina was previously known as yellow oak due to the yellow pigment in its inner bark. It is a close relative of the California black oak ( Quercus kelloggii ) found in western North America. In
1472-536: The equestrian community meets for the Red Hills Horse Trials , an Olympics qualifying event held at Elinor Klapp-Phipps Park . 30°36′41″N 84°00′01″W / 30.6113°N 84.0004°W / 30.6113; -84.0004 Southeastern United States The Southeastern United States , also known as the American Southeast or simply the Southeast , is a geographical region of
1536-438: The 1940s, promotion of different industries, and federal spending on defense and space programs, the Southeast saw further economic transformation in the ensuing years and decades of the 20th century. The Southeast benefitted from its business and warm climate in its population growth during the late 20th century, as it helped in attracting job seekers and retirees from other U.S. regions. Florida in particular went from being
1600-550: The 27th most populated U.S. state in 1940 with 1.9 million residents, to being the 4th most populated U.S. state and having nearly 13 million residents in 2000 . Southeast states such as North Carolina and Georgia saw large population growth increases as well during the late 20th century. The United States Geological Survey defines Southeastern United States as including the states of Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , Puerto Rico ,
1664-653: The 53 °F (12 °C) range. As one nears the Gulf of Mexico, coastal plain, and coastal areas of Georgia and the Carolinas, winters become warm, with daytime highs near or over 60 °F (16 °C). Once in Florida, daytime highs are above 70 °F (21 °C) from just south of St. Augustine on the Atlantic coast and Clearwater on the Gulf Of Mexico. Extreme southern Florida has the warmest winter temperatures (mid 70's F) in
1728-761: The Atlanta area; the two largest research parks in the country: Research Triangle Park in the Triangle area of North Carolina (the world's largest) and the Cummings Research Park in Huntsville, Alabama (the world's fourth largest); corporate headquarters of Bank of America , Truist Financial , and Wells Fargo in Charlotte, North Carolina , the corporate headquarters of Verso Paper and FedEx in Memphis, Tennessee as well as
1792-494: The Charlotte area along with the sports operations headquarters and media outlets. Tracks in the region include Atlanta Motor Speedway , Bristol Motor Speedway , Charlotte Motor Speedway , Darlington Raceway , Daytona International Speedway , Homestead-Miami Speedway , Martinsville Speedway , Nashville Superspeedway , North Wilkesboro Speedway , Richmond Raceway , and Talladega Superspeedway . The southeast also hosts two of
1856-572: The South to have some of the lowest unemployment rates in the United States. In Alabama, there is the large-scale manufacturing project owned by the German steel megacorporation ThyssenKrupp , which operates a massive, state-of-the-art facility in Mobile . Even with certain states and areas in the Southeast doing well economically, many Southeast states and areas still have a high poverty rate when compared to
1920-581: The Southeast, out of a total of ten such areas in the United States: Two others tie some areas on the margins of the Southeast to urban centers in other regions: These are the combined statistical areas of the Southeastern region which exceed 1 million in population according to the United States Census Bureau 's 2016 estimates. Note that the metropolitan areas of Tampa and Richmond are not included in any CSAs, so they are included in
1984-688: The Southeast: the Atlanta Braves , Baltimore Orioles , Miami Marlins , Tampa Bay Rays , and Washington Nationals . The Southeast has five National Hockey League (NHL) franchises: the Carolina Hurricanes , Florida Panthers , Nashville Predators , Tampa Bay Lightning , and Washington Capitals . Major League Soccer currently holds six clubs: Atlanta United FC , Charlotte FC , DC United , Inter Miami CF , Nashville SC and Orlando City SC . The majority of NASCAR teams are headquartered in
Red Hills Region - Misplaced Pages Continue
2048-417: The Southeastern United States as including Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. The OSBO (Organization Supporting Business Owners) uses the same states, but includes Arkansas and Louisiana. The states of Delaware and Missouri , along with the U.S. capital of Washington, D.C., are also sometimes added in definitions of
2112-479: The U.S. nationally. In 2017, seven Southeast states were in the top ten nationwide when it came to having the highest poverty rate. Research Triangle Park in the Raleigh–Durham urban area of North Carolina, has emerged as a major hub of technology, governmental, and biotechnological research and development. The Cummings Research Park in the Huntsville, Alabama area, is the second-largest research complex in
2176-458: The United States is dominated by the humid subtropical climate (Cfa/Cwa). As one nears the southern portion of Florida, the climate gradually becomes tropical, as the winter season and all months have a mean temperature above 64.4 °F (18.0 °C) (the defined coldest monthly mean temperature of tropical climates). Seasonally, summers are generally hot and humid throughout the entire region. The Bermuda High pumps hot and moist air mass from
2240-483: The United States. Winters tend to be very dry and sunny across Florida, with a gradual increase in winter rainfall with increasing latitude, especially west of the Appalachian Mountains. The Southeast economically has changed dramatically since the late 20th century. There has been a boom in its service economy , manufacturing base, high technology industries, and the financial sector. Examples of this include
2304-427: The black oak are medium-sized and broadly rounded. The cap is large and covers almost half of the nut. Black oak is found in all the coastal states from Maine to Texas , inland as far as Michigan , Ontario , Minnesota , Nebraska , Kansas , Oklahoma , and eastern Texas . It grows on all aspects and slope positions. It grows best in coves and on middle and lower slopes with northerly and easterly aspects. It
2368-499: The boles of black oak and cause serious lumber degrade include the carpenter worm ( Prionoxystus robiniae ), red oak borer ( Enaphalodes rufulus ), the twolined chestnut borer ( Agrilus bilineatus ), the oak timber worm ( Arrenodes minutus ), and the Columbian timber beetle ( Corthylus columbianus ). The gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar ) feeds on foliage and is potentially the most destructive insect. Although black oaks withstood
2432-624: The cold season. In this area, December, March, or April are typically the wettest months; August to October, the driest months (for example, in Tupelo, MS , Huntsville, AL and Memphis, TN ). Winters are cool in the northern areas like Tennessee , Virginia , Maryland , and western North Carolina , with average high temperatures in the 45 °F (7 °C) range in January. Farther south, winters become milder across interior eastern North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, with average January highs in
2496-928: The corporate headquarters of the Coca Cola Company , Delta Airlines , the Home Depot and United Parcel Service in Atlanta , Georgia. Dillards , along with Heifer International , is headquartered in Little Rock, Arkansas . Walmart is also headquartered in Arkansas . In 2020, Fortune 500 companies having headquarters in the Southeast region include: 22 in Virginia, 18 in Georgia, 18 in Florida, 13 in North Carolina, and 10 in Tennessee. This economic expansion has enabled parts of
2560-420: The fastest-growing area of the United States economically. Multiculturalism has become more mainstream in the Southeastern states. African Americans remain a dominant demographic, at around 30% of the total population of the Southeast. Cities along this corridor from north to south include Raleigh-Durham area, Greensboro, Charlotte, Spartanburg, Greenville, Atlanta, and Montgomery. Most of the southeastern part of
2624-626: The highest recharge areas for the Floridan aquifer — which is critical to the drinking water supply for residents of Florida , Georgia , and Alabama . The Red Hills Region also has the largest concentration of undeveloped plantation lands in the United States . The Red Hills has been identified for special conservation efforts, and The Nature Conservancy has designated the Red Hills as one of America's "Last Great Places." Alfred B. Maclay Gardens State Park Lake Jackson Mounds Archaelogical State Park Elinor Klapp-Phipps Park Each spring,
Red Hills Region - Misplaced Pages Continue
2688-421: The holes of black oak but seldom kill trees. Foliage diseases that attack black oak are the same as those that typically attack species in the red oak group and include anthracnose ( Gnomonia quercina ), leaf blister ( Taphrina spp.), powdery mildews ( Phyllactinia corylea and Microsphaera alni ), oak-pine rusts ( Cronartium spp.), and leaf spots ( Actinopelte dryina ). Tunneling insects that attack
2752-473: The killed trees sprout and form a new stand. However, the economic loss may be large unless at least some of it can be salvaged. Oak wilt ( Bretziella fagacearum ) is a potentially serious vascular disease of black oak that is widespread throughout the eastern United States. Trees die within a few weeks after the symptoms first appear. Usually scattered individuals or small groups of trees are killed, but areas several hectares in size may be affected. The disease
2816-626: The largest cities in the Southeastern region of the United States by population, according to the United States Census Bureau in 2015: These are the metropolitan areas of the Southeastern region which exceed one million in population according to the United States Census Bureau 's 2023 estimates:as estimated by the United States Census Bureau Beyond Megalopolis by Virginia Tech 's Metropolitan Institute, an attempt to update Jean Gottmann 's work with current trends, defines two " megapolitan areas " contained within
2880-757: The last ice age from the Appalachian Mountains . Rivers running through the Red Hills Region are the Aucilla River , Ochlockonee River , and Telogia Creek . The St. Marks River is subterranean until it meets the surface in the Woodville Karst Plain . The area is covered in a number of native species. There are a variety of oak including southern live oak , water oak , laurel oak , white oak , overcup oak , post oak , black oak as well as other hardwood trees such as American sweetgum ,
2944-399: The leaf is a shiny deep green, and the lower is yellowish-brown. There are also stellate hairs on the underside of the leaf that grow in clumps. Some key characteristics for identification include that leaves grown in the sun have very deep U-shaped sinuses and that the buds are velvety and covered in white hairs. Black oak is monoecious . The staminate flowers develop from leaf axils of
3008-693: The nation. Located in Huntsville is the Redstone Arsenal , United States Army Missile Command , the U.S. Space & Rocket Center , NASA 's Marshall Space Flight Center and other key government, military, and aerospace agencies. Tullahoma, TN contains the Arnold Air Force Base. The base is home to the Arnold Engineering Development Complex (AEDC), the most advanced and largest complex of flight simulation test facilities in
3072-484: The northern part of its range, Quercus velutina is a relatively small tree, reaching a height of 20–25 metres (66–82 feet) and a diameter of 90 centimetres (35 inches), but it grows larger in the south and center of its range, where heights of up to 42 m (138 ft) are known. The leaves of the black oak are alternately arranged on the twig and are 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long with 5–7 bristle-tipped lobes separated by deep U-shaped notches. The upper surface of
3136-583: The previous year and the catkins emerge before or at the same time as the current leaves in April or May. The pistillate flowers are borne in the axils of the current year's leaves and may be solitary or occur in two- to many-flowered spikes. The fruit, an acorn that occurs singly or in clusters of two to five, is about one-third enclosed in a scaly cup and matures in 2 years. Black oak acorns are brown when mature and ripen from late August to late October, depending on geographic location. The fruits or acorns of
3200-634: The region were conquistadors associated with the Spanish Empire . In 1541, Hernando de Soto journeyed through the southeast and crossed the Mississippi River . The region hosted the first permanent European settlement in North America , with the Kingdom of England establishing Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Four southeast states, Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Virginia , were among
3264-603: The region: the Atlanta Falcons , Baltimore Ravens , Carolina Panthers , Jacksonville Jaguars , Miami Dolphins , New Orleans Saints , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , Tennessee Titans , and Washington Commanders . The Southeast has seven National Basketball Association (NBA) franchises: the Atlanta Hawks , Charlotte Hornets , Memphis Grizzlies , Miami Heat , New Orleans Pelicans , Orlando Magic , and Washington Wizards . Major League Baseball (MLB) maintains five teams in
SECTION 50
#17328522204953328-566: The reproduction and growth requirements of black oak better than the all-aged or uneven-aged selection system. Under the selection system, black oak is unable to reproduce because of inadequate light. Stands containing black oak that are managed under the selection system will gradually be dominated by more shade-tolerant species. Dormant buds are numerous on the boles of black oak trees. These buds may be stimulated to sprout and produce branches by mechanical pruning or by exposure to greatly increased light, as by thinning heavily or creating openings in
3392-489: The same stand. The number of seeds that become available for regenerating black oak may be low even in good seed years. Insects, squirrels, deer, turkey, small rodents, and birds consume many acorns . They can eat or damage a high percentage of the acorn crop in most years and essentially all of it in poor seed years. Black oak acorns from a single tree are dispersed over a limited area by squirrels, mice, and gravity. The blue jay may disperse over longer distances. Black oak
3456-399: The stand. Dominant trees are less likely to produce epicormic branches than those in the lower crown class. Wildfires seriously damage black oak trees by killing the cambium at the base of the trees. This creates an entry point for decay fungi. The result is loss of volume because of heart rot. Trees up to pole size are easily killed by fire and severe fires may even kill saw timber. Many of
3520-1058: The surge in tourism in Florida and along the Gulf Coast ; the numerous new automobile production plants such as Mercedes-Benz in Tuscaloosa ; Hyundai in Montgomery ; Toyota Motors in Blue Springs, Mississippi ; Kia in West Point, Georgia ; BMW production plant in Greer, South Carolina ; Volkswagen in Chattanooga ; GM manufacturing plant in Spring Hill, Tennessee ; with the Nissan North American headquarters in Franklin, Tennessee ; Mercedes-Benz USA ; and Porsche North American headquarters in
3584-406: The table without constituent areas. The predominant culture of the Southeast U.S. has its origins with the settlement of the region by European colonists and African slaves during the 17th to 19th centuries, as large groups of English , Scottish , Scotch-Irish , Germans , Spanish , French , and Acadians migrated to the region. Since the late 20th century, the " New South " has emerged as
3648-520: The term. The most populous states in the region as of the 2020 United States census are: Florida (21,538,187), followed by Georgia (10,711,908), and North Carolina (10,439,388). Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands are located southeast of Florida, and are considered to be in the South / Southeastern U.S. by the FAA , Agricultural Research Service , and the U.S. National Park Service . These are
3712-999: The three legs of the American Triple Crown : the Kentucky Derby in Louisville , and the Preakness Stakes in Baltimore . The Derby is considered the western leg of the crown and the Preakness is traditionally considered the southern leg. The Atlantic Coast Conference is an NCAA Division I conference with many Southeastern college teams, including the: Clemson Tigers , Duke Blue Devils , Florida State Seminoles , Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets , Louisville Cardinals , Miami Hurricanes , North Carolina Tar Heels , NC State Wolfpack , Virginia Cavaliers , Virginia Tech Hokies , and Wake Forest Demon Deacons . The Southeastern Conference
3776-439: The tropical Atlantic Ocean and eastern Gulf of Mexico westward toward the southeast United States, creating the typical sultry tropical summers. Daytime highs are often in the upper 80s to lower 90s F. Rainfall is summer concentrated along the Gulf Coast and the South Atlantic coast from Norfolk, Virginia southward, reaching a sharp summer monsoon -like pattern over peninsular Florida, with dry winters and wet summers. Sunshine
3840-522: The west and northwest, and by the Cody Scarp on the south. The Red Hills physiographic region is part of the Tallahassee Hills/Valdosta Limesink ecoregion , which extends across northern Florida and southern Georgia from the Apalachicola River to the vicinity of Valdosta, Georgia . A wider Red Hills section of Florida has been defined as extending 150 miles (240 kilometers) along the Alabama and Georgia borders, including, from east to west, Madison , Jefferson, Leon, Gadsden and Jackson counties. There
3904-430: The world. The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory in Tallahassee, Florida , is the largest laboratory in the world devoted to the study of magnetism. The University of South Carolina is currently constructing a research campus in downtown Columbia , and the university is the nation's only National Science Foundation -funded Industry/University Cooperative Research Center for Fuel Cells . The region includes
SECTION 60
#17328522204953968-419: Was a shortleaf pine -oak-hickory woodland with deep sandy clay soil. A wider definition of the Red Hills Region includes Jefferson County, Florida north of the Cody Scarp and the southern portions of Grady and Thomas counties in Georgia. This larger region consists of about 2,400 square kilometers (930 square miles) that is bounded by the Aucilla River on the east and northeast, by the Ochlockonee River on
4032-411: Was a Confederate State that isn't defined as part of the southeast region. Missouri and Kentucky had dual competing Unionist and Confederate state governments in the Confederate government of Missouri and Confederate government of Kentucky , while Maryland and Delaware were neutral southern border states that remained with the Union . West Virginia split from Virginia during 1863, and also served as
4096-1901: Was associated with increasing slope steepness. Near the limits of its range, topographic factors may restrict its distribution. At the western limits black oak is often found only on north and east aspects where moisture conditions are most favorable. In southern Minnesota and Wisconsin it is usually found only on ridge tops and the lower two-thirds of south- and west-facing slopes. Common tree associates of black oak are white oak ( Quercus alba ), northern red oak ( Quercus rubra ), pignut hickory ( Carya glabra ), mockernut hickory ( C. tomentosa ), bitternut hickory ( C. cordiformis ), and shagbark hickory ( C. ovata ); American elm ( Ulmus americana ) and slippery elm ( U. rubra ); white ash ( Fraxinus americana ); black walnut ( Juglans nigra ) and butternut ( J. cinerea ); scarlet oak ( Quercus coccinea ), southern red oak ( Q. falcata ), and chinkapin oak ( Q. muehlenbergii ); red maple ( Acer rubrum ) and sugar maple ( A. saccharum ); black cherry ( Prunus serotina ); and blackgum ( Nyssa sylvatica ). Common small tree associates of black oak include flowering dogwood ( Cornus florida ), sourwood ( Oxydendrum arboreum ), sassafras ( Sassafras albidum ), eastern hophornbeam ( Ostrya virginiana ), redbud ( Cercis canadensis ), pawpaw ( Asimina triloba ), downy serviceberry ( Amelanchier arborea ), and American bladdernut ( Staphylea trifolia ). Common shrubs include Vaccinium spp., mountain-laurel ( Kalmia latifolia ), witch-hazel ( Hamamelis virginiana ), beaked hazel ( Corylus cornuta ), spicebush ( Lindera benzoin ), sumac ( Rhus spp.), and Viburnum spp. The most common vines are greenbrier ( Smilax spp.), grape ( Vitis spp.), poison-ivy ( Toxicodendron radicans ), and Virginia creeper ( Parthenocissus quinquefolia ). Black oak
#494505