Taishō period
59-665: (Redirected from Rectification Movement ) Rectification movement may refer to: Yan'an Rectification Movement , first ideological mass movement initiated by the Chinese Communist Party First Great Rectification Movement , 1965 ideological movement by the Communist Party of the Philippines Second Great Rectification Movement , 1992 ideological movement by
118-496: A Communist revolutionary party. The third phase of the Rectification Campaign lasted from October 1943 to 1944 or April 1945, depending on sources. It is generally known as the "Summing up party history" phase. Senior leaders restudied party history and attempted to reach agreements on major issues by admitting to "errors". The 1943 portion of the campaign included a "Rescue Campaign" that focused on group retribution . In
177-554: A digital edition entitled Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) Daily Reports, 1941–1996. As of March 2017 , this collection is available online via a paid subscription to Readex, as are Daily Report Annexes for 1974–1996. The FBIS became the Open Source Center (OSC) within the CIA in 2005; the CIA discontinued public access to OSC in 2013. FBIS had approximately 20 stations, commonly called bureaus, that were located around
236-541: A group. Individuals put through thought reform later described it as excruciating. The resulting changes in views were not permanent, but the experience overall seriously affected the lives of those who went through it. The CCP used these same types of techniques on millions of Chinese after 1949. The preparatory phase of the Rectification Campaign lasted from May 1941 to February 1942. The Campaign began on February 1, 1942, under Mao Zedong with his speech "Reform in Learning,
295-584: A journalist and intellectual known for his belief in "democracy and science." Wang wrote an essay denouncing the hierarchy, bureaucracy, and inegalitarian distribution of resources in Yan'an. The essay irritated Mao greatly, and Wang was labeled a Trotskyist . Wang was arrested by the Central Social Department, modeled off the Soviet Union's OGPU , and beheaded in 1947. Under the leadership of Peng Zhen ,
354-627: A population of nearly one hundred million people. Party membership was strongly shaped by the devastation of the final battles for the Jiangxi Soviet , the Long March. With only a few original members of the CCP surviving until the end of the Yan'an period, the Party as of the mid-1940s consisted of 90% peasants recruited from the base areas of north China. The mostly young volunteers who arrived in Yan'an after
413-467: A profound effect on the CCP and its future fortunes. When the Communists completed the Long March, the CCP was a relatively small band of less than 10,000 worn out troops from the south, displaced to an isolated and poor area in the hinterlands of northern China. By the end of the Yan'an era, however, the CCP's forces had grown to nearly 2.8 million members, and it governed nineteen base areas that contained
472-545: A total of sixty black stations, which included a German-language station that pretended to represent an anti-Nazi army group, an anti-Nazi "Catholic" station, and an English-language station that attacked Winston Churchill . With the termination of the OSS following the end of World War II , the service was transferred to the Department of the Army . Like many other wartime organizations,
531-503: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Yan%27an Rectification Movement Shōwa period The Yan'an Rectification Movement ( simplified Chinese : 延安整风运动 ; traditional Chinese : 延安整風運動 ; pinyin : Yán'ān Zhěngfēng Yùndòng ) was a political mass movement led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1942 to 1945. The movement took place in
590-486: Is possible via World News Connection . In 2012, Readex , a division of NewsBank, began releasing its digital edition entitled Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS) Reports, 1957–1994 . As of 2022 , access to this material is available through some university libraries. According to the Imperial War Museum , JPRS was a CIA operation operating out of the Department of Commerce . Material provided by FBIS
649-473: Is regarded by many as the origin of Mao Zedong's cult of personality . In the 1930s the remote region of Yan'an had not experienced the same turmoil and hostilities as other mainland territories. Situated in northwest China , the area was also difficult to attack. CCP members mostly arrived there after the Long March (1934–1935). The area was known as a territory of camaraderie without corruption, though
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#1733202267687708-542: The Cuban Missile Crisis and START Treaty , FBIS was tasked with monitoring for clandestine and encoded messages from all nations and coordinating broadcast media contact points who could instantly broadcast urgent messages on "All Channels" and "All Calls". In 1967, the Service's mission was expanded to cover foreign mass media transmitted by radio, television, and print. In 2007, Readex announced its plans to create
767-898: The Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service ( FBMS ) under the authority of the Federal Communications Commission . The mandate of the FBMS was to record, translate, transcribe and analyze shortwave propaganda radio programs that were being beamed at the United States by the Axis powers . Its first monitoring station was established in October 1941 in Portland, Oregon . The year following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941,
826-778: The Japanese or the Nationalists . With the Soviets at war with Nazi Germany and unable to intervene, Mao seized the opportunity in Yan'an to "go to work" on his Party and "mold it into an unquestioning machine" in preparation for the all-out civil war against the Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek that was expected to follow the defeat of the Japanese. (This is according to Jung Chang and Jon Halliday , whose treatment of Mao has been regarded as flawed by some China scholars. ) The Yan'an era had
885-564: The Panama Canal Zone , etc. The personnel in the stations were both U.S. citizens and foreign nationals who were responsible for the collection, translation, and dissemination of foreign open source material. Depending on location, and the availability of print media, these personnel may have been responsible for translation of more than one language. Because of the large number print/radio/TV/satellite sources worldwide FBIS did not collect all open source material, but only those sources that met
944-609: The U.S. government openly available news and information from media sources outside the United States . Its headquarters was in Rosslyn , later Reston , Virginia , and it maintained approximately 20 monitoring stations worldwide. In November 2005, it was announced that FBIS would become the newly formed Open Source Center , tasked with the collection and analysis of publicly available intelligence. On 26 February 1941, President Roosevelt directed that $ 150,000 be allocated for creation of
1003-594: The Yan'an Soviet , a revolutionary base area centered on the remote city of Yan'an . Although it was during the Second Sino-Japanese War , the CCP was experiencing a time of relative peace when they could focus on internal affairs. The legacies of the Yan'an Rectification Movement proved fundamental to the subsequent history of the Chinese Communist Party, according to Kenneth Lieberthal . These included
1062-576: The " Internationale ", and Russia's Motherland March.'" The Party's leadership, however, reflected the CCP's origins south of the Yangtze River , and was at best supplemented by the intellectuals who trekked out to Yan'an to join the Party during the war against Japan. The Yan'an Rectification Campaign was also directed towards the indoctrination of older CCP personnel. "The Party chose to re-emphasize its basic principles during this period, in an evident determination to maintain its Leninist foundations in
1121-468: The CCP had 800,000 members, of which only a small group of approximately 150 members usually made all major decisions. Although Mao took charge of the leadership of the CCP after the Zunyi Conference , he was not yet in a dominant position. Even after Mao won a power struggle with Zhang Guotao , he was still one among many senior leaders, including Zhou Enlai , Wang Ming and Zhang Wentian . Before
1180-568: The CCP, and years later became central to the party's mythology that reminisced about the success of the Yan'an era. During the Yan'an Rectification Campaign, more sophisticated techniques of thought control were used than had been previously attempted in China. Relying on criticism, self-criticism, "struggle", confession, and the content of the Marxist doctrine, these methods were heavily influenced by contemporary Soviet practices of "thought reform". Under
1239-414: The CCP. To do this he undertook a "thought-reform campaign" from 1942 to 1944. The effort was partly a reflection of Mao's wish to eradicate Soviet influence. Under the conditions of independently operating Communist areas and incessant warfare, Mao could not rely on discipline alone to guarantee obedience in the CCP ranks. In order to ensure the Party's obedience to his orders, Mao developed the techniques of
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#17332022676871298-475: The Central General Study Committee to be in charge of the movement. This committee was run by Mao's close allies Kang Sheng , Li Fuchun , Peng Zhen , and Gao Gang , and later included Liu Shaoqi. This Committee temporarily replaced the politburo and secretariat, running daily operation for the CCP and making it one of the most powerful administrative bodies at that time. The Committee gave Mao
1357-580: The Central Party School. The lecture "Against Party Stereotype-Writing" in the cadre party of Yan'an in February 1942 interpreted the aim and policy of the movement in full detail – the event included thousands of cadres from the party. In this lecture, Mao Zedong declared: Why must there be a revolutionary party? There must be a revolutionary party because our enemies still exist, and furthermore there must not be only an ordinary revolutionary party but
1416-541: The Central Political School of the CCP began to carry out the Rectification Campaign among its students. Massive numbers of party members were forced to write reports of confession and self-criticism. The Central General Study Committee ordered people to report on their daily habits and speech. This stage was known as the "Salvation Stage". The Salvation Stage was the extension of the Maoist anti-Trotskyist movement and
1475-630: The Communist Party of the Philippines See also [ edit ] Rectification (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Rectification movement . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rectification_movement&oldid=840609517 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1534-455: The Japanese, many new CCP volunteers were drawn by communist propaganda that portrayed the CCP as "the saviors of the nation", promising democracy and liberal reforms. As a result, hundreds of thousands of students, teachers, artists, writers, and journalists poured into Yan'an, seeking a revolutionary career. In Marxist classification these new recruits were of petit bourgeois origin. Their enthusiasm and various sorts of expertise were useful for
1593-541: The Kuomintang" or "anti party activists". Not only were they themselves humiliated, but also their family members and relatives. United States Joint Publications Research Service The Foreign Broadcast Information Service ( FBIS ) was an open source intelligence component of the Central Intelligence Agency's Directorate of Science and Technology . It monitored, translated, and disseminated within
1652-531: The Long March were "vital to Mao because they were relatively well educated, and he needed competent administrators to staff his future regime." Most of the Long Marchers and rural recruits from within the Communist bases were illiterate peasants. It was these more recent volunteers who were Mao's primary "target". A large number of the young volunteers congregated in Yan'an, the capital of Mao's Communist Party. By
1711-740: The Northwest Public School, the Central Party School , the Academy of Marxism-Leninism, the Women's University, Yan'an University, and the Academy of the Nationality, as well as a number of special training programs. All veterans and new recruits had to be enrolled and educated in one of these institutions, in accordance with their previous training or their expertise, before they could be trusted with assignment to party and government positions. At
1770-475: The Party and Literature." A book entitled "Documents of the Rectification Campaign" was published and circulated internally. This book included essays including Mao's "Combat Liberalism" and Liu Shaoqi 's "How to be a Good Communist." In July and August 1942 the CCP issued the decision for "Research and Analysis" and "Improvement of Party Membership." The leading team for the campaign was established with Mao as director and Wang Jiaxiang deputy director. In 1942
1829-661: The Rectification Campaign Mao's contribution to the revolution in rural areas, and even his status as a senior leader, was doubted by other members of the CCP, including Xiang Zhongfa , Zhang Guotao, Li Lisan , and intellectuals such as Zhou Enlai, Qu Qiubai and the 28 Bolsheviks . Unlike his rival Wang Ming , Mao was not recognized by the Communist International as one of the CCP's preferred leaders. During this preparatory phase, Mao used his political skills to consolidate his power base. By manipulating
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1888-572: The Rectification Campaign to implement 思想改造 sīxiǎng gǎizào "thought reform" or "ideological transformation". Mao's tactics often included isolating and attacking dissenting individuals in "study groups." The CCP established numerous schools, formulating a new type of educational system. Among these schools were the Anti-Japanese Military and Political University, the Lu Xun Academy of the Arts,
1947-516: The Rectification Movement essentially changed everything. According to official CCP sources, the purpose of the Rectification Campaign was to give a basic grounding in the Marxist theory and Leninist principles of party organization to the thousands of new members who had joined the CCP during its expansion after 1937. A second, equally important aspect of the movement was the elimination of
2006-461: The Rescue Campaign, members would write about their own confessions, often pointing fingers at other members to save themselves from other people's false allegations toward them. The Rescue Campaign soon became a circular cycle of false guilt and fake reenactments sending many innocent people to death via needless witch hunts. One of the members crucial to carrying out the Rectification Movement
2065-1068: The United States, Underground Movements and Morale in Japan, and New Nazi Portrait of the American Soldier. Monitored stations included official stations in many countries, and "black" stations that were not what they pretended to be. These black stations broadcast attacks on President Franklin D. Roosevelt while pretending to be stations in the American Midwest. This tactic was used to stir up racial tensions and other issues. Multiple speeches and recording were monitored including speeches by Adolf Hitler , Joseph Goebbels , Joachim von Ribbentrop , Benito Mussolini , Philippe Pétain , Pierre Laval , and others; broadcasts over German radio by American citizens, including Fred W. Kaltenbach , Douglas Chandler , and Edward Leo Delaney ; and broadcasts from Japan or Japanese-held territory, including news reports and commentary by " Tokyo Rose ." The FBIS kept track of
2124-408: The Yan'an Rectification Movement, 1930–1945 , have focused on the political nature of the Rectification Movement. Modern scholars have increasingly viewed the movement as being initiated by Mao in order to ensure his status as paramount leader of the CCP. According to Gao, the Rectification Movement had four purposes: Throughout the Rectification Campaign, Yan'an was not seriously threatened by either
2183-475: The ability to exercise authoritarian power without being limited by elections and term limits. The earlier collective decision-making system of CCP center was abandoned, and Mao turned the government of Yan'an into his own dictatorship. From February 1942 to October 1943, the Rectification Campaign reached its peak. Mao gave the lecture "Improving the Party Work Style and Thought" in the opening ceremony at
2242-507: The blind imitation of Soviet models, obedience to Soviet directives (mostly communicated to China via the Communist International ), and "empiricism". Mao emphasized that the campaign aimed at "rectifying mistaken ideas" and not the people who held them. Modern research by Chinese and Western scholars, in particular the interpretation of history professor Gao Hua in his work " How the Red Sun Rose: The Origins and Development of
2301-420: The censorship of newcomers who had come from the areas governed by the Kuomintang. The Central Social Department took control of the movement and turned it into a mass persecution in 1943. Thousands of people, especially those new members who came from areas governed by KMT, were purged, kept in custody, censored, mentally and physically tortured, and occasionally executed. Many of them were labeled as "spies of
2360-452: The consolidation of Mao Zedong 's paramount role within the CCP, especially from 1942 to 1944, and the adoption of a party constitution that endorsed Marxist-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought as guiding ideologies. This move formalised Mao's deviation from the Moscow party line and the importance of Mao's alleged 'adaptation of communism to the conditions of China'. The Rectification Campaign
2419-436: The end of the Yan'an Rectification Campaign the CCP had developed an operational set of principles and practices that differed greatly from the centralized, functionally specialized, hierarchical, command-oriented approach imposed by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. In what some authors have labeled the "Yan'an complex," the CCP emphasized a combination of qualities that can be summed up as: These became deeply held values of
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2478-491: The group. The individual then had to write a full "self-confession." Other group members isolated the individual during this process. Only when the confession was accepted would the person be drawn back into an accepted position in the group and in the larger society. These techniques of pressure, ostracism, and reintegration were particularly powerful in China, where the culture puts great value on "saving face", protecting one's innermost thinking, and above all, identifying with
2537-407: The guidance of a group leader, an individual, as part of a larger "study group", would study Marxist documents to understand "key principles," and then relate those principles to their own lives in a "critical, concrete, and thoroughgoing way". Other members of the group put the individual under "extraordinary pressure" to examine fully his or her most deeply held views, and to do so in the presence of
2596-486: The midst of all the changes brought about by the war-time shift to the united front." The Yan'an Rectification Campaign improved the discipline, education, and organization of the membership of the CCP. Having lost many veterans before and during the Long March, the CCP found new sources of recruits among urban youth, students, and intellectuals. Alienated from the Nationalist government and doubting its resolve in resisting
2655-497: The need to monopolize political power. To a large extent, the Yan'an Rectification Campaign began with the "systematic remolding of human minds." The United States Joint Publications Research Service estimated that more than 10,000 were killed in the "rectification" process, as the CCP made efforts to attack intellectuals and replace the culture of the May Fourth Movement with that of the CCP. The rectification movement
2714-473: The political climate in Yan'an, Mao was able to break up the alliance of his opponents, most notably Zhang Guotao and the members of the 28 Bolsheviks, and to eliminate his rivals one by one. The Rectification Campaign was officially launched in 1942. Since the 4th Plenum Meeting of 6th National Congress of the CCP (1928), the 28 Bolsheviks began to take control of the CCP with the help of the Comintern. To gain
2773-538: The requirements of the Intelligence Community . Besides the translations done overseas a large volume of less-time sensitive material was sent to FBIS headquarters in Rosslyn and Reston where a more detailed translation could take place. Not only were translations provided by in-house FBIS personnel, but approximately 700 independent contractors were also employed. The Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS)
2832-600: The revolution, but only after they had undergone a thorough political reeducation and ideological reform. The process of indoctrination extended even to the cadres who had survived the Long March and "proven their revolutionary credibility." All Party members were reeducated with the newly established "Mao Zedong Thought" in order to ensure their high compliance with the new leadership and the new party ideology. In order to secure his power, Mao supported his political authority with ethical and moral rhetoric. The Yan'an rectification saw Mao consolidate his position of preeminence in
2891-521: The service was threatened with disbandment. The possibility of its disbandment was roundly criticized in many different quarters, which helped ensure its survival. When President Harry S. Truman created the Central Intelligence Group under the direction of a Director of Central Intelligence by presidential directive on January 22, 1946, the FBIS became part of that group. In 1946, the service
2950-541: The support of those who might potentially oppose him, Mao labeled his rivals as comrades who were supporting the wrong cause. This rejection of ad hominem arguments made him appear politically and mentally superior to his political enemies. Mao categorized his rivals, or potential rivals, into two groups. One group was labeled "dogmatists," comprising Wang Ming, the 28 Bolsheviks, and those who had studied abroad and were deeply influenced by foreign theories, including Liu Bocheng , Zuo Quan , and Zhu Rui . The other group
3009-506: The system gained importance and changed its name to the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service partly to make it sound more like a war agency. At four different listening centers it recorded shortwave broadcasts on plastic disks. Selected material was transcribed and translated and then sent to War agencies with weekly reports. These special reports included special titles such as Radio Tokyo's Racial Propaganda to
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#17332022676873068-464: The time Mao Zedong started his drive to "condition" them, around 40,000 had arrived. Most were in their late teens and early twenties, had joined the CCP in territories controlled by the Nationalists, and later departed to Yan'an. They were excited at reaching what was called a "revolutionary Mecca." One young volunteer described his feeling: "At last we saw the heights of Yenan City. We were so excited we wept. We cheered from our truck... We started to sing
3127-441: The world. These stations operated as an adjunct of a U.S. embassy/consulate or military command. Bureaus opened and closed at various times depending on the world situation and local circumstances. These stations were not covert and operated with the consent of the host government. In addition, a few of the bureaus were located on territory belonging to or administered by the U.S. such as Key West, Florida , Bahia Sucia, Puerto Rico ,
3186-422: Was a United States government defense-funded organization that was absorbed into FBIS but its funding and personnel did not transfer. For all practical purposes it ceased its massive operations (80,000 reports since 1957) in 1970. JPRS translations were merged with daily reports of the FBIS in 1995, then wound down to virtually nothing under FBIS by 1997. According to FBIS, access to current and past JPRS reports
3245-460: Was disseminated to over 700 recipients in not only in the U.S. Intelligence Community, but also a large number of government, diplomatic and military organizations. The material provided by FBIS, although it came from openly available, public radio and TV broadcasts, was not made freely available to the American people, frequently due to copyright laws. The Federation of American Scientists launched
3304-463: Was labeled "empiricists", whose members included Zhou Enlai , Ren Bishi , Peng Dehuai , Chen Yi , Li Weihan , Deng Fa , and any other senior leaders who supported Wang Ming. Mao forced these leaders to criticize each other and self-criticize in rounds of meetings. Every one of them wrote reports of confession and apologies for their mistakes. Those who had produced self-criticisms were later persecuted according to their own confessions. Mao set up
3363-551: Was renamed the Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), and became a part of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as that organization was formed following the National Security Act of 1947 . Its original mission revolved around radio and press agency monitoring, built on what was already becoming an “almost mature, trained and disciplined” organization from the war experience. In response to
3422-463: Was successful in either convincing or coercing the other leaders of the CCP to support Mao. Because the CCP had overcome great odds to grow and develop during this period, the methods employed in Yan'an were looked upon in reverence during Mao's later years. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Mao repeatedly used some of the tactics that had been successful in Yan'an whenever he felt
3481-602: Was the secret police boss Kang Sheng . Wang Ming was one of the main members singled out and forced to confess to having "errors." Wang was set up by his former friend Bo Gu , who coincidentally was also later condemned for pursuing an "erroneous leftist line" in Jiangxi . Zhang Wentian also made self criticisms. Wang Shiwei became a well known victim. Some CCP members thought Mao would also accept genuine criticism and spoke their true feelings of anger over hierarchy and inequality in Yan'an. The most famous came from Wang Shiwei ,
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