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49-442: The inaugural Raymond Stampede took place in 1902 on a vacant lot as part of the town's Canada Day celebration. Organized by rancher Raymond Knight , cowboys from nearby ranches were invited to participate in events such as saddle bronc riding and steer roping . A chute was constructed for the steer roping competition, while the bucking horses were blindfolded and snubbed before being ridden until they stopped bucking. Ray Knight,

98-596: A "kingdom in its own right" within the British Empire , commonly known as the Dominion of Canada . Although a British dominion, Canada gained an increased level of political control and governance over its own affairs, the British parliament and cabinet maintaining political control over certain areas, such as foreign affairs, national defence, and constitutional changes . Canada gradually gained increasing sovereignty over

147-432: A budget of $ 14,000. Parliament was traditionally in session on July 1, but Fairclough persuaded Diefenbaker and the rest of the federal cabinet to attend. Official celebrations thereafter consisted usually of trooping the colour ceremonies on Parliament Hill in the afternoon and evening, followed by a mass band concert and fireworks display. Fairclough, who became Minister of Citizenship and Immigration , later expanded

196-633: A human, professional translator. Douglas Hofstadter gave an example of a failure of machine translation: the English sentence "In their house, everything comes in pairs. There's his car and her car, his towels and her towels, and his library and hers." might be translated into French as " Dans leur maison, tout vient en paires. Il y a sa voiture et sa voiture, ses serviettes et ses serviettes, sa bibliothèque et les siennes. " That does not make sense because it does not distinguish between "his" car and "hers". Often, first-generation immigrants create something of

245-456: A literal translation in how they speak their parents' native language. This results in a mix of the two languages that is something of a pidgin . Many such mixes have specific names, e.g., Spanglish or Denglisch . For example, American children of German immigrants are heard using "rockingstool" from the German word Schaukelstuhl instead of "rocking chair". Literal translation of idioms

294-649: A negative stigma among some Indigenous peoples in Canada and their sympathizers, who associate the day with injustices perpetuated against them by the Canadian state. Criticism was particularly prominent during Canada's sesquicentennial in 2017, with allegations that the commemorations downplayed the role of indigenous peoples in the country's history and the hardships they face in the present day. The same grievances were aired four years later, after possible unmarked graves of indigenous children were found in late-June 2021, at

343-453: A translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text but does not attempt to convey its style, beauty, or poetry. There is, however, a great deal of difference between a literal translation of a poetic work and a prose translation. A literal translation of poetry may be in prose rather than verse but also be error-free. Charles Singleton's 1975 translation of the Divine Comedy

392-406: A work written in a language they do not know. For example, Robert Pinsky is reported to have used a literal translation in preparing his translation of Dante 's Inferno (1994), as he does not know Italian. Similarly, Richard Pevear worked from literal translations provided by his wife, Larissa Volokhonsky, in their translations of several Russian novels. Literal translation can also denote

441-549: Is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation). It is to be distinguished from an interpretation (done, for example, by an interpreter ). Literal translation leads to mistranslation of idioms , which can be a serious problem for machine translation . The term "literal translation" often appeared in the titles of 19th-century English translations of the classical Bible and other texts. Word-for-word translations ("cribs", "ponies", or "trots") are sometimes prepared for writers who are translating

490-521: Is clearly not a phrase that would generally be used in English, even though its meaning might be clear. Literal translations in which individual components within words or compounds are translated to create new lexical items in the target language (a process also known as "loan translation") are called calques , e.g., beer garden from German Biergarten . The literal translation of the Italian sentence, " So che questo non va bene " ("I know that this

539-424: Is not good"), produces "(I) know that this not (it) goes well", which has English words and Italian grammar . Early machine translations (as of 1962 at least) were notorious for this type of translation, as they simply employed a database of words and their translations. Later attempts utilized common phrases , which resulted in better grammatical structure and the capture of idioms, but with many words left in

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588-790: Is not the legal holiday. If it falls on a weekend, businesses normally closed that day will usually dedicate the following Monday as a day off. The enactment of the British North America Act, 1867 (today called the Constitution Act, 1867 ), which confederated Canada , was celebrated on July 1, 1867, with the ringing of the bells at the Cathedral Church of St James in Toronto and "bonfires, fireworks, and illuminations, excursions, military displays, and musical and other entertainments", as described in contemporary accounts. On June 20 of

637-457: Is regarded as a prose translation. The term literal translation implies that it is probably full of errors, since the translator has made no effort to (or is unable to) convey correct idioms or shades of meaning, for example, but it can also be a useful way of seeing how words are used to convey meaning in the source language. A literal English translation of the German phrase " Ich habe Hunger " would be "I have hunger" in English, but this

686-505: The Canada's sesquicentennial in 2017, the Bank of Canada released a commemorative $ 10 banknote , which was expected to be broadly available by Canada Day. The COVID-19 pandemic led to the cancellation in 2020 of all in-person Canada Day festivities nationwide, due to social distancing and restrictions on public gatherings. Some were converted to virtual events . The same cancellations occurred

735-586: The Newfoundland Regiment 's heavy losses during the battle —and the enactment of the Chinese Immigration Act in 1923, leading Chinese-Canadians to refer to July 1 as Humiliation Day ( Chinese : 僑恥日 ; pinyin : Qiáo Chǐ Rì ) and boycott Dominion Day celebrations with shop closures, flying the Canadian flag on half-mast , or hanging wreaths in front of home and shop entrances until

784-924: The Royal Canadian Legion in Chapala , and at the Canadian Club in Ajijic . In China, Canada Day celebrations are held at the Bund Beach by the Canadian Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai and at Canadian International School in Beijing, sponsored by the Canada China Business Council . Given the federal nature of the anniversary, celebrating Canada Day can be a cause of friction in the province of Quebec , where

833-694: The Calgary Stampede. The Raymond Stampede gained further distinction in 1934 when it hosted the world's first "senior professional calf roping event." Raymond Knight emerged as the champion, followed by Tom Three Persons in second place and Joe Snow in third. Notable bucking horses from the early years of the Raymond Stampede include Easy Money, Box Car, Slim Sweden, Wild Boy, Calico Kid, Jack Dempsey, Tommy Gibbons, Ironsides, Lonely Valley Grey, C Cross Black, C Cross Grey, Horned Toad, Hot Shot, Spot-on-the-Belly, and Fox. The bucking horse named "Fox," owned by

882-621: The Knight and Day Stampede Company, was later sold to the Pendleton Roundup in Oregon and renamed "No Name." "No Name" was recognized as the "greatest bucking horse of all time" and featured in "Ripley's Believe It or Not." One of the Stampede's most famous bucking bulls was Romeo, which could only be ridden with a saddle. Only two cowboys, Mel Bascom and his brother Earl Bascom, successfully rode Romeo to

931-505: The Raymond Stampede Committee, led for many years by rodeo director Alan Heggie and his family. Canada Day Canada Day ( French : Fête du Canada , lit.   'Feast of Canada', [faɛ̯t dzy kanadɑ] ), formerly known as Dominion Day ( French : Fête du Dominion , lit.   'Feast of Dominion'), is the national day of Canada . A federal statutory holiday , it celebrates

980-552: The Senate did eventually pass the bill, regardless. With the granting of royal assent , the holiday's name was officially changed to Canada Day on October 27, 1982, and first celebrated under that name July 1, 1983. As the anniversary of Confederation, Dominion Day, and later Canada Day, was the date set for a number of important events, such as the first national radio network hookup by the Canadian National Railway (1927);

1029-467: The act was repealed in 1947. Canada Day also coincides with Quebec's Moving Day , when many fixed-lease apartment rental terms expire. The bill changing the province's moving day from May 1 to July 1 was introduced by a federalist member of the Quebec National Assembly , Jérôme Choquette , in 1973, in order not to affect children still in school in the month of May. Most communities across

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1078-458: The anniversary of Canadian Confederation which occurred on July 1, 1867, with the passing of the British North America Act, 1867 , when the three separate colonies of the United Canadas , Nova Scotia , and New Brunswick were united into a single dominion within the British Empire called Canada. Originally called Dominion Day ( French : Le Jour de la Confédération ), the holiday

1127-780: The arena director for nearly 40 years. The town of Raymond, as well as local institutions like the school, college, and opera house, were also named in his honor. The 1903 Raymond Stampede marked the first professional rodeo in Canada with official contest rules, entry fees, and prize money, establishing Ray Knight as the "Father of Canadian Professional Rodeo." Throughout its history, the Raymond Stampede has featured various rodeo events, including saddle bronc, bareback bronc, and bull riding , as well as steer riding , saddled bull riding, steer decorating, steer wrestling , calf roping , steer roping, barrel racing , wild horse racing, wild cow milking , chariot racing , Roman standing racing, cowboy saddle horse racing, and Indian pony racing. In 1924,

1176-406: The bill in five minutes, without debate, inspiring "grumblings about the underhandedness of the process". It met with stronger resistance in the Senate. Ernest Manning argued that the rationale for the change was based on a misperception of the name and George McIlraith did not agree with the manner in which the bill was passed, urging the government to proceed in a more "dignified way". However,

1225-497: The bills to include performing folk and ethnic groups. The day also became more casual and family oriented. Canada's centennial in 1967 is often seen as an important milestone in the history of Canadian nationalism and in Canada's maturing as a distinct, independent country, after which Dominion Day became more popular with average Canadians. Into the late 1960s, nationally televised, multi-cultural concerts held in Ottawa were added and

1274-482: The cancellations, while others expressed concern that activists were attacking "the very idea of Canada itself" and hampering progress toward reconciliation. Literal translation Literal translation , direct translation , or word-for-word translation is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. In translation theory , another term for literal translation

1323-475: The construction of Canada's first permanent rodeo grounds, which featured an oval track, a single bucking chute, and a covered grandstand. The rodeo grounds also included a shotgun-style bucking chute, the first of its kind in rodeo history. These facilities remain in use and the grandstand holds the distinction of being the oldest continuously used in rodeo history. The rodeo grounds and the Raymond Stampede were named after Raymond Knight, who financed and served as

1372-472: The country host organized celebrations for Canada Day, typically outdoor public events, such as parades, carnivals, festivals, barbecues, air and maritime shows, fireworks, and free musical concerts, as well as citizenship ceremonies . There is no standard mode of celebration for Canada Day; Jennifer Welsh , a professor of International Relations at the University of Oxford , said about this: "Canada Day, like

1421-404: The country, is endlessly decentralized. There doesn't seem to be a central recipe for how to celebrate it—chalk it up to the nature of the federation." In the national capital of Ottawa, concerts and cultural displays are held on the front lawn of Parliament Hill, as organized by Canadian Heritage , which include the main "noon show" and an evening programme. The event traditionally begins with

1470-537: The following year, Governor General the Viscount Monck issued a royal proclamation asking for Canadians to celebrate the anniversary of Confederation, However, the holiday was not established statutorily until May 15, 1879, when it was designated as Dominion Day , alluding to the reference in the British North America Act to the country as a dominion . The holiday was initially not dominant in

1519-669: The following year; though, some also for political reasons . In-person festivities in Ottawa returned in 2022, being re-located from Parliament Hill to LeBreton Flats due to construction associated with the Parliament Hill Rehabilitation project. Other events fell on the same day coincidentally, such as the first day of the Battle of the Somme in 1916—shortly after which Newfoundland recognized July 1 as Memorial Day to commemorate

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1568-418: The fête became known as Festival Canada . After 1980, the Canadian government began to promote celebrating Dominion Day beyond the national capital, giving grants and aid to cities across the country to help fund local activities. Some Canadians were, by the early 1980s, informally referring to the holiday as Canada Day , a practice that caused some controversy: Proponents argued that the name Dominion Day

1617-549: The holiday is overshadowed by the province's Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day ( Fête nationale ), on June 24. For example, the federal government funds Canada Day events at the Old Port of Montreal —an area run by a federal Crown corporation —while the Fête nationale parade is a grassroots effort that has faced difficulties in operating due to limited funding from the federal government and a lack of corporate sponsors. Canada Day has attracted

1666-622: The inauguration of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 's cross-country television broadcast, with Governor General Vincent Massey 's Dominion Day speech from Parliament Hill (1958); the flooding of the Saint Lawrence Seaway (1958); the first colour television transmission in Canada (1966); the inauguration of the Order of Canada (1967); and the establishment of " O Canada " as the country's national anthem (1980). During

1715-490: The national calendar; any celebrations were mounted by local communities and the governor general hosted a party at Rideau Hall . No larger celebrations were held until 1917, and then none again for a further decade—the gold and diamond anniversaries of Confederation, respectively. In 1946, Philéas Côté , a Quebec member of the House of Commons , introduced a private member's bill to rename Dominion Day as Canada Day . The bill

1764-413: The original language. For translating synthetic languages , a morphosyntactic analyzer and synthesizer are required. The best systems today use a combination of the above technologies and apply algorithms to correct the "natural" sound of the translation. In the end, though, professional translation firms that employ machine translation use it as a tool to create a rough translation that is then tweaked by

1813-412: The popular press. However, the term "birthday" can be seen as an oversimplification , as Canada Day is the anniversary of only one important national milestone on the way to the country's full sovereignty, namely the joining on July 1, 1867, of the colonies of Canada (divided into Ontario and Quebec ), Nova Scotia , and New Brunswick into a wider British federation of four provinces. Canada became

1862-706: The provincial legislative building, usually in the presence of the lieutenant-governor and/or premier of the province. Canadian expatriates will often organize Canada Day activities in their local area on or near the date of the holiday. Examples include Canada D'eh , an annual celebration that takes place on June 30 at Lan Kwai Fong , in Hong Kong; Canadian Forces ' events on bases in Afghanistan ; at Trafalgar Square outside Canada House in London , England ; in Mexico, at

1911-593: The rodeo introduced the safer "Bascom bucking chutes," which were side-delivery reverse opening bucking chutes invented by the Bascoms in 1919. Raymond Knight, nicknamed the "Buffalo Bill of Canada" by the King of England , brought calf roping to Canada through the Raymond Stampede. He was recognized as the "Father of Canadian Calf Roping" and won the North American Calf Roping Championship in 1924 and 1926 at

1960-557: The singing of " God Save the King " and " O Canada " in English and French followed by a flyover by the Snowbirds . Typically the governor general and prime minister officiate, though the monarch or another member of the royal family may also attend or take the governor general's place. Smaller events are mounted in other parks around the city and in neighbouring Gatineau , Quebec. In provincial capitals, official celebrations are often held at

2009-606: The site of an Indian residential school in British Columbia . If not already cancelled or modified due to restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, Canada Day festivities were cancelled in various communities in British Columbia, New Brunswick, and Northern Saskatchewan , while indigenous protest group Idle No More announced its intent to organize peaceful rallies in multiple major cities. Some politicians supported

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2058-541: The stock contractor, supplied the bucking horses and roping steers from his ranch on the Milk River Ridge south of town. The first Stampede drew a large crowd, with participants including Raymond Knight, DeLoss Lund, Ed Corless, Dick Kinsey, Frank Faulkner, Jim Austin, and Steve Austin. Knight is considered a pioneer of rodeo in Canada, having coined the terms "stampede" and "stampeding," which are now widely used to refer to rodeo events. In 1903, Raymond Knight financed

2107-543: The whistle in 1928. Due to the traditional Sabbath observance in the predominantly Latter-day Saint community of Raymond, the Stampede is held on June 30 when July 1 falls on a Sunday. Since its inception in 1902, the Raymond Stampede has been held annually, with exceptions in 1917-1918 (due to the Spanish Flu ), 1937 (due to severe drought), and 2020 (due to the COVID-19 pandemic ). The event has been managed and directed by

2156-507: The years—notably with the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931—until finally becoming completely sovereign with the passing of the Constitution Act, 1982 , which served to fully patriate the Canadian constitution . Under the federal Holidays Act, Canada Day is observed on July 1, unless that date falls on a Sunday, in which case July 2 is the statutory holiday. Celebratory events will generally still take place on July 1, even though it

2205-469: Was a holdover from the colonial era—an argument given some impetus by the patriation of the Canadian constitution in 1982—and others asserted that an alternative was needed as the term does not translate well into French. Conversely, numerous politicians, journalists, and authors, such as Robertson Davies , decried the change at the time and some continue to maintain that it was illegitimate and an unnecessary break with tradition. Others claimed dominion

2254-481: Was officially renamed as a result of a private member's bill that was passed through the House of Commons on July 9, 1982, two years after its first reading . Only 12 members of parliament were present when the bill was taken up again, 8 fewer than the necessary quorum ; however, according to parliamentary rules, the quorum is enforceable only at the start of a sitting or when a member calls attention to it. The group passed

2303-508: Was passed quickly by the lower chamber but was stalled by the Senate , which returned it to the commons with the recommendation that the holiday be renamed The National Holiday of Canada , an amendment that effectively killed the bill. The Canadian government began in 1958 to orchestrate Dominion Day celebrations. That year, then-Prime Minister John Diefenbaker requested that Secretary of State Ellen Fairclough organize appropriate events, with

2352-595: Was renamed in 1982, the same year that the Canadian constitution was patriated by the Canada Act, 1982 , which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Canada Day celebrations take place throughout the country, as well as in various locations around the world attended by Canadians living abroad . Canada Day is often informally referred to as "Canada's birthday", particularly in

2401-403: Was widely misunderstood and conservatively inclined commenters saw the change as part of a much larger attempt by Liberals to "re-brand" or re-define Canadian history. Columnist Andrew Cohen called Canada Day a term of "crushing banality" and criticized it as "a renunciation of the past [and] a misreading of history, laden with political correctness and historical ignorance". The holiday

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