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94-568: The Rawa has lost most of its natural river character, and is now mostly a sewage channel flowing underground. Works have begun to restore it to an ecologically sound water flow. The river has a source in the Marcin pond in Ruda Śląska . It flows through Świętochłowice , Chorzów , Katowice , Mysłowice and finally Sosnowiec where it joins Brynica just before the latter joins with Czarna Przemsza . During much of its route it flows underground, beneath

188-566: A flush toilet to make things "disappear" is soon recognized by young children who may experiment with virtually anything they can carry to the toilet. Adults may be tempted to dispose of toilet paper , wet wipes , diapers , sanitary napkins , tampons , tampon applicators, condoms , and expired medications , even at the risk of causing blockages. The privacy of a toilet offers a clandestine means of removing embarrassing evidence by flushing such things as drug paraphernalia , pregnancy test kits, combined oral contraceptive pill dispensers, and

282-435: A CWT plant, rather than perform treatment on site, due to constraints such as limited land availability, difficulty in designing and operating an on-site system, or limitations imposed by environmental regulations and permits. A manufacturer may determine that using a CWT is more cost-effective than treating the waste itself; this is often the case where the manufacturer is a small business. CWT plants often receive wastes from

376-493: A broader term, because it refers to any water after it has been used in a variety of applications. Thus it may also refer to " industrial wastewater ", agricultural wastewater and other flows that are not related to household activities. Blackwater in a sanitation context denotes wastewater from toilets which likely contains pathogens that may spread by the fecal–oral route . Blackwater can contain feces , urine , water and toilet paper from flush toilets . Blackwater

470-478: A building's plumbing either into a sewer , which will carry it elsewhere, or into an onsite sewage facility . Collection of sewage from several households together usually takes places in either sanitary sewers or combined sewers . The former is designed to exclude stormwater flows whereas the latter is designed to also take stormwater. The production of sewage generally corresponds to the water consumption. A range of factors influence water consumption and hence

564-670: A concentration), 50 g/person/d for BOD (300 mg/L), 100 g/person/d for COD (600 mg/L), 8 g/person/d for total nitrogen (45 mg/L), 4.5 g/person/d for ammonia-N (25 mg/L) and 1.0 g/person/d for total phosphorus (7 mg/L). The typical ranges for these values are: 120–220 g/person/d for total solids (or 700–1350 mg/L when expressed as a concentration), 40–60 g/person/d for BOD (250–400 mg/L), 80–120 g/person/d for COD (450–800 mg/L), 6–10 g/person/d for total nitrogen (35–60 mg/L), 3.5–6 g/person/d for ammonia-N (20–35 mg/L) and 0.7–2.5 g/person/d for total phosphorus (4–15 mg/L). For high income countries,

658-411: A country, there may be large variations from one region to another due to the various factors that determine the water consumption as listed above. A flowrate value of 200 liters of sewage per person per day is often used as an estimate in high income countries , and is used for example in the design of sewage treatment plants. For comparison, typical sewage flowrates from urban residential sources in

752-748: A flowrate of 190 L per person per day. A United States source published in 1972 estimated that the daily dry weight of solid wastes per capita in sewage is estimated as 20.5 g (0.72 oz) in feces, 43.3 g (1.53 oz) of dissolved solids in urine, 20 g (0.71 oz) of toilet paper, 86.5 g (3.05 oz) of greywater solids, 30 g (1.1 oz) of food solids (if garbage disposal units are used), and varying amounts of dissolved minerals depending upon salinity of local water supplies, volume of water use per capita, and extent of water softener use. Sewage contains urine and feces. The mass of feces varies with dietary fiber intake. An average person produces 128 grams of wet feces per day, or

846-568: A form of final disposal or of treatment, or both. Land disposal alternatives require consideration of land availability, groundwater quality, and possible soil deterioration. Sewage may be discharged to an evaporation or infiltration basin . Groundwater recharge is used to reduce saltwater intrusion , or replenish aquifers used for agricultural irrigation . Treatment is usually required to sustain percolation capacity of infiltration basins, and more extensive treatment may be required for aquifers used as drinking water supplies. Before

940-435: A lot of waste-waters such as paper and pulp production have created environmental concern, leading to development of processes to recycle water use within plants before they have to be cleaned and disposed. An industrial wastewater treatment plant may include one or more of the following rather than the conventional treatment sequence of sewage treatment plants: Brine treatment involves removing dissolved salt ions from

1034-602: A lubricant and coolant. Contaminants include hydraulic oils , tallow and particulate solids. Final treatment of iron and steel products before onward sale into manufacturing includes pickling in strong mineral acid to remove rust and prepare the surface for tin or chromium plating or for other surface treatments such as galvanisation or painting . The two acids commonly used are hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid . Wastewater include acidic rinse waters together with waste acid. Although many plants operate acid recovery plants (particularly those using hydrochloric acid), where

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1128-445: A major source of industrial wastewater. Many of these plants discharge wastewater with significant levels of metals such as lead , mercury , cadmium and chromium , as well as arsenic , selenium and nitrogen compounds ( nitrates and nitrites ). Wastewater streams include flue-gas desulfurization , fly ash , bottom ash and flue gas mercury control. Plants with air pollution controls such as wet scrubbers typically transfer

1222-592: A median dry mass of 29 g/person/day. The median urine generation rate is about 1.42 L/person/day, as was determined by a global literature review. The volume of domestic sewage produced per person (or " per capita ", abbreviated as "cap") varies with the water consumption in the respective locality. A range of factors influence water consumption and hence the sewage flowrates per person. These include: Water availability (the opposite of water scarcity ), water supply options, climate (warmer climates may lead to greater water consumption), community size, economic level of

1316-817: A particular problem in treating waters generated in wool processing. Animal fats may be present in the wastewater, which if not contaminated, can be recovered for the production of tallow or further rendering. Textile dyeing plants generate wastewater that contain synthetic (e.g., reactive dyes, acid dyes, basic dyes, disperse dyes, vat dyes, sulphur dyes, mordant dyes, direct dyes, ingrain dyes, solvent dyes, pigment dyes) and natural dyestuff, gum thickener (guar) and various wetting agents, pH buffers and dye retardants or accelerators. Following treatment with polymer-based flocculants and settling agents, typical monitoring parameters include BOD, COD, color (ADMI), sulfide, oil and grease, phenol, TSS and heavy metals (chromium, zinc , lead, copper). Industrial applications where oil enters

1410-1156: A pre-treatment system to remove some pollutants (e.g., toxic compounds), and then discharge the partially treated wastewater to the municipal sewer system. Most industries produce some wastewater . Recent trends have been to minimize such production or to recycle treated wastewater within the production process. Some industries have been successful at redesigning their manufacturing processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants. Sources of industrial wastewater include battery manufacturing, chemical manufacturing, electric power plants, food industry , iron and steel industry, metal working, mines and quarries, nuclear industry, oil and gas extraction , petroleum refining and petrochemicals , pharmaceutical manufacturing, pulp and paper industry , smelters, textile mills , industrial oil contamination , water treatment and wood preserving . Treatment processes include brine treatment, solids removal (e.g. chemical precipitation, filtration), oils and grease removal, removal of biodegradable organics, removal of other organics, removal of acids and alkalis, and removal of toxic materials. Industrial facilities may generate

1504-461: A result of past disinfection . Sewage may contain microplastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene beads, or polyester and polyamide fragments from synthetic clothing and bedding fabrics abraded by wear and laundering, or from plastic packaging and plastic-coated paper products disintegrated by lift station pumps. Pharmaceuticals , endocrine disrupting compounds, and hormones may be excreted in urine or feces if not catabolized within

1598-689: A treatment plant per day: One peak is at the beginning of the morning and another peak is at the beginning of the evening. With regards to water consumption, a design figure that can be regarded as "world average" is 35–90 L per person per day (data from 1992). The same publication listed the water consumption in China as 80 L per person per day, Africa as 15–35 L per person per day, Eastern Mediterranean in Europe as 40–85 L per person per day and Latin America and Caribbean as 70–190 L per person per day. Even inside

1692-623: A variety of techniques. Traditional techniques involve filtering, staining, and examining samples under a microscope. Much more sensitive and specific testing can be accomplished with DNA sequencing , such as when looking for rare organisms, attempting eradication , testing specifically for drug-resistant strains, or discovering new species. Sequencing DNA from an environmental sample is known as metagenomics . Sewage has also been analyzed to determine relative rates of use of prescription and illegal drugs among municipal populations. General socioeconomic demographics may be inferred as well. Sewage

1786-412: A wastewater rich in hardness ions which are readily precipitated out, especially when in admixture with other wastewater constituents. Wood preserving plants generate conventional and toxic pollutants, including arsenic, COD, copper, chromium, abnormally high or low pH, phenols, suspended solids, oil and grease. The various types of contamination of wastewater require a variety of strategies to remove

1880-559: A wide variety of manufacturers, including chemical plants, metal fabrication and finishing; and used oil and petroleum products from various manufacturing sectors. The wastes may be classified as hazardous , have high pollutant concentrations or otherwise be difficult to treat. In 2000 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency published wastewater regulations for CWT facilities in the US. The specific pollutants discharged by organic chemical manufacturers vary widely from plant to plant, depending on

1974-439: Is a type of wastewater that is produced by a community of people. It is typically transported through a sewer system . Sewage consists of wastewater discharged from residences and from commercial, institutional and public facilities that exist in the locality. Sub-types of sewage are greywater (from sinks, bathtubs, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers) and blackwater (the water used to flush toilets , combined with

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2068-693: Is an order of magnitude estimate rather than an exact percentage because, aside from variation caused by dilution, solids may be defined differently depending upon the mechanism used to separate those solids from the liquid fraction. Sludges of settleable solids removed by settling or suspended solids removed by filtration may contain significant amounts of entrained water, while dried solid material remaining after evaporation eliminates most of that water but includes dissolved minerals not captured by filtration or gravitational separation. The suspended and dissolved solids include organic and inorganic matter plus microorganisms. About one-third of this solid matter

2162-418: Is commonly collected and transported in gravity sewers , either in a sanitary sewer or in a combined sewer . The latter also conveys urban runoff ( stormwater ) which means the sewage gets diluted during rain events. Infiltration is groundwater entering sewer pipes through defective pipes, connections, joints or manholes . Contaminated or saline groundwater may introduce additional pollutants to

2256-454: Is discharged into a water body (river, lakes, sea) or land, its relative impact will depend on the assimilative capacity of the water body or ecosystem . Water bodies have a self-purification capacity, so that the concentration of a pollutant may decrease along the distance from the discharge point. Furthermore, water bodies provide a dilution to the pollutants concentrations discharged, although it does not decrease their mass. In principle,

2350-403: Is discharged untreated, its nitrogen and phosphorus content can lead to pollution of lakes and reservoirs via a process called eutrophication . In raw sewage, nitrogen exists in the two forms of organic nitrogen or ammonia . The ammonia stems from the urea in urine . Urea is rapidly hydrolyzed and therefore not usually found in raw sewage. Total phosphorus is mostly present in sewage in

2444-519: Is distinguished from greywater , which comes from sinks, baths, washing machines, and other household appliances apart from toilets. Greywater results from washing food, clothing, dishes, as well as from showering or bathing. Greywater (or grey water, sullage, also spelled gray water in the United States) refers to domestic wastewater generated in households or office buildings from streams without fecal contamination, i.e., all streams except for

2538-664: Is low, the strength of the sewage (or pollutant concentrations) is much higher than that in the United States where water use per person is high. Household income and diet also plays a role: For example, for the case of Brazil, it has been found that the higher the household income, the higher is the BOD load per person and the lower is the BOD concentration. Typical values for physical–chemical characteristics of raw sewage in developing countries have been published as follows: 180 g/person/d for total solids (or 1100 mg/L when expressed as

2632-494: Is similar for other highly scaling industrial wastewaters. Wastewater generated from agricultural and food processing operations has distinctive characteristics that set it apart from common municipal wastewater managed by public or private sewage treatment plants throughout the world: it is biodegradable and non-toxic, but has high Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and suspended solids (SS). The constituents of food and agriculture wastewater are often complex to predict, due to

2726-698: Is suspended by turbulence , while the remainder is dissolved or colloidal . For the situation in the United States in the 1950s it was estimated that the waste contained in domestic sewage is about half organic and half inorganic . The organic matter in sewage can be classified in terms of form and size: Suspended (particulate) or dissolved (soluble). Secondly, it can be classified in terms of biodegradability : either inert or biodegradable. The organic matter in sewage consists of protein compounds (about 40%), carbohydrates (about 25–50%), oils and grease (about 10%) and urea , surfactants , phenols , pesticides and others (lower quantity). In order to quantify

2820-408: Is typically found in sewage. Pollutants may be toxic or non- biodegradable waste including pharmaceuticals , biocides , heavy metals , radionuclides , or thermal pollution . An industry may treat its wastewater and discharge it into the environment (or even use the treated wastewater for specific applications), or, in case it is located in the urban area, it may discharge the wastewater into

2914-789: Is used as a regulatory parameter in some discharge permits. Metal pollutant discharges may include chromium , copper , lead , nickel and zinc . The inorganic chemicals sector covers a wide variety of products and processes, although an individual plant may produce a narrow range of products and pollutants. Products include aluminum compounds; calcium carbide and calcium chloride; hydrofluoric acid; potassium compounds; borax; chrome and fluorine-based compounds; cadmium and zinc-based compounds. The pollutants discharged vary by product sector and individual plant, and may include arsenic, chlorine, cyanide, fluoride; and heavy metals such as chromium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc. Fossil-fuel power stations , particularly coal -fired plants, are

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3008-402: Is usually near neutral, and can be in the range of 6.7–8.0. Sewage consists primarily of water and usually contains less than one part of solid matter per thousand parts of water. In other words, one can say that sewage is composed of around 99.9% pure water, and the remaining 0.1% are solids, which can be in the form of either dissolved solids or suspended solids . The thousand-to-one ratio

3102-473: The United States are estimated as follows: 365 L/person/day (for one person households), 288 L/person/day (two person households), 200 L/person/day (four person households), 189 L/person/day (six person households). This means the overall range for this example would be 189–365 L (42–80 imp gal; 50–96 US gal). Sewage can be monitored for both disease-causing and benign organisms with

3196-589: The anal area in the shower or bath. The overall appearance of sewage is as follows: The temperature tends to be slightly higher than in drinking water but is more stable than the ambient temperature. The color of fresh sewage is slightly grey, whereas older sewage (also called "septic sewage") is dark grey or black. The odor of fresh sewage is "oily" and relatively unpleasant, whereas older sewage has an unpleasant foul odor due to hydrogen sulfide gas and other decomposition by-products. Sewage can have high turbidity from suspended solids. The pH value of sewage

3290-493: The human waste that it flushes away). Sewage also contains soaps and detergents. Food waste may be present from dishwashing , and food quantities may be increased where garbage disposal units are used. In regions where toilet paper is used rather than bidets , that paper is also added to the sewage. Sewage contains macro-pollutants and micro-pollutants, and may also incorporate some municipal solid waste and pollutants from industrial wastewater . Sewage usually travels from

3384-851: The pulp and paper industry is generally high in suspended solids and BOD. Plants that bleach wood pulp for paper making may generate chloroform , dioxins (including 2,3,7,8-TCDD ), furans , phenols and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Stand-alone paper mills using imported pulp may only require simple primary treatment, such as sedimentation or dissolved air flotation . Increased BOD or COD loadings, as well as organic pollutants, may require biological treatment such as activated sludge or upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors . For mills with high inorganic loadings like salt, tertiary treatments may be required, either general membrane treatments like ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis or treatments to remove specific contaminants, such as nutrients. The pollutants discharged by nonferrous smelters vary with

3478-408: The "per person organic matter load" has been found to be approximately 60 gram of BOD per person per day. This is called the population equivalent (PE) and is also used as a comparison parameter to express the strength of industrial wastewater compared to sewage. Values for households in the United States have been published as follows, whereby the estimates are based on the assumption that 25% of

3572-469: The 20th century in Europe, sewers usually discharged into a body of water such as a river, lake, or ocean. There was no treatment, so the breakdown of the human waste was left to the ecosystem . This could lead to satisfactory results if the assimilative capacity of the ecosystem is sufficient which is nowadays not often the case due to increasing population density. Industrial wastewater treatment Industrial wastewater treatment describes

3666-405: The 20th century, combined with little effort towards preserving the environment, continued to degrade the quality of the water in the river. In 1992, the river, leaving Katowice, was claimed to contain only 14% water, and a popular joke among the local citizens was to warn each other 'not to throw a lit match into the river'. Currently the upper part of the river is officially classified as sewage and

3760-430: The assimilative capacity of the water body. However, this needs to be analyzed very carefully, taking into account the quality of the water in the receiving body before it receives the discharge of sewage, the resulting water quality after the discharge and the impact on the intended water uses after discharge. There are also specific legal requirements in each country. Different countries have different regulations regarding

3854-533: The base metal ore. Bauxite smelters generate phenols but typically use settling basins and evaporation to manage these wastes, with no need to routinely discharge wastewater. Aluminum smelters typically discharge fluoride , benzo(a)pyrene , antimony and nickel , as well as aluminum. Copper smelters typically generate cadmium , lead, zinc, arsenic and nickel, in addition to copper, in their wastewater. Lead smelters discharge lead and zinc. Nickel and cobalt smelters discharge ammonia and copper in addition to

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3948-628: The base metals. Zinc smelters discharge arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, selenium and zinc. Typical treatment processes used in the industry are chemical precipitation, sedimentation and filtration. Textile mills , including carpet manufacturers, generate wastewater from a wide variety of processes, including cleaning and finishing, yarn manufacturing and fabric finishing (such as bleaching , dyeing , resin treatment, waterproofing and retardant flameproofing ). Pollutants generated by textile mills include BOD, SS, oil and grease, sulfide, phenols and chromium. Insecticide residues in fleeces are

4042-632: The bioaccumulation of strontium by Scenedesmus spinosus ( algae ) in simulated wastewater. The study claims a highly selective biosorption capacity for strontium of S. spinosus, suggesting that it may be appropriate for use of nuclear wastewater. Oil and gas well operations generate produced water , which may contain oils, toxic metals (e.g. arsenic , cadmium , chromium , mercury, lead), salts, organic chemicals and solids. Some produced water contains traces of naturally occurring radioactive material . Offshore oil and gas platforms also generate deck drainage, domestic waste and sanitary waste. During

4136-416: The captured pollutants to the wastewater stream. Ash ponds , a type of surface impoundment, are a widely used treatment technology at coal-fired plants. These ponds use gravity to settle out large particulates (measured as total suspended solids ) from power plant wastewater. This technology does not treat dissolved pollutants. Power stations use additional technologies to control pollutants, depending on

4230-476: The city's infrastructure. It is filled by rain, as well as sewage. It has several small confluences, such as Potok Leśny (near University of Economics in Katowice ). The river is notorious for being heavily polluted. Reported to be crystal clear in 1875, the industrialization of Silesia caused the river to become so polluted that all the fish died out by 1893. The continued growth of industry and cities throughout

4324-414: The community, level of industrialization , metering of household consumption, water cost and water pressure. The production of sewage generally corresponds to the water consumption. However water used for landscape irrigation will not enter the sewer system, while groundwater and stormwater may enter the sewer system in addition to sewage. There are usually two peak flowrates of sewage arriving at

4418-456: The consumption of oxygen, which may then affect aquatic living organisms. The mass load of organic content is calculated as the sewage flowrate multiplied with the concentration of the organic matter in the sewage. Typical values for physical–chemical characteristics of raw sewage is provided further down below. Apart from organic matter, sewage also contains nutrients. The major nutrients of interest are nitrogen and phosphorus . If sewage

4512-511: The contamination. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries , chemical and petrochemical plants have onsite facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans. Constructed wetlands are being used in an increasing number of cases as they provided high quality and productive on-site treatment. Other industrial processes that produce

4606-593: The differences in BOD and pH in effluents from vegetable, fruit, and meat products and due to the seasonal nature of food processing and post-harvesting. Processing of food from raw materials requires large volumes of high grade water. Vegetable washing generates water with high loads of particulate matter and some dissolved organic matter . It may also contain surfactants and pesticides. Aquaculture facilities (fish farms) often discharge large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as suspended solids. Some facilities use drugs and pesticides, which may be present in

4700-644: The disposal of FOG in the sewer system. Food processing activities such as plant cleaning, material conveying, bottling, and product washing create wastewater. Many food processing facilities require on-site treatment before operational wastewater can be land applied or discharged to a waterway or a sewer system. High suspended solids levels of organic particles increase BOD and can result in significant sewer surcharge fees. Sedimentation, wedge wire screening, or rotating belt filtration (microscreening) are commonly used methods to reduce suspended organic solids loading prior to discharge. Glass manufacturing wastes vary with

4794-671: The drilling process, well sites typically discharge drill cuttings and drilling mud (drilling fluid). Pollutants discharged at petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants include conventional pollutants (BOD, oil and grease, suspended solids ), ammonia, chromium, phenols and sulfides. Pharmaceutical plants typically generate a variety of process wastewaters, including solvents, spent acid and caustic solutions, water from chemical reactions, product wash water, condensed steam, blowdown from air pollution control scrubbers, and equipment washwater. Non-process wastewaters typically include cooling water and site runoff. Pollutants generated by

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4888-457: The ever increasing discharge standards, there has been an emergence of the use of advance oxidation processes for the treatment of brine. Some notable examples such as Fenton's oxidation and ozonation have been employed for degradation of recalcitrant compounds in brine from industrial plants. Reverse osmosis may not be viable for brine treatment, due to the potential for fouling caused by hardness salts or organic contaminants, or damage to

4982-408: The exposure to air and water that inevitably occurs when the tailings are disposed of in large impoundments. The resulting acid mine drainage , which is often rich in heavy metals (because acids dissolve metals), is one of the many environmental impacts of mining . The waste production from the nuclear and radio-chemicals industry is dealt with as Radioactive waste . Researchers have looked at

5076-857: The following industrial wastewater flows: Industrial wastewater could add the following pollutants to receiving water bodies if the wastewater is not treated and managed properly: The specific pollutants generated and the resultant effluent concentrations can vary widely among the industrial sectors. Battery manufacturers specialize in fabricating small devices for electronics and portable equipment (e.g., power tools), or larger, high-powered units for cars, trucks and other motorized vehicles. Pollutants generated at manufacturing plants includes cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, cyanide, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, silver, zinc, oil and grease. A centralized waste treatment (CWT) facility processes liquid or solid industrial wastes generated by off-site manufacturing facilities. A manufacturer may send its wastes to

5170-563: The form of phosphates .They are either inorganic (polyphosphates and orthophosphates) and their main source is from detergents and other household chemical products. The other form is organic phosphorus, where the source is organic compounds to which the organic phosphorus is bound. Human feces in sewage may contain pathogens capable of transmitting diseases. The following four types of pathogens are found in sewage: In most practical cases, pathogenic organisms are not directly investigated in laboratory analyses. An easier way to assess

5264-1004: The form of cysts or oocysts) and helminths (in the form of eggs). In order to quantify the organic matter, indirect methods are commonly used: mainly the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Management of sewage includes collection and transport for release into the environment, after a treatment level that is compatible with the local requirements for discharge into water bodies, onto soil or for reuse applications. Disposal options include dilution (self-purification of water bodies, making use of their assimilative capacity if possible), marine outfalls , land disposal and sewage farms . All disposal options may run risks of causing water pollution . Sewage (or domestic wastewater) consists of wastewater discharged from residences and from commercial, institutional and public facilities that exist in

5358-433: The geologic formations that harbour economically valuable metals such as copper and gold very often consist of sulphide-type ores. The processing entails grinding the rock into fine particles and then extracting the desired metal(s), with the leftover rock being known as tailings. These tailings contain a combination of not only undesirable leftover metals, but also sulphide components which eventually form sulphuric acid upon

5452-451: The higher the dilution capacity (ratio of volume or flow of the receiving water and volume or flow of sewage discharged), the lower will be the concentration of pollutants in the receiving water, and probably the lower will be the negative impacts. But if the water body already arrives very polluted at the point of discharge, the dilution will be of limited value. In several cases, a community may treat partially its sewage, and still count on

5546-490: The homes have kitchen waste-food grinders (sewage from such households contain more waste): 95 g/person/d for total suspended solids (503 mg/L concentration), 85 g/person/d for BOD (450 mg/L), 198 g/person/d for COD (1050 mg/L), 13.3 g/person/d for the sum of organic nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen (70.4 mg/L), 7.8 g/person/d for ammonia-N (41.2 mg/L) and 3.28 g/person/d for total phosphorus (17.3 mg/L). The concentration values given here are based on

5640-440: The human body. Some residential users tend to pour unwanted liquids like used cooking oil , lubricants , adhesives , paint , solvents , detergents , and disinfectants into their sewer connections. This behavior can result in problems for the treatment plant operation and is thus discouraged. The composition of sewage varies with climate, social and economic situation and population habits. In regions where water use

5734-409: The industry include acetone , ammonia, benzene, BOD, chloroform, cyanide, ethanol , ethyl acetate , isopropanol , methylene chloride , methanol , phenol and toluene. Treatment technologies used include advanced biological treatment (e.g. activated sludge with nitrification), multimedia filtration , cyanide destruction (e.g. hydrolysis ), steam stripping and wastewater recycling. Effluent from

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5828-647: The level of local lands. The first plans for controlling the flow date to 1863. Plans to regulate the entire length of the Rawa were ready in 1903. The start of the First World War interrupted Prussian government implementation. After the war, the German plans were continued by the government of the Second Polish Republic in the late 1920s, with the construction of a sewage treatment plant (no longer existing). The work

5922-400: The local area of larger communities. Sewage can be distinguished into "untreated sewage" (also called "raw sewage") and "treated sewage" (also called "effluent" from a sewage treatment plant ). The term "sewage" is nowadays often used interchangeably with "wastewater" – implying "municipal wastewater" – in many textbooks, policy documents and the literature. To be precise, wastewater is

6016-473: The locality. Sewage is a mixture of water (from the community's water supply ), human excreta ( feces and urine ), used water from bathrooms , food preparation wastes, laundry wastewater, and other waste products of normal living. Sewage from municipalities contains wastewater from commercial activities and institutions, e.g. wastewater discharged from restaurants , laundries , hospitals , schools , prisons , offices , stores and establishments serving

6110-1751: The mineral acid is boiled away from the iron salts, there remains a large volume of highly acid ferrous sulfate or ferrous chloride to be disposed of. Many steel industry wastewaters are contaminated by hydraulic oil, also known as soluble oil. Many industries perform work on metal feedstocks (e.g. sheet metal, ingots ) as they fabricate their final products. The industries include automobile, truck and aircraft manufacturing; tools and hardware manufacturing; electronic equipment and office machines; ships and boats; appliances and other household products; and stationary industrial equipment (e.g. compressors, pumps, boilers). Typical processes conducted at these plants include grinding , machining , coating and painting, chemical etching and milling , solvent degreasing , electroplating and anodizing . Wastewater generated from these industries may contain heavy metals (common heavy metal pollutants from these industries include cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, silver and zinc), cyanide and various chemical solvents, oil, and grease. The principal waste-waters associated with mines and quarries are slurries of rock particles in water. These arise from rainfall washing exposed surfaces and haul roads and also from rock washing and grading processes. Volumes of water can be very high, especially rainfall related arisings on large sites. Some specialized separation operations, such as coal washing to separate coal from native rock using density gradients , can produce wastewater contaminated by fine particulate haematite and surfactants . Oils and hydraulic oils are also common contaminants. Wastewater from metal mines and ore recovery plants are inevitably contaminated by

6204-476: The minerals present in the native rock formations. Following crushing and extraction of the desirable materials, undesirable materials may enter the wastewater stream. For metal mines, this can include unwanted metals such as zinc and other materials such as arsenic . Extraction of high value metals such as gold and silver may generate slimes containing very fine particles in where physical removal of contaminants becomes particularly difficult. Additionally,

6298-435: The organic matter content, it is common to use "indirect methods" which are based on the consumption of oxygen to oxidize the organic matter: mainly the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). These indirect methods are associated with the major impact of the discharge of organic matter into water bodies: the organic matter will be food for microorganisms, whose population will grow, and lead to

6392-458: The packaging for those devices. There may be reluctance to retrieve items like children's toys or toothbrushes which accidentally fall into toilets, and items of clothing may be found in sewage from prisons or other locations where occupants may be careless. Trash and garbage in streets may be carried to combined sewers by stormwater runoff. Sewage contains environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants . Trihalomethanes can also be present as

6486-472: The particular wastestream in the plant. These include dry ash handling, closed-loop ash recycling, chemical precipitation , biological treatment (such as an activated sludge process), membrane systems, and evaporation-crystallization systems. Technological advancements in ion-exchange membranes and electrodialysis systems has enabled high efficiency treatment of flue-gas desulfurization wastewater to meet recent EPA discharge limits. The treatment approach

6580-470: The plan is to direct the entire river flow through a treatment plant. In the 1990s plans to improve water quality and restore the ecology of the river were begun. So far new sewage treatment plants have been completed, and the plan is supposed to significantly improve the river's quality by 2010. The primary reason for the regulation of the Rava's flow was the need to prevent flooding as mining continued to lower

6674-410: The pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans . This applies to industries that generate wastewater with high concentrations of organic matter (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g. heavy metals, volatile organic compounds ) or nutrients such as ammonia . Some industries install

6768-434: The presence of fecal contamination is by assessing the most probable numbers of fecal coliforms (called thermotolerant coliforms), especially Escherichia coli . Escherichia coli are intestinal bacteria excreted by all warm blooded animals, including human beings, and thus tracking their presence in sewage is easy, because of their substantially high concentrations (around 10 to 100 million per 100 mL). The ability of

6862-576: The prime mover is concentrated salt water. As a result, evaporation systems typically employ titanium or duplex stainless steel materials. Brine management examines the broader context of brine treatment and may include consideration of government policy and regulations, corporate sustainability , environmental impact, recycling, handling and transport, containment, centralized compared to on-site treatment, avoidance and reduction, technologies, and economics. Brine management shares some issues with leachate management and more general waste management . In

6956-527: The processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants . Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries , chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that

7050-460: The public sewerage system. In the latter case, industrial wastewater may receive pre-treatment at the factories to reduce the pollutant load . Mixing industrial wastewater with sewage does nothing to reduce the mass of pollutants to be treated, but the volume of sewage lowers the concentration of pollutants unique to industrial wastewater, and the volume of industrial wastewater lowers the concentration of pollutants unique to sewage. When wastewater

7144-468: The recent years, there has been greater prevalence in brine management due to global push for zero liquid discharge (ZLD)/minimal liquid discharge (MLD). In ZLD/MLD techniques, a closed water cycle is used to minimize water discharges from a system for water reuse . This concept has been gaining traction in recent years, due to increased water discharges and recent advancement in membrane technology. Increasingly, there has been also greater efforts to increase

7238-882: The recovery of fresh water or salts. Brine treatment systems may also be optimized to reduce electricity consumption, chemical usage, or physical footprint. Brine treatment is commonly encountered when treating cooling tower blowdown, produced water from steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), produced water from natural gas extraction such as coal seam gas , frac flowback water, acid mine or acid rock drainage , reverse osmosis reject, chlor-alkali wastewater, pulp and paper mill effluent, and waste streams from food and beverage processing. Brine treatment technologies may include: membrane filtration processes, such as reverse osmosis ; ion-exchange processes such as electrodialysis or weak acid cation exchange ; or evaporation processes, such as brine concentrators and crystallizers employing mechanical vapour recompression and steam. Due to

7332-516: The recovery of materials from brines, especially from mining, geothermal wastewater or desalination brines. Various literature demosntrates the vaibility of extraction of valuable materials like sodium bicarbonates, sodium chlorides and precious metals (like rubidium, cesium and lithium). The concept of ZLD/MLD encompasses the downstream management of wastewater brines, to reduce discharges and also derive valuable products from it. Most solids can be removed using simple sedimentation techniques with

7426-425: The reverse osmosis membranes from hydrocarbons . Evaporation processes are the most widespread for brine treatment as they enable the highest degree of concentration, as high as solid salt. They also produce the highest purity effluent, even distillate-quality. Evaporation processes are also more tolerant of organics, hydrocarbons, or hardness salts. However, energy consumption is high and corrosion may be an issue as

7520-498: The sanitary collection system". The "direct inflows" can result in peak sewage flowrates similar to combined sewers during wet weather events. Sewage from communities with industrial facilities may include some industrial wastewater , generated by industrial processes such as the production or manufacture of goods. Volumes of industrial wastewater vary widely with the type of industry. Industrial wastewater may contain very different pollutants at much higher concentrations than what

7614-402: The sewage flowrates per person. These include: Water availability (the opposite of water scarcity ), water supply options, climate (warmer climates may lead to greater water consumption), community size, economic level of the community, level of industrialization , metering of household consumption, water cost and water pressure. The main parameters in sewage that are measured to assess

7708-404: The sewage strength or quality as well as treatment options include: solids, indicators of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and indicators of fecal contamination. These can be considered to be the main macro-pollutants in sewage. Sewage contains pathogens which stem from fecal matter . The following four types of pathogens are found in sewage: pathogenic bacteria , viruses , protozoa (in

7802-404: The sewage. The amount of such infiltrated water depends on several parameters, such as the length of the collection network, pipeline diameters, drainage area, soil type, water table depth, topography and number of connections per unit area. Infiltration is increased by poor construction procedures, and tends to increase with the age of the sewer. The amount of infiltration varies with the depth of

7896-582: The sewer in comparison to the local groundwater table . Older sewer systems that are in need of rehabilitation may also exfiltrate sewage into groundwater from the leaking sewer joints and service connections. This can lead to groundwater pollution . Combined sewers are designed to transport sewage and stormwater together. This means that sewage becomes diluted during rain events. There are other types of inflow that also dilute sewage, e.g. "water discharged from cellar and foundation drains, cooling-water discharges, and any direct stormwater runoff connections to

7990-534: The solids recovered as slurry or sludge. Very fine solids and solids with densities close to the density of water pose special problems. In such case filtration or ultrafiltration may be required. Although flocculation may be used, using alum salts or the addition of polyelectrolytes . Wastewater from industrial food processing often requires on-site treatment before it can be discharged to prevent or reduce sewer surcharge fees. The type of industry and specific operational practices determine what types of wastewater

8084-563: The specifications of the quality of the sewage being discharged and the quality to be maintained in the receiving water body. The combination of treatment and disposal must comply with existing local regulations. The assimilative capacity depends – among several factors – on the ability of the receiving water to sustain dissolved oxygen concentrations necessary to support organisms catabolizing organic waste. For example, fish may die if dissolved oxygen levels are depressed below 5 mg/L. Application of sewage to land can be considered as

8178-626: The type of glass manufactured, which includes fiberglass , plate glass , rolled glass , and glass containers, among others. The wastewater discharged by glass plants may include ammonia, BOD, chemical oxygen demand (COD), fluoride , lead, oil, phenol, and/or phosphorus. The discharges may also be highly acidic (low pH) or alkaline (high pH). The production of iron from its ores involves powerful reduction reactions in blast furnaces. Cooling waters are inevitably contaminated with products especially ammonia and cyanide . Production of coke from coal in coking plants also requires water cooling and

8272-444: The types of products manufactured, such as bulk organic chemicals, resins, pesticides, plastics, or synthetic fibers. Some of the organic compounds that may be discharged are benzene , chloroform , naphthalene , phenols , toluene and vinyl chloride . Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), which is a gross measurement of a range of organic pollutants, may be used to gauge the effectiveness of a biological wastewater treatment system, and

8366-459: The use of water in by-products separation. Contamination of waste streams includes gasification products such as benzene , naphthalene , anthracene , cyanide, ammonia, phenols , cresols together with a range of more complex organic compounds known collectively as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The conversion of iron or steel into sheet, wire or rods requires hot and cold mechanical transformation stages frequently employing water as

8460-442: The waste stream. Although similarities to seawater or brackish water desalination exist, industrial brine treatment may contain unique combinations of dissolved ions, such as hardness ions or other metals, necessitating specific processes and equipment. Brine treatment systems are typically optimized to either reduce the volume of the final discharge for more economic disposal (as disposal costs are often based on volume) or maximize

8554-430: The wastewater from toilets. Sources of greywater include sinks , showers , baths , washing machines or dishwashers . As greywater contains fewer pathogens than blackwater , it is generally safer to handle and easier to treat and reuse onsite for toilet flushing , landscape or crop irrigation , and other non- potable uses. Greywater may still have some pathogen content from laundering soiled clothing or cleaning

8648-908: The wastewater stream may include vehicle wash bays, workshops, fuel storage depots, transport hubs and power generation. Often the wastewater is discharged into local sewer or trade waste systems and must meet local environmental specifications. Typical contaminants can include solvents, detergents, grit, lubricants and hydrocarbons. Many industries have a need to treat water to obtain very high quality water for their processes. This might include pure chemical synthesis or boiler feed water. Also, some water treatment processes produce organic and mineral sludges from filtration and sedimentation which require treatment. Ion exchange using natural or synthetic resins removes calcium , magnesium and carbonate ions from water, typically replacing them with sodium , chloride , hydroxyl and/or other ions. Regeneration of ion-exchange columns with strong acids and alkalis produces

8742-756: The wastewater. Dairy processing plants generate conventional pollutants (BOD, SS). Animal slaughter and processing produces organic waste from body fluids, such as blood , and gut contents. Pollutants generated include BOD, SS, coliform bacteria , oil and grease, organic nitrogen and ammonia . Processing food for sale produces wastes generated from cooking which are often rich in plant organic material and may also contain salt , flavourings , colouring material and acids or alkali . Large quantities of fats, oil and grease ("FOG") may also be present, which in sufficient concentrations can clog sewer lines. Some municipalities require restaurants and food processing businesses to use grease interceptors and regulate

8836-810: Was completed in 1938, but the correct flow conditions did not last because of the continued lowering of the land. The second regulation of the river was conducted between 1975 and 1993. Sources first mention the river in 1737, as Róździanka - from an old village of Roździeń, now part of Katowice's district of Szopienice . The etymology of the name "Rawa" (Rava) is ancient. The name is related to Protoindoeuropean: *er[e](w)-, *rē(w)- (meaning quiet); Germanic: *rḗw-ō, *rṓw-ō, *rōw-a- (Old English: rōw, -e `quiet, rest'; Middle Dutch: rouwe, rowe; Middle Low German: rouwe, rōwe; rāwe; Old High German: ruowa (AD 800), rāwa (9th century); Middle High German: ruowe, ruo, rāwe, rouwe, German Ruhe). Sewage Sewage (or domestic sewage , domestic wastewater , municipal wastewater )

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