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26-631: The Rathva or Rathwa (also spelled as Rathava and Rathawa ) is a Subcaste of the Koli caste found in the Indian state of Gujarat . Rathava Kolis were agriculturist by profession and turbulent by habits but now lives like Adivasis such as Bhil because of their neighborhood Their communal belief is that they came to the Gujarat area in the Middle Ages from what is now known as Madhya Pradesh . According to

52-458: A full and faithful functor . Such a functor is necessarily injective on objects up to isomorphism . For instance, the Yoneda embedding is an embedding in this sense. Some authors define an embedding to be a full and faithful functor that is injective on objects. Other authors define a functor to be an embedding if it is faithful and injective on objects. Equivalently, F is an embedding if it

78-753: A decent caste in Punjab . They follow endogamy with clan exogamy. The number of Kumhars speaking Bengali language here is more than other Kumhars. The sub-castes of Kumhars found here are- Khuntakati Kumhars and Prajapati Kumhars. Khuntkati Kumhars are the original inhabitants of this place and their popular surnames are - Pal, Bhagat, Kumbhar, Bera, Pradhan and Chaudhary . The Kumhars of Chamba are expert in making pitchers, Surahis, vessels, grain jars, toys for entertainment and earthen lamps. Some of these pots bear paintings and designs also. Kumhars are found in Satara , Sangli , Kolhapur , Sholapur and Pune . Their language

104-457: A particularly prominent role in worship as Babo Pithora is thought to ride one. Not only do the animals feature in the pithora paintings but clay models of them, sourced from Kumbhar potters, are also offered in thanks at temples. No member of a family is permitted to sit with their back facing the pithora in the house. Aside from worship of ancestors, nature and tribal deities, Lal noted some aspects of Hinduism integrated into their belief systems;

130-570: A sugarcane plant. A few days later, when Brahma asked his sons for sugarcane, none of them could give it to him, excepting the Kumhara who offered a full plant. Brahma was pleased by the devotion of the potter to his work and awarded him the title Prajapati . There is an opinion that this is because of their traditional creative skills of pottery, they are regarded as Prajapati . The potters are classified into Hindu and Muslim cultural groups. Among Hindus, inclusion of artisan castes, such as potters, in

156-650: Is Marathi . They use Devnagari script for communication. There are Kumbhars who do not belong to Maratha clan lives in Maharashtra and have occupation of making idols and pots. Hathretie and Chakretie (or Challakad) Kumhars are found in Madhya Pradesh . Hathretie Kumhars are called so because they traditionally moved the "chak" (potter's wheel) by hands ("hath"). Gola is a common surname among Kumhars in Madhya Pradesh. They are listed among Other Backward Classes in

182-587: Is a caste or community in India , Nepal , Bangladesh and Pakistan . Kumhars have historically been associated with the art of pottery. The Kumhars derive their name from the Sanskrit word Kumbhakar meaning earthen-pot maker. Dravidian languages conform to the same meaning of the term Kumbhakar . The term Bhande , used to designate the Kumhar caste, also means pot. The potters of Amritsar are called Kulal or Kalal ,

208-465: Is a category in its own right: its collection of objects is ob( S ), its collection of morphisms is hom( S ), and its identities and composition are as in C . There is an obvious faithful functor I  : S → C , called the inclusion functor which takes objects and morphisms to themselves. Let S be a subcategory of a category C . We say that S is a full subcategory of C if for each pair of objects X and Y of S , A full subcategory

234-560: Is at its most pure in the remote hilly areas of Chhota Udaipur, where most are concentrated, and becomes more diluted elsewhere. They speak the Rathwi language among themselves and mostly the Gujarati language when communicating with outsiders, although Hindi is also used. Their literacy rates are low, being around 35 per cent at the time of the 2001 Census of India and under 30 per cent in outlying areas. However, these rates should improve because

260-473: Is injective on morphisms. A functor F is then called a full embedding if it is a full functor and an embedding. With the definitions of the previous paragraph, for any (full) embedding F  : B → C the image of F is a (full) subcategory S of C , and F induces an isomorphism of categories between B and S . If F is not injective on objects then the image of F is equivalent to B . In some categories, one can also speak of morphisms of

286-413: Is one that includes all morphisms in C between objects of S . For any collection of objects A in C , there is a unique full subcategory of C whose objects are those in A . Given a subcategory S of C , the inclusion functor I  : S → C is both a faithful functor and injective on objects. It is full if and only if S is a full subcategory. Some authors define an embedding to be

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312-451: Is the one thing that clearly separates them from each other. Lal recorded the community as practising a patrilineal system of inheritance and subsisting mainly through agriculture, supplemented by food gathering, fishing and hunting. They have a number of exogamous clans, including the Hamania, Thebaria, Mahania, Kothari Baka and Fadia. Lal recorded around 32 septs . As with other tribes of

338-495: Is typically not full: the only wide full subcategory of a category is that category itself. A Serre subcategory is a non-empty full subcategory S of an abelian category C such that for all short exact sequences in C , M belongs to S if and only if both M ′ {\displaystyle M'} and M ″ {\displaystyle M''} do. This notion arises from Serre's C-theory . Kumbhar Kumhar or Kumbhar

364-931: The Government of Gujarat , they are now found in the talukas of Chhota Udaipur , Jabugam and Nasvadi in Vadodara district and the Baria, Halol and Kalol talukas of Panchmahal district . Although sometimes referred to as the Rathwa Koli, and sometimes self-identifying as such, they are treated as inferior by the Koli people . Some sources say that they are in fact descended from migrant Bhil people , although Shereen Ratnagar noted that those Rathwa to whom she spoke during her anthropological studies rejected that association and that labels such as Koli and Bhil were historically imposed upon communities by administrative outsiders as catch-all terms. Bhils and Kolis historically co-existed in

390-744: The Shudra varna is indisputable. They are further divided into two groups-clean caste and unclean caste. Among the Kumhars are groups such as the Gujrati Kumhar, Kurali ke Kumhar, Lad, Haral and Telangi. They all, bear these names after different cultural linguistic zones or caste groups but are termed as one caste cluster. In Punjab , Kumhars (also called Prajapat ) belongs to Hinduism & Sikhism. In ancient times pottery being their occupation. But many hundred years ago, they shifted to Farming occupation. Most of them have their own land. They are considered as

416-496: The Kolis until the census of 1971. However, Lal's paper notes population figures from 1961, which was also a census year. The community is classified as a Scheduled Tribe in three states under India's system of positive discrimination , those being Gujarat, Karnataka and Maharashtra . Notes Citations Subcategory Let C be a category. A subcategory S of C is given by such that These conditions ensure that S

442-415: The category being embeddings . A subcategory S of C is said to be isomorphism-closed or replete if every isomorphism k  : X → Y in C such that Y is in S also belongs to S . An isomorphism-closed full subcategory is said to be strictly full . A subcategory of C is wide or lluf (a term first posed by Peter Freyd ) if it contains all the objects of C . A wide subcategory

468-557: The community now recognises the need for education and there is an improved school system for their villages. The Rathwas are culturally indistinguishable - even by themselves - from the Dhanak and Naikda tribes of the area, having similar dress, similar celebrations of life events such as birth, marriage and death, similar religious beliefs, songs and dance. Like the Dhanka and Naikda, they are endogamous and this lack of inter-community marriage

494-452: The hills of what is now Gujarat, which sociologist Arvind Shah says has led to confusion of the two groups, not helped by there being "hardly any modern, systematic, anthropological, sociological or historical study" of the Kolis. The Rathwa themselves were barely studied until a seminal paper produced by R. B. Lal in 1970, in part because they lived as niche communities in steep, densely forested, relatively inaccessible areas. Rathwa culture

520-559: The number professing solely Hindu beliefs has been increasing under the influence of sampradayas . Although Gujarat is a "dry" state , the Rathwas also traditionally consider alcohol to be a gift from god that alleviates temporal sorrows while awaiting death, and will travel to smuggle it from neighbouring states or brew it in their own homes. Government agencies have struggled to define the Rathwa, whom Ratnagar says were not separately recorded from

546-404: The painting - called a pithora - as a thanks for resolution of those needs. Pithora ritual art, described by Ratnagar as "vibrant colours ... teeming with gods, people, plants, birds and animals", is unique to the Rathwa and significant in its appeal to tourists; aside from practising it in their own houses, the Rathwa also paint pithora in the houses of Dhanak and Naikda people. Horses have

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572-410: The region, ancestor worship is common among the Rathwas. They believe in an omnipresent deity called Babo Pithora or Baba Deb, who is depicted with other scenes of everyday life in religious paintings on the walls of their houses. Gregory Alles believes that these artworks are akin to cosmographs . merging aspects of real life with an imaginary world. They appeal to the deity in times of need and create

598-528: The same row in the Central List of Other Backward Classes of the state of Rajasthan. In Bengal Kumhars are one among the ceremonially pure castes. In Odisha they are two types (Odia Kumbhar and Jhadua Kumbhar) who provide vessels for the rice distribution to Jagannath temple. They are belongs to Other Backward Classes in the state of Odisha. The Kannuaja Kumhars are considered to be a decent caste in both Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Although they sometimes use

624-452: The state. In Rajasthan, Kumhars (also known as Prajapat) have six sub-groups namely Mathera, Kheteri, Marwara, Timria and Mawalia. In the social hierarchy of Rajasthan, they are placed in the middle of the higher castes and the Harijans . They follow endogamy with clan exogamy. The National Commission for Backward Classes has kept both the Kumhar and Kumawat castes separately but together in

650-604: The term Pandit as their Surname. The Magahiya Kumhars are treated little inferior to the Kanaujias and the Turkaha (Gadhere). They belong to other backward classes . Kumhars are listed among the Other Backward Classes of Gujarat, where they are listed with the following communities: Prajapati (Gujjar Prajapati, Varia Prajapati, Sorthia Prajapati), Sorathiya Prajapati. The Central Bureau of Statistics of Nepal classifies

676-564: The term used in Yajurveda to denote the potter class. A section of Hindu Kumhars honorifically call themselves Prajapati after Vedic Prajapati, the Lord, who created the universe. According to a legend prevalent among Kumhars Once Brahma divided sugarcane among his sons and each of them ate his share, but the Kumhara who was greatly absorbed in his work, forgot to eat. The piece which he had kept near his clay lump struck root and soon grew into

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