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75-415: Rashba may refer to: Shlomo ibn Aderet (1235–1310), medieval Jewish rabbi Emmanuel Rashba , condensed matter physicist Rashba effect , a spin-orbit coupling mechanism named after Emmanuel Rashba See also [ edit ] Rashbam Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

150-412: A New Covenant . The circumcision controversy was probably the second issue (after the issue of Jesus as messiah) during which the theological argument was conducted in terms of anti-Judaism, with those who argued for the view that biblical law continued to be applicable being labelled " Judaizers " or " Pharisees " (e.g. Acts 15:5 ). The teachings of Paul (d. ~67 CE), whose letters comprise much of

225-518: A pogrom against them and their permanent oppression and/or expulsion. According to Paul Johnson , it "may be termed the first work of modern anti-Semitism, and a giant step forward on the road to the Holocaust ". In contrast, Roland Bainton , noted church historian and Luther biographer, wrote "One could wish that Luther had died before ever this tract was written. His position was entirely religious and in no respect racial". Peter Martyr Vermigli ,

300-693: A "messianic desire" that was itself " quite Christian ," according to David Nirenberg . However, David McLellan argued that "On the Jewish Question" must be understood in terms of Marx's debates with Bruno Bauer over the nature of political emancipation in Germany. According to McLellan, Marx used the word "Judentum" in its colloquial sense of "commerce" to argue that Germans suffer, and must be emancipated from, capitalism. The second half of Marx's essay, McLellan concludes, should be read as "an extended pun at Bauer's expense". Yoav Peled (1992) sees Marx "shifting

375-466: A city and two from a family, for most of them had been consumed by the land of Tihama which dispenses of life." Many religious texts and establishments were destroyed or stolen during that time period. In the aftermath, anti-jewish laws were established Karl Marx in On the Jewish Question , 1843, argued that Judaism is not only a religion, because it is an attitude of alienation from the world resulting from

450-485: A clear insight into the communal life of the time, portraying Aderet's contemporaries, and are of value for the study of rabbinical procedure and the intellectual development of the age in which he lived. Only half of these responsa have been published, and they total three thousand. Among his numerous students were Yom Tov of Seville and Bahya ben Asher . A manuscript purporting to be a certificate of indebtedness, dated 1262, in favour of "Solomon Adret of Barcelona" and

525-510: A commentary on the haggadot , of which only a fragment is now extant. He also refuted the attacks of a Muslim who asserted that Christian priests had falsified the Bible. M. Schreiner has shown that this Muslim was ibn Hazm , and the book referred to was Al-Milal wal-Niḥal "Religions and Sects". Aderet also opposed the increasing extravagances of the Kabbalists , who made significant headway in

600-562: A mere assumption, with no basis in historical sources, according to other scholars. After 70, Jews and Jewish proselytes were only allowed to practice their religion if they paid the Jewish tax , and after 135 were barred from Jerusalem except for the day of Tisha B'Av . Frequent Jewish uprisings (two major wars in 66–73 and 133–136 CE, in addition to uprisings in Alexandria and Cyrene), xenophobia, and Jewish prerogatives and idiosyncrasies, were at

675-612: A muslim family or a Residential school to be raised as muslims. This was in place at least since the 17th century, as Shalom Shabazi wrote in one of his poems about "stealing orphans". Other anti-jewish acts in Yemen include the Mawza Exile (1679-1680). Testimonies claim up to 80% of the jewish population in Yemen died during that year. "Those who were banished then came up from the Tihama [coastal plain], returning from Mawzaʻ ; one man from

750-419: A number of disquisitions upon single treatises. His Talmud commentaries are now known as Hiddushei HaRashba . Not all commentaries traditionally attributed to Rashba were actually composed by him. Elchonon Wasserman stated that the commentary on Sukkah attributed to Rashba was actually written by Yom Tov Asevilli , the commentary on Ketubot was actually written by Nachmanides , and the commentary on Menachot

825-554: A passport for the same Adret, dated 1269, are still extant. Aderet had to contend with the external enemies of Judaism and religious disputes and excesses within its ranks. He wrote a refutation of the charges of Raymond Martini , a Dominican friar of Barcelona, who, in his work, Pugio Fidei , had collected passages from the Talmud and the Midrash and interpreted them in a manner hostile to Judaism . These charges also induced Aderet to write

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900-403: A profession were exempted from the ban. A particular ban was pronounced against the rationalistic Bible exegetes and the philosophic Haggadah commentators, their writings and their adherents. Enforcing these bans caused Aderet much trouble and embittered the closing years of his life. He left three sons, Isaac, Judah, and Astruc Solomon, all learned in the Talmud. Aderet defended Maimonides during

975-406: A publication now in the public domain :  Singer, Isidore ; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "ADRET, SOLOMON BEN ABRAHAM (or RaSHBa)" . The Jewish Encyclopedia . New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Anti-Judaism Anti-Judaism is a term which is used to describe a range of historic and current ideologies which are totally or partially based on opposition to Judaism , on the denial or

1050-533: A shaper of Reformed Protestantism , took pains to maintain the contradiction, going back to Paul of Tarsus , of Jews being both enemy and friend, writing: "The Jews are not odious to God for the very reason they are Jews; for how could this have happened since they were embellished with so many great gifts...." "The terms 'anti-Judaism' (the Christian aversion toward the Jewish religion) and 'antisemitism' (aversion toward

1125-449: Is based on "total or partial opposition to Judaism as a religion —and the total or partial opposition to Jews as adherents of it—by persons who accept a competing system of beliefs and practices and consider certain genuine Judaic beliefs and practices inferior." As the rejection of a particular religion or particular way of thinking about God, anti-Judaism is distinct from antisemitism but historically, it has also encouraged

1200-522: Is that these two concepts place themselves in different contexts: the old and religious for the anti-Judaism' the new and political for anti-Semitism . As examples regarding the nuances put forward by scholars: A prominent place in the Quranic polemic against the Jews is given to the conception of the religion of Abraham . The Quran presents Muslims as neither Jews nor Christians but as followers of Abraham who

1275-412: Is the definition: some scholars argue that anti-Judaic refers to Christian theology and to Christian theology only while others argue that the term applies also to the discriminatory policy of the churches [...]. Some authors also advance that eighteenth-century catechisms were "antisemitic" and others argue that the term cannot be used before the date of its first appearance in 1879. The second difficulty

1350-556: The 13th century establishment of the Inquisition by Pope Innocent III . Jews were not ignored by such legislation, either, as they allegedly instigated Christians to judaizations , either directly or unconsciously, by their existence. They sent forth metaphysicians such as Amaury de Béne and David de Dinan ; the Pasagians followed Mosaic Law ; the Orleans heresy was a Jewish heresy;

1425-570: The 5th century . However, Marcion of Sinope , who advocated rejecting the entirety of Judaic influence on the Christian faith, would be excommunicated by the Church in Rome in 144 CE. Anti-Judaic works of this period include De Adversus Iudeaos by Tertullian , Octavius by Minucius Felix , De Catholicae Ecclesiae Unitate by Cyprian of Carthage , and Instructiones Adversus Gentium Deos by Lactantius . The traditional hypothesis holds that

1500-670: The Albigens taught Jewish doctrine as superior to Christian; the Dominicans preached against both the Hussites and their Jewish supporters, and thus the imperial army sent to advance on Jan Ziska massacred Jews along the way. In Spain, where Castilian custom ( fueros ) had granted equal rights to Muslims, Christians, and Jews, Gregory XI instituted the Spanish Inquisition to spy on Jews and Moors wherever "by words or writings they urged

1575-668: The Apostolic Decree of the Apostolic Age of Christianity appears to parallel the Noahide Law of Judaism. The two issues came to be linked in a theological discussion within the Christian community as to whether the coming of the Messiah ( First or Second Coming ) annulled either some ( Supersessionism ), or all ( Abrogation of Old Covenant laws ), of the Judaic laws in what came to be called

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1650-721: The Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in the 11th century, the Almohad Caliphate in the 12th century, and in the 1160s CE Shiite Abd al-Nabi ibn Mahdi who was an Imam of Yemen . Differentiation laws were enforced much more regularly following the decline of secular influence within Islamic society and external threats posed by non-Muslims. In Yemen , the Orphans' Decree was used to take minors whos parents (sometimes only one) died, convert them to Islam, and give them to

1725-680: The Hebrew Bible ), liturgy , and morality . The main distinction of the Early Christian community from its Jewish roots was the belief that Jesus was the long-awaited Messiah , as in the Confession of Peter , but that in itself would not have severed the Jewish connection. Another point of divergence was the questioning by Christians of the continuing applicability of the Law of Moses (the Torah ), though

1800-541: The Iberian Peninsula and were represented by Nissim ben Abraham of Avila, a pretended worker of miracles, and by Abraham Abulafia , the kabbalistic visionary. He combated these with vigour, but displayed no less animosity toward the philosophic-rationalistic conception of Judaism then prevailing, particularly in France, which was represented by Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim , who treated most important religious questions with

1875-529: The Jewish Patriarchs , or Nasi, were a low race. All these theological and polemical attacks combined in Saint John Chrysostom 's six sermons delivered at Antioch . Chrysostom, an archbishop of Constantinople , (died 407 CE) is very negative in his treatment of Judaism, though much more hyperbolic in expression. While Justin's Dialogue is a philosophical treatise, John's homilies Against

1950-581: The Jewish revolt against Heraclius , which successfully assisted the invading Persian Sassanids in conquering all of Roman Egypt and Syria. In reaction to this further anti-Jewish measures were enacted throughout the Byzantine realm and as far away as Merovingian France. Soon thereafter, 634, the Muslim conquests began, during which many Jews initially rose up again against their Byzantine rulers. The pattern wherein Jews were relatively free under pagan rulers until

2025-775: The New Testament demonstrate a "long battle against Judaizing." However, James the Just , who after Jesus's death was widely acknowledged as the leader of the Jerusalem Christians , worshiped at the Second Temple in Jerusalem until his death in 62, thirty years after Jesus' death. The destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE would lead Christians to "doubt the efficacy of the ancient law", though Ebionism would linger on until

2100-823: The Roman Empire ; in Antioch , where the rivalry was most bitter. When Constantine and Licinius were issuing the Edict of Milan , the influence of Judaism was fading in the Land of Israel (in favor of Christianity ) and seeing a rebirth outside the Roman Empire in Babylonia . After his defeat of Licinius in 323 CE, Constantine showed Christians marked political preference. He repressed Jewish proselytism and forbade Jews from circumcising their slaves. Jews were barred from Jerusalem except on

2175-635: The abrogation of the Mosaic covenant , and the replacement of Jewish people by the adherents of another religion , political theology , or way of life which is held to have superseded theirs as the "light to the nations" or God's chosen people . The opposition is maintained by the adaptation of Jewish prophecy and texts. According to David Nirenberg there have been Christian, Islamic, nationalistic, Enlightenment rationalist, and socio-economic variations of this theme. There are three types of Anti-Judaism according to Douglas Hare : (1) Prophetic Anti-judaism -

2250-508: The contemporary debates over his works and authorized the translation of his commentary on the Mishnah from Judeo-Arabic to Hebrew. Nevertheless, Aderet opposed the philosophic-rationalistic approach to Judaism often associated with Maimonides. He was part of the beth din in Barcelona that forbade men younger than 25 from studying secular philosophy or natural science . However, an exception

2325-475: The criticism of the beliefs and religious practices of the religion; (2) Jewish-Christian anti-Judaism - Jews who believe that Jesus is the Messiah; and (3) Gentilizing anti-Judaism - emphasis on the gentile character of the new movement and claiming God's rejection of the old Israel. Most scholarly analyses appear concerned with the phenomenon described by his third definition. According to Gavin Langmuir , it

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2400-540: The "first open break between Rome and the Jews", even though problems were already evident during the Census of Quirinius in 6 and under Sejanus (before 31). After the Jewish-Roman wars (66–135), Hadrian changed the name of Iudaea province to Syria Palaestina and Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina in an attempt to erase the historical ties of the Jewish people to the region . Although this idea has been pointed out as

2475-459: The 20th century, the view that a proselytizing struggle between turn of the era Judaism and early Christianity may have been the main generator of anti-Jewish attitudes among early gentile believers in Jesus is eroding. Scholars have revisited the traditional claims about Jewish proselytizing and have largely concluded that active Jewish proselytizing was a later apologetic construct that does not reflect

2550-506: The Catholics to embrace their faith". Usury became a proximate cause of much anti-Jewish sentiment during the Middle Ages. In Italy and later Poland and Germany, John of Capistrano stirred up the poor against the usury of the Jews; Bernardinus of Feltre , aided by the practical notion of establishing mont-de-piétés , called for the expulsion of Jews all over Italy and Tyrol and caused

2625-630: The Christian conversion of the leadership, as seen with Constantine, would be repeated in the lands beyond the now collapsed Roman Empire. Sigismund of Burgundy enacted laws against Jews after coming to the throne after his conversion in 514; likewise after the conversion of Reccared , king of the Visigoths in 589, which would have lasting effect when codified by Reccesuinth in the Visigothic Code of Law. This code inspired Jews to aid Tariq ibn-Ziyad (a Muslim) in his overthrow of Roderick , and under

2700-593: The Empire enacted a variety of civil laws against Jews, such as forbidding them from holding public office, and an oppressive curial tax. Laws were enacted to harass their free observance of religion; Justinian went so far as to enact a law against Jewish daily prayers. Through this period Jewish revolts continued. During the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 many Jews sided against the Byzantine Empire in

2775-412: The Jewish tradition." Modern scholars believe that Judaism may have been a missionary religion in the early centuries of the Christian or common era, converting so-called proselytes , and thus competition for the religious loyalties of gentiles drove anti-Judaism. The debate and dialogue moved from polemic to bitter verbal and written attacks one against the other. However, since the last decades of

2850-420: The Jews are a more informal and rhetorically forceful set of sermons preached in church. Delivered while Chrysostom was still a priest in Antioch , his homilies deliver a scathing critique of Jewish religious and civil life, warning Christians not to have any contact with Judaism or the synagogue and to keep away from their festivals. "There are legions of theologians, historians and writers who write about

2925-411: The Jews as a racial or ethnic group) are omnipresent in the controversies over the churches' responsibility with regard to the extermination of the Jews" and "since 1945, most of the works on 'anti-Semitism' have contrasted this term with 'anti-Judaism' ' ". According to Jeanne Favret-Saada , the scientific analysis of the links and difference between both terms is made difficult for two reasons. First

3000-459: The Jews employed no other method" than these apologetics. Apologetics were difficult as gentile converts could not be expected to understand Hebrew; translations of the Septuagint into Greek prior to Aquila would serve as a basis for such cross-cultural arguments, also demonstrated was Origen 's difficulties debating Rabbi Simlai . Though Emperor Hadrian was an "enemy of the synagogue ",

3075-585: The Jews of the Roman Empire were a respected and privileged minority whose influence was enhanced by a relatively high level of literacy. The Jews were granted a number of concessions by the Romans (the right to observe the Sabbath and to substitute prayers for the emperor in place of participation in the imperial cult). They had been exempted from military service on the Sabbath, for example. Julius Caesar, who never forgot

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3150-568: The Jews the same as Chrysostom: Epiphanius , Diodorus of Tarsus , Theodore of Mopsuestia , Theodoret of Cyprus , Cosmas Indicopleustes , Athanasius the Sinaite among the Greeks; Hilarius of Poitiers , Prudentius , Paulus Orosius , Sulpicius Severus , Gennadius , Venantius Fortunatus , Isidore of Seville , among the Latins." From the 4th to 7th centuries, while the bishops opposed Judaism in writing,

3225-516: The Moors (also Muslims), Jews regained their usurped religious freedoms. Beginning with the 8th century , legislation against heresies grew more severe. The Church, once confining itself to only the powers of canon law , increasingly appealed to secular powers. Heretics such as the Vaudois , Albigenses , Beghards , Apostolic Brothers , and Luciferians were thus "treated with cruelty" which culminated in

3300-466: The Roman Senate's declaration of the divinity of Julius Caesar on 1 January 42 BC, some Emperors were proclaimed gods on Earth , and demanded to be worshiped accordingly throughout the Roman Empire . This created religious difficulties for those Jews, monotheistic, who adhere strictly to their customary law, and worshipers of Mithras , Sabazius and early Christians . At the time of Jesus' ministry,

3375-587: The Roman government distinguished between Christians and Jews before 96 CE, when Christians successfully petitioned Nerva to exempt them from the Jewish tax (the Fiscus Judaicus ) on the basis that they were not Jews. From then on, practising Jews paid the tax while Christians did not. Christianity is based on Jewish monotheism , scriptures (generally the Greek Old Testament or Targum translations of

3450-472: The administration of the Jewish tax under Domitian . The Roman Empire adopted Christianity as its state religion with the Edict of Thessalonica on 27 February 380. Christianity started as a sect within Judaism . It was seen as such by the early Christians , as well as Jews in general. The wider Roman administration most likely would not have understood any distinction. Historians debate whether or not

3525-486: The anniversary of the Second Temple 's destruction ( Tisha B'Av ) and then only after paying a special tax (probably the Fiscus Judaicus ) in silver. He also promulgated a law which condemned to the stake Jews who persecuted their apostates by stoning. Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire (see Christendom ). "No sooner was [the Church] armed than it forgot its most elementary principles , and directed

3600-488: The anti-Judaism of these early fathers of the Church "were inherited from the Christian tradition of Biblical exegesis " though a second hypothesis holds that early Christian anti-Judaism was inherited from the pagan world. Taylor has observed that theological Christian anti-Judaism "emerge[d] from the church's efforts to resolve the contradictions inherent in its simultaneous appropriation and rejection of different elements of

3675-502: The attributing of sins to prophets), as well as lack of reliable transmission ( tawatur ) of the text". Throughout the Islamic Golden Age , the relatively tolerant societies of the various caliphates were still, on occasion, driven to enforce discriminatory laws against members of the Jewish faith . Examples of these and more extreme persecutions occurred under the authority of multiple, radical Muslim Movements such as that of

3750-401: The ban of excommunication ( ḥerem ) over all who studied physics or metaphysics before the completion of their thirtieth year. A protest against this ban may be found in a poem in which Philosophy "calls out in a loud voice against . . . Solomon ben Adret and against all the rabbis of France . . . who have placed under the ban all people who approach her". Those who desired to study medicine as

3825-420: The debate over Jewish emancipation from the plane of theology... to the plane of sociology", thereby circumventing one of Bauer's main arguments. In Peled's view, "this was less than a satisfactory response to Bauer, but it enabled Marx to present a powerful case for emancipation while, at the same time, launching his critique of economic alienation". He concludes that "the philosophical advances made by Marx in 'On

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3900-546: The debt he owed to Antipater the Idumaean for playing a decisive role in the Battle of Pelusium and thereby saving his life and career, was supportive of Jews, allowing them uniquely a right to assembly and to collect funds for Jerusalem. His enmity toward Pompey, who had conquered Jerusalem and defiled the Holy of Holies , enhanced his status among them, as he ordered the reconstruction of

3975-431: The development of racial antisemitism , a racist ideology which was articulated in the 19th century. Some scholars have found intersections between theology and racism and as a result, they have coined the term religious antisemitism . Other examples of anti-Judaism include the Islamic doctrine of tahrif and other forms of enmity, In Ancient Rome, religion was an integral part of the civil government. Beginning with

4050-463: The entire gamut of Jewish life, are concise and widely quoted by halakhic authorities. Aderet's responsa also illustrate his opposition to messianism and prophetic pretensions as a general phenomenon, with examples against Nissim ben Abraham and Abraham Abulafia . His responsa were printed in Bologna (1539), Venice (1545), Hanau (1610), and other places. The second part of his responsa appeared under

4125-725: The massacre of the Jews at Trent . Kings, nobles, and bishops discouraged this behavior, protecting Jews from the monk Radulphe in Germany and countering the preachings of Bernardinus in Italy. These reactions were from knowing the history of mobs, incited against Jews, continuing attacks against their rich co-religionists. Anti-Judaism was a dynamic in the early Spanish colonies in the Americas, where Europeans used anti-Judaic memes and forms of thinking against Native and African peoples, in effect transferring anti-Judaism onto other peoples. The Church kept to its theological anti-Judaism and, favoring

4200-542: The mighty and rich, was careful not to encourage the passions of the people. But while it sometimes interfered on behalf of the Jews when they were the objects of mob fury, it at the same time fueled the fury by combating Judaism. Martin Luther has been accused of antisemitism, primarily in relation to his statements about Jews in his book On the Jews and their Lies , which describes the Jews in extremely harsh terms, excoriating them, and providing detailed recommendation for

4275-722: The most varied topics of the Halakah, and religious philosophy, were addressed to him from Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Germany, Moravia and even from Asia Minor. Aderet's responsum to the Margraviate of Moravia in the year 1255 represents the earliest ever recorded evidence of a permanent Jewish presence in Austerlitz and in Třešť , as well as one of earliest recorded Jewish sources for that region. His responsa show evidence of wide reading, keen intelligence, and systematic thought. They also afford

4350-426: The northern Spanish authorities, Aderet taking an essential part. Afterward, this correspondence was collected and published by Abba Mari in a separate work, Minḥat Qenaot . Aderet, whose disposition was peaceable, endeavoured to conciliate the opposing spirits at first. Ultimately, he was called upon to decide on the affair. On July 26, 1305, together with his colleagues of the rabbinate of Barcelona, he pronounced

4425-406: The ownership of money and private property, and this feeling of alienation is not exclusive to the Jews. Rather than forcibly converting Jews to Christianity, he proposed the implementation of a program of anti-Capitalism , in order to liberate the world from Judaism, thus defined. By framing his revolutionary economic and political project as the liberation of the world from Judaism, Marx expressed

4500-548: The priest who had to contend against the Jews treated them very badly. Hosius in Spain; Pope Sylvester I ; Eusebius of Caesaria call them 'a perverse, dangerous, and criminal sect. ' " While Gregory of Nyssa merely reproaches Jews as infidels , other teachers are more vehement. Saint Augustine labels the Talmudists as falsifiers; Saint Ambrose recycled the earlier anti-Christian trope and accuses Jews of despising Roman law. Saint Jerome claims Jews were possessed by an impure spirit. Saint Cyril of Jerusalem claimed

4575-404: The reality of first century Judaism. A statement about whether scrolls could be left to burn in a fire on the Sabbath is attributed to Tarfon (died 135 CE). A disputed interpretation identifies these books with the Gospels (see Gilyonim ): "The Gospels must be burned for paganism is not as dangerous to the Jewish faith as Jewish Christian sects." The anonymous Letter to Diognetus

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4650-448: The reign of Antoninus Pius began a period of Roman benevolence toward the Jewish faith. Meanwhile, imperial hostility toward Christianity continued to crystallize; after Decius , the empire was at war with it. An unequal power relationship between Jews and Christians in the context of the Greco-Roman world generated anti-Jewish feelings among the early Christians. Feelings of mutual hatred arose, driven in part by Judaism's legality in

4725-460: The root of anti-Jewish feelings in some segments of Roman society. These confrontations did cause temporary erosions in the status of the Jews in the empire. Reversals in the relationship were temporary and did not have permanent or sustained impact. Flavius Clemens was put to death in 95 CE for "living a Jewish life" or "drifting into Jewish ways", an accusation also frequently made against Early Christians, and which may well have been related to

4800-407: The secular arm against its enemies." and in 351 the Jews of Palestine revolted against Constantine's son in the Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus . From the middle of the 5th century, apologetics ceased with Cyril of Alexandria . This form of anti-Judaism had proven futile and often served to strengthen Jewish faith. With Christianity ascendant in the Empire, the "Fathers, the bishops, and

4875-402: The study of the Talmud and was not opposed to the Kabbala. Aderet was very active as a rabbi and as an author. Under his auspices and recommendation, part of Maimonides's commentary on the Mishnah was translated from Judeo-Arabic into Mishnaic Hebrew . Crowds of disciples attended his Talmudic lectures, many of whom came from distant places. Questions in significant numbers, dealing with ritual,

4950-455: The title Rashba . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rashba&oldid=1210127047 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Shlomo ibn Aderet Aderet

5025-400: The title "Toledot Adam" (The Generations of Man) at Leghorn in 1657, the third part at the same place in 1778, the fourth part at Salonica in 1803, and the fifth part at Leghorn in 1825. According to Elchonon Wasserman, some responsa attributed to Rashba were actually written by other authors, notably Meir of Rothenburg . [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

5100-400: The utmost freedom and was joined by Isaac Albalag and others. Opposed to these was another tendency, the chief object of which was the preservation of the pure faith of Judaism. At the head of this movement stood Abba Mari ben Moses ha-Yarḥi . He appealed to Aderet for assistance. An extensive correspondence ensued between the Hakhmei Provence (the sages of what is now southern France) and

5175-408: The walls of Jerusalem after the destruction wrought by Pompey. He may also have cultivated Jews as clients to buttress his position in the East against the latter. At times he treated the high priest Hyrcanus II on equal terms by writing to him as Rome's pontifex maximus . Jews reacted to his assassination by mourning him publicly in Rome. The crisis under Caligula (37–41) has been proposed as

5250-401: Was born in Barcelona , Crown of Aragon , in 1235. He became a successful banker and leader of Spanish Jewry of his time. As a rabbinical authority his fame was such that he was designated as El Rab d'España ("The Rabbi of Spain"). He served as rabbi of the Main Synagogue of Barcelona for 50 years. He died in 1310. Aderet's teachers were Nahmanides and Yonah Gerondi . He was a master in

5325-431: Was given to them, and their practice of usury shows their worldliness and disobedience of God . Furthermore, the Quran claim they attribute to God what he has not revealed. In his polemic against Judaism, Ibn Hazm provided a polemical list of what he considered "chronological and geographical inaccuracies and contradictions; theological impossibilities (anthropomorphic expressions, stories of fornication and whoredom, and

5400-595: Was in a physical sense the father of both the Jews and the Arabs and lived before the revelation of the Torah . In order to show that the religion which is practiced by the Jews is not the pure religion that was practiced by Abraham, the Quran mentions the incident in which the Israelites worshipped the Golden calf , in order to argue that Jews do not believe in a part of the revelation that

5475-653: Was made for those who studied medicine . On July 26, 1305, the Rashba wrote: "In that city [Barcelona] are those who write iniquity about the Torah and if there would be a heretic writing books, they should be burnt as if they were the book of sorcerers." Of the works of Solomon ben Aderet there have appeared in print: His commentaries upon seven Talmudic treatises published at Constantinople in 1720, and at Berlin in 1756. Similar disquisitions upon five treatises were published at Venice in 1523 and at Amsterdam in 1715. He wrote besides

5550-560: Was the earliest apologetic work in the early Church to address Judaism. Justin Martyr (died 165 CE) wrote the apologetic Dialogue with Trypho , a polemical debate giving the Christian assertions for the Messiahship of Jesus by making use of the Old Testament contrasted with counter-arguments from a fictionalized version of Tarphon. "For centuries defenders of Christ and the enemies of

5625-486: Was written by an unknown author other than Rashba. Yisrael Meir Kagan suggested that the commentary on Menachot was by Isaiah di Trani , while Israel Joshua Trunk argued that the author was Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier . Aderet was considered an outstanding rabbinic authority, and more than 3,000 of his responsa are known to be extant. Questions were addressed to him from Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Germany, and even from Asia Minor. His responsa, which cover

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