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68-720: The Raphael Cartoons are seven large cartoons for tapestries , surviving from a set of ten cartoons, designed by the High Renaissance painter Raphael in 1515–16, commissioned by Pope Leo X for the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican Palace . The tapestries show scenes from the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles and are hung (on special occasions) below the frescoes of the Life of Christ and

136-666: A Latin inscription beneath the image claiming "copyright"-style privileges from both the Venetian Republic and the Papacy (covering the Papal States ) and threatening excommunication for anyone breaching the latter. Apart from other straightforward copies of the prints from the Raimondi set, Parmigianino did a typically individual print version of one design from the set in about 1530. A later large set of engravings by Matthaeus Merian

204-525: A full set, now usually displayed in a gallery, but sometimes moved to the Sistine Chapel for special occasions. They were displayed in the chapel for a week in February 2020, to mark the 500th anniversary of Raphael's death. Their layout around the chapel is a matter of discussion among scholars, as there is no record of what was originally intended. The Raphael's cartoons were revered by The Carracci , but

272-658: A large arched gallery in which are exhibited several statues, sarcophagi and friezes. The New Wing, or Braccio Nuovo , built by Raffaele Stern , houses statues including the Augustus of Prima Porta , the Doryphoros , and The River Nile . It is in the Neoclassical style and has a wide arched roof with skylights. The Galleria Lapidaria forms part of the Museo Chiaramonti, and contains over 3,000 stone tablets and inscriptions. It

340-422: A modello", presumably produced after work had already begun. "Cartoon", named for the sturdy cartone paper on which they were generally executed, is usually used of working drawings, often at full scale, but the distinction is not a firm one, and the terms cartoon and working drawing are often used interchangeably. Often, for example in tapestries, the modello is a design at a considerably reduced scale by

408-442: A painting were made, the ricordo for the prime version might serve in the atelier as the modello for the subsequent ones. No doubt a modello was often modified after the main work was completed to reflect any changes in the composition during painting, thus making it a ricordo also; this would normally be impossible for art historians to distinguish from a modello altered during its original production. The Tiepolo above right

476-468: A price that suggests they were regarded as working designs rather than works of art in their own right. Charles had in fact intended to make further tapestries from them at the Mortlake Tapestry Works near London, which he did, with new baroque borders by their designer Francis Cleyn , paying £500 each, but was well aware of their artistic significance. They had been cut into long vertical strips

544-515: A third member filmed them. Conservationists said that the act resulted in permanent damage to the sculpture, with restoration works costing 3,148 euros. A Vatican court subsequently sentenced the three to a nine-month suspended prison sentence and fines of up to 28,000 euros ($ 30,000). On 5 October 2022, an American tourist was arrested after hurling a Roman bust at the Chiaramonti Museum and damaging another bust. Il Messaggero reported that

612-650: A vineyard near the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. Pope Julius II sent Giuliano da Sangallo and Michelangelo , who were working at the Vatican, to examine the discovery. On their recommendation, the Pope immediately purchased the sculpture from the vineyard owner. The Pope put the sculpture, which represents the Trojan priest Laocoön and his two sons, Antiphantes and Thymbraeus being attacked by giant serpents, on public display at

680-532: A yard wide, as was required for use on low-warp tapestry looms, and were only permanently rejoined in the 1690s at Hampton Court . In Charles' day these were stored in wooden boxes in the Banqueting House, Whitehall . They were one of the few items in the Royal Collection withheld from sale by Oliver Cromwell after Charles' execution . The fate of the other three cartoons from the set is unknown; that for

748-508: Is a mirror image of the artwork reflected in the water. There is a great use of foreshortening.  His use of perspective in the distant background is used effectively. Raphael demonstrates an excellent use of tones in the forefront of the image. Within this tapestry Raphael combines the two Bible stories of Matthew 16:18–19. Raphael portrays Christ commanding Peter to share the Gospel for him. Christ points at Peter while simultaneously pointing at

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816-485: Is a tapestry within Raphael's Cartoon collection. This miracle illustrates the "spiritual healing of Jesus." Pictured is the lame man sitting and leaning against an intricately detailed column with his arm reaching overhead for Peter to cradle his hand. Raphael's attention to detail is displayed in the lame man's face. The shadowing and tones used create the look of an aged, tired man. The wrinkles in his face and his eyes display

884-461: Is accessible only with special permission, usually for the purpose of academic study. Founded by Gregory XVI in 1837, this museum has nine galleries and houses Etruscan pieces, coming from archaeological excavations in the territory of the Papal State as well as other works already held in the Vatican. The collection include vases, sarcophagus, bronzes, terracotta, ceramics as well as works from

952-584: Is demonstrated with the man standing over Ananias pointing to another individual who is pointing up, as if he is pointing to God. This implies that God can help him. The group of men on the right appears concerned with Ananias and wants to help. On the other hand, the men to the left seem frightened. This tapestry depicts the story written in Acts 13:6–12. Elymas tries to keep Paul and Barnabas from converting others to Christianity. Elymas suffers temporary blindness for this action. Observing and experiencing this event, leads

1020-583: The Conversion of Saint Paul was recorded in the collection of Cardinal Grimani in Venice in 1521, and of his heir in 1526. William III commissioned Sir Christopher Wren and William Talman to design the "Cartoon Gallery" at Hampton Court Palace in 1699, specially to contain them. By this date, the prestige of tapestries in general was beginning to wane, and those of the early sets that had survived were probably already rather faded and dirty. From this point on,

1088-574: The Cortile del Belvedere . These are the Museo Gregoriano Profano, with classical sculpture, and others as below: The museum takes its name from two popes: Clement XIV , who established the museum, and Pius VI , who brought it to completion. Clement XIV came up with the idea of creating a new museum in Innocent VIII 's Belvedere Palace and started the refurbishment work. Clement XIV founded

1156-511: The list of most-visited art museums in the world after the Louvre , and third on the list of most-visited museums . There are 24 galleries, or rooms, in total, with the Sistine Chapel, notably, being the last room visited within the Museum. The Vatican Museums trace their origin to a single marble sculpture, purchased in the 16th century: Laocoön and His Sons was discovered on 14 January 1506, in

1224-448: The "Great Model" of St Paul's Cathedral, London , showing a different design by Sir Christopher Wren from that actually built. When accepted, such models were retained during the work, as concrete expressions of what was expected under the terms of the contract, and afterwards were preserved in storage through salutary neglect. Vatican Museums The Vatican Museums ( Italian : Musei Vaticani ; Latin : Musea Vaticana ) are

1292-467: The 18th and 19th centuries; they were described as "the Parthenon sculptures of modern art". Raphael was highly conscious that his work would be seen beneath the Sistine Chapel ceiling , which had been finished by Michelangelo only two years before, and took great care perfecting his designs, which are among his largest and most complicated. Originally the set was intended to include 16 tapestries. Raphael

1360-520: The Christian followers sell their items and tithe the money. During this, Ananias steals from the church by stealing some of the money. When questioned by Peter, Ananias denies any wrong doing. Ananias drops dead. He was punished for his sins of stealing and lying. Raphael once again applies the skill of chiaroscuro to illustrate this tapestry. His use of tones and shading help place lighting and shadows to specific areas of this artwork. The use of implied lines

1428-830: The Director of the Vatican Museums, replacing Antonio Paolucci who had been director since 2007. The art gallery was housed in the Borgia Apartment until Pius XI ordered construction of a dedicated building. The new building, designed by Luca Beltrami , was inaugurated on 27 October 1932. The museum's paintings include: The Collection of Modern Religious Art was added in 1973 and houses paintings and sculptures from such artists as Carlo Carrà , Giorgio de Chirico , Vincent van Gogh , Paul Gauguin , Marc Chagall , Paul Klee , Salvador Dalí , and Pablo Picasso . The group of museums includes several sculpture museums surrounding

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1496-543: The Elder illustrating the Bible, from around the end of the century, used some of the compositions, slightly increasing the height, and elaborating them. These were much used and copied in popular books, further widening the knowledge of the designs to a much larger audience. After the cartoons were reassembled at the end of the 17th century, by which time printmakers were well accustomed to copying direct from large paintings, they became

1564-578: The Falcioni and Guglielmi Collections. This museum houses a large collection of artifacts from Ancient Egypt and also many Egyptian works of Roman production in nine rooms. The Carlo Grassi Collection of bronzes is part of the collection. Such material includes papyruses, sarcophagi, mummies, sculptures and reproductions of the Book of the Dead . The Vatican Historical Museum ( Italian : Museo storico vaticano )

1632-724: The Life of Moses commissioned by Pope Sextus. The cartoons belong to the British Royal Collection but since 1865 are on loan to the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. The tapestries rivalled Michelangelo's ceiling as the most famous and influential designs of the Renaissance , and were well known to all artists of the Renaissance and Baroque through reproduction in the form of prints . Admiration of them reached its highest pitch in

1700-493: The Museo Pio-Clementino in 1771; it originally contained artworks of antiquity and the Renaissance . The museum and collection were enlarged by Clement's successor Pius VI. Today, the museum houses works of Greek and Roman sculpture. Some notable galleries are as follows: This museum was founded in the early 19th century by Pius VII , whose surname before his election as Pope was Chiaramonti. The museum consists of

1768-571: The Palatinate . After being sold in 1649 in the dispersion of the collection of Charles I of England , eventually Henry's set ended up in Berlin, where it was destroyed by a fire at the end of World War II. King Francis I of France had another of similar date, now lost. The Ducal Palace, Mantua has a set, made in Brussels for Cardinal Ercole Gonzaga in the early 16th century, with the arms of Gonzaga in

1836-638: The Proconsul is also in the Royal Collection, and the Getty Museum in Malibu has a figure study of St Paul Rending His Garments . There would have been other drawings for all the subjects, which have been lost; it was from these that the first prints were made. The tapestries had very wide and elaborate borders, also designed by Raphael, which these cartoons omit; presumably they had their own cartoons. Some of

1904-451: The Vatican and elsewhere; the tapestry designs were no exception. These prints themselves were very widely copied by other printmakers, and spread rapidly through Europe. The earliest datable print after one of the designs is an engraving of 1516 by Agostino Veneziano , then working in the workshop of Marcantonio Raimondi, of the Death of Ananias . This was probably made even before that tapestry

1972-573: The Vatican exactly one month after its discovery. Benedict XIV founded the Museum Christianum , and some of the Vatican collections formed the Lateran Museum , which Pius IX founded by decree in 1854. The museums celebrated their 500th anniversary in October 2006 by permanently opening the excavations of a Vatican Hill necropolis to the public. On 1 January 2017, Barbara Jatta became

2040-547: The alternative designs produced for the competition in 1401 to design the North doors of the Florence Baptistry . Lorenzo Ghiberti won, beating six other artists, including Filippo Brunelleschi , Donatello and Jacopo della Quercia ; the modelli survive, for a single panel, of the first two named ( Bargello – picture above). There are alternative, unrealised, modelli for many famous buildings, including St Peter's, Rome and

2108-643: The borders. Dussler describes these as "in better condition than the series in the Vatican". A set woven around 1550 that joined the Spanish royal collection some time in the following decades now belongs to the Patrimonio Nacional , and is usually hung in the Royal Palace, Madrid . The seven cartoons now in London were bought from a Genoese collection in 1623 by King Charles I of England , then still Prince of Wales , using agents. He paid only £ 300 for them,

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2176-657: The cartoons became regarded as the most authentic and attractive expression of Raphael's conceptions. European taste had also moved in their favour; their dignified classicism was very much in tune with a movement away from the more frenzied versions of the Baroque . The fame of the cartoons, as opposed to the designs in general, grew rapidly. In 1763, when George III moved them to the newly bought Buckingham House (now Buckingham Palace ) there were protests in Parliament by John Wilkes and others, as they would no longer be accessible to

2244-476: The century. Having explained that "The principal works of modern art are in fresco" he specifically adds the cartoons "which, though not strictly to be called fresco, yet may be put under that denomination" before claiming that "Raffaelle ... stands in general foremost of the first painters..." (i.e. the best painters) and comparing Raphael's works in oil unfavourably to his frescoes. In 1804 they were returned to Hampton Court, where in 1858 they were photographed for

2312-448: The clothing is exceptional. It gives the appearance of creased material that can be felt. Furthermore, the detail of each individual's hair enables the viewer to detect exactly how their hair would appear in person. Raphael's tapestry expertly illustrates the story of Acts 5:1–10. This could also be named the miracles of Peter. This artwork explains the story of how Peter is capable of punishing and saving others. The Apostles requested that

2380-582: The copies painted in the 1690s by an artist named Henry Cooke are displayed in the Cartoon Gallery. The Royal Collection also has a set of the tapestries. A set of copies painted by Sir James Thornhill have been owned by Columbia University since 1959, and another is in the Royal Academy . Several other sets were made in Mortlake; Cleyn had made copies of the designs, and these were used. Charles I's set

2448-544: The creative process may be recorded in "preparatory drawings" or "studies", either for the whole composition, or a part of it, such as a single figure. An example of a modello of a fresco cycle, which was rescued for its intrinsic value is in Giorgio Vasari 's vita of Rosso Fiorentino : Vasari reports that a modello for Rosso's frescoes in Santa Maria delle Lagrime, Arezzo, was carried out by Rosso for Giovanni Pollastra,

2516-467: The death of Leo. This allowed four other recorded sets to be made later in Brussels, all of nine tapestries, missing the small Saint Paul in Prison . One set was bought by Henry VIII of England in 1542. These tapestries were at Westminster Abbey for the coronation of Elizabeth I , and on 14 February 1613 to decorate the chapel of Whitehall Palace for the wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V of

2584-462: The dominant source of new print copies. By the 18th century many different print versions were in circulation, of varying faithfulness and quality. Cartoons Prints Modello Though in Gothic figural arts bishops and abbots are often represented carrying small simulacra of buildings they had constructed – "models" in the familiar modern sense – modello is only used of pieces which pre-date

2652-422: The figures being over-lifesize. The cartoons are mirror-images of the finished tapestries, which were worked from behind. Raphael's workshop would have assisted in the completion of the cartoons which were finished with great care. The cartoons show a much greater range of colours and more subtle gradation than could be reproduced in a tapestry. Some small preparatory drawings also survive: one for The Conversion of

2720-522: The finished work, and were at least in part produced by the main artist involved. The less frequently found term ricordo (Italian for "record" or "memory") means a similar piece produced as a small copy after completion of the work as a record for the workshop. Naturally it is not always easy for art historians to decide whether a particular piece is one or the other, and, especially in the Late Renaissance and Baroque periods, when several versions of

2788-421: The first time by Charles Thompson Thurston, having been taken out into the courtyard and placed upside down on special scaffolding. In 1865 Queen Victoria decided that the cartoons should be exhibited on loan at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, where they are still to be seen in a specially designed gallery. There are also copies at many locations, including Knole House and Hampton Court Palace, where

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2856-487: The founder of the papacy . There were relatively few precedents for these subjects, so Raphael was less constrained by traditional iconographic expectations than he would have been with a series on the life of Christ or Mary. He no doubt received some advice or instructions in choosing the scenes to depict. The scenes from the Life of Peter were designed to hang below the frescoes of the Life of Christ by Perugino and others in

2924-456: The great period of their influence began with Nicolas Poussin , who borrowed heavily from them and "indeed exaggerated Raphael's style; or rather concentrated it, for he was working on a much smaller scale". Thereafter they remained the touchstone of one approach to history painting until at least the early 19th century – the Raphael whose influence the Pre-Raphaelites wanted to reject

2992-593: The inventor of the complex program there, "un bellisimo modello di tutto l'opera, che è oggi nelle nostre case di Arezzo." A preliminary modello colorito in the form of a painted three-dimensional model was especially important to prejudge the finished effect of illusionistic sotto-in-su perspectives on the curved surfaces of vaulted ceilings, as Andrea Pozzo , the perfector of the illusionistic ceiling, noted in his Perspectiva pictorum et architectorum (1700–17) Many modelli show versions of works which were never actually realised, or have been lost. Famous examples are

3060-721: The main artist, which is then (after approval by the patron) worked up into a full scale cartoon by the artist or others – probably his assistants; the Raphael Cartoons are much the most famous of the few surviving examples. The weavers then worked from this. Modello is especially used of older Italian art and architecture from the late Middle Ages onwards; initially these were mostly drawings, perhaps with some colour from chalk or watercolour , or with colours indicated in writing. The diminutive term modeletto will always be used of small-scale versions. As an Italian word, modello may be printed in italics , or not. The French version of

3128-442: The message. Raphael's detail on each individual's face easily reveals their thoughts and feelings regarding Paul. Paul's clothing and the council's clothing include brightly colored robes gracefully wrapped around them. The lines, colors and shading used on the ground give the appearance of a cold marble floor. Cartoons were sometimes returned with tapestries to the commissioner, but this clearly did not happen here, perhaps because of

3196-476: The middle register of the Chapel; opposite them, the Life of Saint Paul was to hang below the Life of Moses in fresco. An intervening small frieze showed subjects from the life of Leo, also designed to complement the other series. Each sequence begins at the altar wall, with the Life of Peter on the right side of the Chapel and Life of Paul on the left. Including the three subjects with no surviving cartoons,

3264-465: The museums in the early 16th century. The Sistine Chapel , with its ceiling and altar wall decorated by Michelangelo , and the Stanze di Raffaello (decorated by Raphael ) are on the visitor route through the Vatican Museums, considered among the most canonical and distinctive works of Western and European art . In 2023, the Vatican Museums were visited by 6.8 million people. They ranked second in

3332-457: The pain he is feeling. The lines used in the creation of his legs and feet define muscular legs and impaired feet. All of this artistic detail reinforces the fact that the lame man spent many years lying and crawling on the ground impaired by his handicap. In contrast, Peter stands clutching his hand while praying over him. The details in Peter's face and expression reinforce his concern. The rendering of

3400-452: The proconsul to conversion. Paul's overall goal to convert others to Christianity is illustrated through this tapestry. Raphael utilizes tone and shading to convey different levels of light. He has created a different colored robe for each man. This helps them stand out from the crowd.  The different amounts of coating, creates texture throughout the tapestry and images appear more lifelike. Acts 14:8 influenced this tapestry. It represents

3468-477: The public (Hampton Court had long been open to visitors). They had been greatly studied by artists and cognoscenti alike whilst at Hampton Court, and played a crucial role in forming English expectations of a monumental style of painting; one of the great preoccupations of English art in the 18th century. These were often mentioned in the Discourses of Sir Joshua Reynolds , the dominant English critical work on art of

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3536-580: The public museums of Vatican City , enclave of Rome . They display works from the immense collection amassed by the Catholic Church and the papacy throughout the centuries, including several of the most well-known Roman sculptures and most important masterpieces of Renaissance art in the world. The museums contain roughly 70,000 works, of which 20,000 are on display, and currently employs 640 people who work in 40 different administrative, scholarly, and restoration departments. Pope Julius II founded

3604-472: The set contains (the full scriptural quotations and a commentary are on the V&;A website): This cartoon depicts Christ telling Peter and the Apostles where to cast their net. This resulted in the "miraculous catch." Within the design, Peter is pictured bowing before Christ as if thanking him for the harvest full bounty that was caught. Raphael's exquisite attention to details are shown in this tapestry in how there

3672-498: The set, which were presumably all produced around 1516, so that even many in the Roman art world may have seen prints of the designs before they saw the tapestries themselves. Agostino's engraving was rapidly copied in another well-known version, a four-colour chiaroscuro woodcut by Ugo da Carpi , dated 1518. The da Carpi woodcut is often cited in studies of the complex question of early image copyright, as it bears (in its first state )

3740-406: The sheep. This creates a connection for Peter. He is chosen as the shepherd for the believers. Raphael utilizes foreshortening to help viewers focus on the main images and message of the cartoon. He effortlessly implements chiaroscuro. The use of colors to show different lighting illustrates where the sun is in relation to the characters. The incredible story of Peter healing the lame man, Acts 3:1–8

3808-450: The side borders are separate pieces. The borders included ornamentation in an imitation of Ancient Roman relief sculpture and carved porphyry , as well as scenes from the life of Leo. They were themselves very influential, and sometimes used for other tapestries. The cartoons were probably completed in 1516 and were then sent to Brussels , where the Vatican tapestries were woven by the workshop of Pieter van Aelst . The first delivery

3876-420: The situation. Raphael's use of line, shading and toning reveal his muscular form. This tapestry illustrates the story written in Acts 17:16–34. It illustrates Paul preaching to Athens's judicial council. Paul explains Christianity and the importance of knowing God. The viewer can feel Paul's excitement of sharing his message. His arms are stretched out to the crowd, grabbing their attention and welcoming them into

3944-517: The story of how Paul and Barnabas were mistaken for the Gods, Mercury and Jupiter, after Paul healed a lame man. The townspeople of Lystra wanted to offer sacrifices to them. Paul was dismayed and proceeded to convince the crowd that they were God's messengers. The foremost character in this scene is a citizen ready to partake in the sacrifice. He wields an axe above his head ready to execute the ox. Raphael's focus on this man's face expresses his determination in

4012-403: The word, modèle , may be used of French works, and is normally italicised. Especially in the case of oil sketches, many modelli are greatly valued in their own right, as they may show a freedom in execution and freshness of inspiration missing in the final work, and also may show changes in composition from the finished work, throwing light on the process of artistic creation. Earlier stages of

4080-810: Was bought by Cardinal Mazarin , and now belongs to the French government. Forde Abbey , Chatsworth House , the Duke of Buccleuch and others have sets. A set of six tapestries is now in the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister in Dresden , and the Ducal Palace, Urbino displays a set. In the early 16th century many Italian artists learnt the lesson of the huge, and very rapid, international prestige that Albrecht Dürer had gained through his prints , and set out to emulate him. Raphael had no knowledge of printmaking himself, and

4148-568: Was catalogued as a modello by Michael Levey , but recent x-ray investigation of the huge finished work in Munich has revealed that in its underpainting it was closer to another, very different and less finished modello, now in the Courtauld Institute , and it has been asserted that the National Gallery picture illustrated is a ricordo. The National Gallery still describe it as "probably

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4216-621: Was founded in 1973 at the behest of Paul VI , and was initially hosted in environments under the Square Garden. In 1987, it moved to the main floor of the Lateran Palace , where it opened in March 1991. On 18 August 2022, two members of the climate activist group Ultima Generazione glued themselves to the marble base of the Laocoon statue and unfurled a banner calling for an end to fossil fuels while

4284-426: Was in 1517, and seven were displayed in the Chapel for Christmas Day in 1519 (then as now, their display was reserved for special occasions). The tapestries were partly destroyed in the Sack of Rome in 1527 . As they were made with both gold and silver thread, some were burnt by soldiers during the attack to extract the precious metals. The Vatican Museums have acquired tapestries and recreated sections to complete

4352-606: Was paid twice by Leo, in June 1515 and December 1516, the last payment apparently being upon completion of the work. Tapestries retained their Late Gothic prestige during the Renaissance. Raphael was paid a total of 1,000 ducats. Most of the expense was in the manufacture, with the creation of the tapestries in Brussels costing 15,000 ducats . Raphael knew that the final product of his work would be produced by craftsmen rendering his design in another medium; his efforts are therefore entirely concentrated on strong compositions and broad effects, rather than felicitous handling or detail. It

4420-509: Was partly this that made the designs so effective when later reproduced in reduced print versions. The cartoons are painted in a glue distemper medium on many sheets of paper glued together (as can be seen in the full-size illustrations). They are now mounted on a canvas backing and are in general in very good condition apart from some fading of the colours. The cartoons are all slightly over 3 m (9 feet 10 inches) tall, and from 3 to 5 m (9 feet 10 inches to 16 feet 5 inches) wide, with

4488-427: Was perhaps above all the Raphael of the cartoons. The Raphael Cartoons represent scenes from the lives of Saints Peter and Paul . As was usual, the completed tapestries reverse are a mirror image of the cartoon designs. The programme emphasised a number of points relevant to contemporary controversies in the period just before the Protestant Reformation , but especially the entrusting of the Church to Saint Peter ,

4556-438: Was probably too busy to want to learn the techniques, but he was the most successful of the Italians in spreading his fame through prints, through his much debated relationship with the engraver Marcantonio Raimondi and his workshop. Raphael made many drawings solely as designs for prints, and the workshop made a large number of prints, apparently working always from drawings rather than the finished work, of Raphael's paintings in

4624-579: Was woven. The composition is in the same direction as the tapestry, but since the printmaking process would also reverse the direction of the composition, this almost certainly means it was deliberately reversed compared to the detailed preparatory drawing in the Royal Collection on which it was based (see above; the two agree in all details), probably by taking a counterprint from the chalk drawing. All Raimondi and Veneziano's prints of Raphael's designs in Raphael's lifetime were based on drawings, according to both Landau and Pons. Raimondi himself engraved one of

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