62-480: For the description of the name, see Ramesses (Egyptian name) . Ramesses or Ramses may refer to: Ancient Egypt [ edit ] Pharaohs of the nineteenth dynasty [ edit ] Ramesses I , founder of the 19th Dynasty Ramesses II , also called "Ramesses the Great" Prince Ramesses (prince) , second son of Ramesses II Prince Ramesses-Meryamun-Nebweben ,
124-544: A Delta II 7925 rocket, to arrive at the asteroid after a cruise of 233 to 309 days. It would have carried four additional BUOI probes that would have impacted the surface of Apophis over the course of two weeks. Apophis is one of two asteroids that were considered by the European Space Agency as the target of its Don Quijote mission concept to study the effects of impacting an asteroid. China had planned an encounter with Apophis in 2022, several years prior to
186-525: A signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 186.4, surpassing 101955 Bennu (SNR=181.6). The 2021 apparition was the last opportunity to observe Apophis before its 2029 flyby. As of 2021, the Sentry Risk Table estimated that Apophis would impact Earth with kinetic energy equivalent to 1,200 MT or megatons of TNT . In comparison, the energy released by the eruption of Krakatoa was 200 MT, total global nuclear arsenal has an energy equivalent to 1,460 MT, and
248-599: A 2036 impact. A NASA assessment as of February 21, 2013, that did not use the January and February 2013 radar measurements gave an impact probability of 2.3 in a million for 2068. As of May 6, 2013, using observations through April 15, 2013, the odds of an impact on April 12, 2068, as calculated by the JPL Sentry risk table had increased slightly to 3.9 in a million (1 in 256,000). As of January 2019, Apophis had not been observed since 2015, mostly because its orbit kept it very near
310-622: A 2036 passage was lowered to level 0 on the Torino scale in August 2006. With a cumulative Palermo Scale rating of −3.22, the risk of impact from Apophis is less than one thousandth the background hazard level. In July 2005, former Apollo astronaut Rusty Schweickart , as chairman of the B612 Foundation , formally asked NASA to investigate the possibility that the asteroid's post-2029 orbit could be in orbital resonance with Earth, which would increase
372-462: A brand of condom manufactured by Durex Science and technology [ edit ] Ramses (spacecraft) (Rapid Apophis Mission for SEcurity and Safety), the proposed space mission by the European Space Agency to rendezvous with the asteroid 99942 Apophis Sports [ edit ] Rameses (mascot) , the mascot for the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Topics referred to by
434-533: A brief period of concern in December 2004 when initial observations indicated a probability of 2.7% that it would hit Earth on Friday, 13 April 2029. Additional observations provided improved predictions that eliminated the possibility of an impact on Earth in 2029. A small possibility nevertheless remained that, during its 2029 close encounter with Earth, Apophis would pass through a gravitational keyhole estimated to be 800 metres in diameter, which would have set up
496-516: A chance Apophis could hit the earth on April 12, 2068, this was later excluded and JPL Horizons calculates that Apophis will be about 1.864 ± 0.003 AU (278.85 ± 0.45 million km) from Earth, making the asteroid much farther than the Sun. By 2116, the JPL Small-Body Database and NEODyS close approach data start to become divergent . In April 2116, Apophis
558-415: A few days after the close approach to Earth. It will study the asteroid for 18 months and perform a maneuver similar to the one it made during sample collection at Bennu, by approaching the surface and firing its thrusters. This will expose the asteroid's subsurface and allow mission scientists to learn more about the asteroid's material properties. For its Apophis mission after the sample return, OSIRIS-REx
620-465: A future impact exactly seven years later on Easter Sunday, April 13, 2036. This possibility kept it at Level 1 on the Torino impact hazard scale until August 2006, when the probability that Apophis would pass through the keyhole was determined to be very small and Apophis's rating on the Torino scale was lowered to zero. By 2008, the keyhole had been determined to be less than 1 km wide. During
682-447: A little bit further away than the March approach at about 0.33 AU (49 million km; 31 million mi). Around April 19–20, 2051, Apophis will pass about 0.04 AU (6.0 million km; 3.7 million mi) from Earth and it will be the first time since 2029 that Apophis will pass within 10 million km of Earth. Although early simulations showed that there was
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#1732849137694744-675: A minor villain in the animated cartoon Courage the Cowardly Dog Ramses Emerson, a fictional character in the " Amelia Peabody " book series by U.S. author Elizabeth Peters Ramses, a summon creature in the Game Boy Advance game Golden Sun Ramses XIII, protagonist of the 1895 historical novel Pharaoh by Bolesław Prus Military [ edit ] MV Ramses , a German blockade runner sunk by HMAS Adelaide in 1942 The Ramses II tank , an Egyptian main battle tank Products [ edit ] Ramses,
806-465: A sample of Bennu to Earth on 24 September 2023. After ejecting the sample canister, the spacecraft can use its remaining fuel to target another body during an extended mission. Apophis is the only asteroid which the spacecraft could reach for a long-duration rendezvous, rather than a brief flyby . In April 2022, the extension was approved, and OSIRIS-REx will perform a rendezvous with Apophis in April 2029,
868-534: A similar automatic program run by the University of Pisa and the University of Valladolid . Subsequent observations decreased the uncertainty in Apophis's trajectory and the probability of an impact event in 2029 temporarily climbed, peaking at 2.7% (1 in 37) on December 27, 2004, when the uncertainty region had shrunk to 83,000 km. This probability, combined with its size, caused Apophis to be assessed at level 4 on
930-493: A son of Ramesses II Pharaohs of the twentieth dynasty [ edit ] Ramesses III , adversary of the Sea Peoples Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Locations [ edit ] Pi-Ramesses , founded by pharaoh Ramesses II on the former site of Avaris Books [ edit ] Ramses
992-599: A threat possibly for thousands of years until it is removed from being a potentially hazardous object, for instance by passing close to Venus or Mars. Apophis was discovered on June 19, 2004, by Roy A. Tucker , David J. Tholen , and Fabrizio Bernardi at the Kitt Peak National Observatory . On December 21, 2004, Apophis passed 0.0964 AU (14.42 Gm ; 8.96 million mi ) from Earth. Precovery observations from March 15, 2004, were identified on December 27, and an improved orbit solution
1054-511: Is based on ancient Egyptian depictions of Apep. The added star is similar to many of the 19th-century asteroid symbols. Based on the observed brightness, Apophis's diameter was initially estimated at 450 metres (1,480 ft); a more refined estimate based on spectroscopic observations at NASA 's Infrared Telescope Facility in Hawaii by Binzel, Rivkin, Bus, and Tokunaga (2005) is 350 metres (1,150 ft). As of 2013, NASA's impact risk page listed
1116-472: Is bilobed (possibly a contact binary ) with a relatively bright surface albedo of 0.35 ± 0.10 . The axis of its angular momentum points 59° south of the ecliptic , which means that Apophis is a retrograde rotator . During the 2029 approach, Apophis's brightness will peak at magnitude 3.1, easily visible to the naked eye, with a maximum angular speed of 42° per hour. The maximum apparent angular diameter will be approximately 2 arcseconds . This
1178-507: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ramesses (Egyptian name) Ramesses ( / r æ ˈ m ɛ s iː z / or / ˈ r æ m ə s iː z / ), also commonly spelled Rameses or Ramses ( / ˈ r æ m ə s ɛ s / , / ˈ r æ m s ɛ s / , or / ˈ r æ m s iː z / ), is the name conventionally given in English transliteration to 11 Egyptian pharaohs of
1240-482: Is expected to pass about 0.02 AU (3 million km; 8 LD) from Earth, but could pass as close as 0.001 AU (150 thousand km; 0.39 LD) or as far as 0.1 AU (15 million km; 39 LD). Six months after discovery, and shortly after a close approach to Earth on December 21, 2004, the improved orbital estimates led to the prediction of a very close approach on April 13, 2029, by both NASA's automatic Sentry system and NEODyS ,
1302-467: Is held at bay by Set , the Ancient Egyptian god of storms and the desert. Tholen and Tucker, two of the co-discoverers of the asteroid, are reportedly fans of the television series Stargate SG-1 . One of the show's persistent villains is an alien named Apophis . He is one of the principal threats to the existence of civilization on Earth through the first few seasons, thus likely why the asteroid
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#17328491376941364-453: Is in the outer portions of its orbit). At the ascending node (where Apophis crosses the plane of the earth's orbit from south to north) Apophis is very close to where Earth is around April 13 of any year, and this is what gives rise to close encounters such as the one on April 13, 2029. The orbit also passes close to where the earth is in mid-December, producing for example the close approaches of December 16, 1889, and December 18, 1939. After
1426-459: Is more than ten times the size of Apophis). The first event, on March 7, was successfully observed from the United States by multiple observers. The next potential occultation, which occurred on March 11, was predicted to be visible from central Europe. This event was missed, mainly because of bad weather (two negative observations were recorded from Greece ). On March 22, another occultation
1488-499: Is roughly equivalent to the angular diameter of Neptune from earth. Therefore, the asteroid will be barely resolved by ground-based telescopes not equipped with adaptive optics but very well resolved by those that are. Because the approach will be so close, tidal forces are likely to alter Apophis's rotation axis, but Apophis will not approach within the Roche limit where it would be broken up by tidal forces. A partial resurfacing of
1550-776: The Atlantic , just before reaching Africa . Using the computer simulation tool NEOSim, it was estimated that the hypothetical impact of Apophis in countries such as Colombia and Venezuela, which were in the path of risk, could have more than 10 million casualties. A deep-water impact in the Atlantic or Pacific oceans would produce an incoherent short-range tsunami with a potential destructive radius (inundation height of >2 m) of roughly 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) for most of North America, Brazil and Africa, 3,000 km (1,900 mi) for Japan and 4,500 km (2,800 mi) for some areas in Hawaii. The OSIRIS-REx spacecraft returned
1612-475: The B612 Foundation made estimates of Apophis's path if a 2036 Earth impact were to occur, as part of an effort to develop viable deflection strategies . The result was a narrow corridor a few kilometres wide, called the "path of risk", extending across southern Russia , across the north Pacific (relatively close to the coastlines of California and Mexico ), then right between Nicaragua and Costa Rica , crossing northern Colombia and Venezuela , ending in
1674-513: The Chicxulub impact and extinction event had an estimated energy of 100,000,000 MT (100 teratons). See TNT Equivalent Examples for an extended table of comparable energies. The exact effects of an impact would vary based on the asteroid's composition, and the location and angle of impact. Any impact of Apophis would be extremely detrimental to an area of thousands of square kilometres, but would be unlikely to have long-lasting global effects, such as
1736-548: The European Space Agency 's proposed RAMSES (Rapid Apophis Mission for Security and Safety) mission, with a launch in April 2028 and rendezvous with the asteroid in 2029. Studies by NASA, ESA, and various research groups in addition to the Planetary Society contest teams, have described a number of proposals for deflecting Apophis or similar objects, including gravitational tractor , kinetic impact , and nuclear bomb methods. On December 30, 2009, Anatoly Perminov ,
1798-505: The Sentry Risk Table , as an impact in the next 100 years was finally ruled out. Several occultations of bright stars ( apparent magnitude 8–11) by Apophis occurred in March and April 2021. A total of five separate occultations were observed successfully, marking the first time that an asteroid as small as Apophis was observed using the occultation method (beating the previous record set in 2019 by asteroid 3200 Phaeton , which
1860-522: The Torino scale and 1.10 on the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale , scales scientists use to represent how dangerous a given asteroid is to Earth. These are the highest values at which any object has been rated on either scale. The chance that there would be an impact in 2029 was eliminated later in the day of December 27, 2004, as a result of a precovery image that extended the observation arc back to March 2004. The danger of
1922-627: The Yarkovsky effect might cause Apophis to hit a 'keyhole" in 2029 so that it will come close to Earth in 2051, and then could hit another keyhole and hit Earth in 2068. But the chance of the Yarkovsky effect having exactly the right value for this was estimated as 2 in a million. Radar observations in March 2021 helped to refine the orbit, and in March 2021 the Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced that Apophis has no chance of impacting Earth in
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1984-523: The naked eye from rural as well as darker suburban areas, visible with binoculars from most locations). The close approach will be visible from Europe , Africa , and western Asia . During the approach, Earth will perturb Apophis from an Aten -class orbit with a semi-major axis of 0.92 AU to an Apollo -class orbit with a semi-major axis of 1.1 AU. Perihelion will lift from 0.746 AU to 0.895 AU and aphelion will lift from 1.10 AU to 1.31 AU. In 2036, Apophis will pass
2046-522: The 2029 Earth approach, the orbit will go from just inside of Earth's to just inside of Mars's. The period will change from around 8 ⁄ 9 of a year to a bit under 7 ⁄ 6 . It will still come very close to Earth's yearly April 13 location. The closest known approach of Apophis occurs at April 13, 2029 21:46 UT, when Apophis will pass Earth closer than geosynchronous communication satellites , but will come no closer than 31,600 kilometres (19,600 mi ) above Earth's surface. Using
2108-800: The Damned , an alternate title of the novel The Mummy by Anne Rice The Ramses ( Ramsès ) series of five best-selling historical novels, by French author and Egyptologist Christian Jacq Entertainers and artists [ edit ] Albert Marchinsky , an illusionist whose stage name was "The Great Rameses" Ramases , an early-1970s-era British musician Ramsés VII, pseudonym used by Argentine singer-songwriter Tanguito (1945-1972) Ramesses (band) , an English sludge/doom metal band, formed by ex-Electric Wizard members Tim Bagshaw and Mark Greening Ramses Shaffy (1933–2009), Dutch singer Ramses Younan (1913–1966), Egyptian painter and writer Fictional characters [ edit ] King Ramses,
2170-601: The Earth at a third the distance of the Sun in both March and December. Using the 2021 orbit solution, the Earth approach on March 27, 2036, will be no closer than 0.3089 AU (46.21 million km; 28.71 million mi; 120.2 LD), but more likely about 0.3097 AU (46.33 million km; 28.79 million mi). For comparison, the planet Venus will be closer to Earth at 0.2883 AU (43.13 million km; 26.80 million mi; 112.2 LD) on May 30, 2036. On 31 December 2036 Apophis will be
2232-559: The Hebrew Bible, not as the name of a king but rather the name of one of the two cities which was built for the Pharaoh of the oppression by the forced labor of the Israelites (Exodus, 1:11 ), the other such city being Pithom . Thus, the name was known to Jews and Christians long before the advent of modern Egyptology. The city is now commonly identified as Pi-Ramesses ( House of Ramesses ),
2294-604: The June 2021 orbit solution which includes the Yarkovsky effect , the 3-sigma uncertainty region in the 2029 approach distance is about ±3.4 km. The distance, a hair's breadth in astronomical terms, is five times the radius of the Earth , ten times closer than the Moon , and closer than the ring of geostationary satellites currently orbiting the Earth. It will be the closest asteroid of its size in recorded history. On that date, it will become as bright as magnitude 3.1 (visible to
2356-536: The Sun from the perspective of Earth. It was not further than 60 degrees from the Sun between April 2014 and December 2019. With the early 2015 observations, the April 12, 2068, impact probability was 6.7 in a million (1 in 150,000), and the asteroid had a cumulative 9 in a million (1 in 110,000) chance of impacting Earth before 2106. No observations of Apophis were made between January 2015 and February 2019 but observations began again in January 2020. In March 2020, astronomers David Tholen and Davide Farnocchia measured
2418-735: The acceleration of Apophis due to the Yarkovsky effect for the first time, significantly improving the prediction of its orbit past the 2029 flyby. Tholen and Farnocchia found that the Yarkovsky effect causes the semi-major axis to decrease by about 170 metres per year, causing an increase in ecliptic longitude that is quadratic in time. In late 2020 Apophis approached the Earth and passed 0.11265 AU (16.852 million km; 43.84 LD) from Earth on March 6, 2021, brightening to +15 mag at that time. Radar observations of Apophis were planned at Goldstone in March 2021. The asteroid has been observed by NEOWISE (between December 2020 and April 2021) and by NEOSSat (in January 2021). Apophis
2480-645: The asteroid is possible, which might change its spectral class from a weathered Sq- to an unweathered Q-type . Apophis has a low inclination orbit (3.3°) that varies from just outside the orbit of Venus (0.746 AU, as compared to the aphelion of Venus, 0.728) to just outside the orbit of Earth (1.099 AU). Although its orbit changes slightly each time it has close encounters with Earth, at present it comes near Earth once in 7.75 years on average (four times between April 14, 1998, and April 13, 2029). Because of its eccentric orbit, these moments are not evenly spaced and tend to occur between December and April (when Apophis
2542-406: The close approach in 2029. This mission, now known as Tianwen-2 , would have included exploration and close study of three asteroids including an extended encounter with Apophis for close observation, and land on the asteroid 1996 FG 3 to conduct in situ sampling analysis on the surface. The launch date is now scheduled for May 2025, with a different set of targets. Apophis is the target of
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2604-456: The diameter at 330 metres (1,080 ft), and an assumed mass of 4 × 10 kg. The mass estimate is more approximate than the diameter estimate, but should be accurate to within a factor of three. Apophis's surface composition probably matches that of LL chondrites . Based on Goldstone and Arecibo radar images taken in 2012–2013, Brozović et al. have estimated that Apophis is an elongated object 450 × 170 metres in size, and that it
2666-561: The director of the Russian Federal Space Agency, said in an interview that Roscosmos will also study designs for a possible deflection mission to Apophis. On August 16, 2011, researchers at China's Tsinghua University proposed launching a mission to knock Apophis onto a safer course using an impactor spacecraft in a retrograde orbit, steered and powered by a solar sail. Instead of moving the asteroid on its potential resonant return to Earth, Shengping Gong and his team believe
2728-434: The initiation of an impact winter . Assuming Apophis is a 370-metre-wide (1,210 ft) stony asteroid with a density of 3,000 kg/m , if it were to impact into sedimentary rock , Apophis would create a 5.1-kilometre (17,000 ft) impact crater . Baurov, Y.A., Albanese, L., Meneguzzo, F. and Menshikov, V.A., 2013. Protecting the planet from the asteroid hazard. Int. J. Pure Appl. Phys, 9(3), pp.151-168. In 2008,
2790-577: The later New Kingdom period. Other variants of the name include Ramose and Paramessu ; these various spellings could be used to refer to the same person. The various forms are based on the Greek (Ραμεσσυς: Ramessus ), Latin (Ramesses), or Hebrew (רעמסס: Raˁamses, Raˁmeses ) forms of the name, all ultimately based on the Ancient Egyptian form: rˁ-ms-sw (𓅭𓇳) " Ra [is] the one who gave birth [to] him". The name (רעמסס: Raˁamses, Raˁmeses ) occurs in
2852-621: The location of 2004 MN 4 out to at least 2070." Apophis passed within 0.0966 AU (14.45 million km; 8.98 million mi) of Earth in 2013, allowing astronomers to refine the trajectory for future close passes. Just after the closest approach on January 9, 2013, the asteroid peaked at an apparent magnitude of about 15.6. The Goldstone radar observed Apophis during that approach from January 3 through January 17. The Arecibo Observatory observed Apophis once it entered Arecibo's declination window after February 13, 2013. The 2013 observations basically ruled out any chance of
2914-507: The name was pronounced in the TV series. Symbols were given to the first few asteroids in the 19th century, though this practice faded when it became clear that there were a great number of them, and such symbols are now extremely rarely used by astronomers. In 2008, Denis Moskowitz, a software engineer who devised most of the dwarf planet symbols in Unicode , proposed a symbol for Apophis. His symbol
2976-503: The new capital founded by Ramesses II . The convention of numbering kings who had the same name did not exist in Ancient Egypt, the numbers of the various pharaohs called Rameses were provided by modern scholars. 99942 Apophis 99942 Apophis ( provisional designation 2004 MN 4 ) is a near-Earth asteroid and a potentially hazardous object , 450 metres (1,480 ft) by 170 metres (560 ft) in size, that caused
3038-417: The next 100 years. The uncertainty in the 2029 approach distance has been reduced from hundreds of kilometres to now just a couple of kilometres, greatly enhancing predictions of future approaches. Entering March 2021, six asteroids each had a more notable cumulative Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale rating than Apophis, and none of those has a Torino level above 0. However, Apophis will continue to be
3100-563: The permanent number 99942 (on June 24, 2005). Receiving a permanent number made it eligible for naming by its discoverers, and they chose the name "Apophis" on July 19, 2005. Apophis is the Greek name of Apep , an enemy of the Ancient Egyptian sun-god Ra . He is the Uncreator, an evil serpent that dwells in the eternal darkness of the Duat and tries to swallow Ra during his nightly passage. Apep
3162-451: The possibility of an Earth impact by Apophis in 2036 (probability less than 1 in a million). In February 2013 the estimated probability of an impact in 2036 was reduced to 7 × 10 . It is now known that in 2036, Apophis will approach the Earth at a third the distance of the Sun in both March and December, – this is about the distance of the planet Venus when it overtakes Earth every 1.6 years. Simulations in 2013 showed that
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#17328491376943224-530: The probability of future impacts. Schweickart also asked NASA to investigate whether a transponder should be placed on the asteroid to enable more accurate tracking of how its orbit is affected by the Yarkovsky effect . On January 31, 2011, astronomers took the first new images of Apophis in more than 3 years. The close approach in 2029 will substantially alter the object's orbit, prompting Jon Giorgini of JPL to say in 2011, "If we get radar ranging in 2013 [the next good opportunity], we should be able to predict
3286-452: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ramesses . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramesses&oldid=1257124351 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
3348-518: The secret is shifting the asteroid away from entering the gravitational keyhole in the first place. On February 15, 2016, Sabit Saitgarayev, of the Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau , announced intentions to use Russian ICBMs to target relatively small near-Earth objects . Although the report stated that likely targets would be between the 20 to 50 metres in size, it was also stated that 99942 Apophis would be an object subject to tests by
3410-515: The short time when it had been of greatest concern, Apophis set the record for highest rating ever on the Torino scale, reaching level 4 on December 27, 2004. The discovery of Apophis in 2004 is rather surprising because it is estimated that an asteroid as big or bigger coming so close to Earth happens only once in 800 years on average. Such an asteroid is expected to actually hit Earth once in about 80,000 years. Preliminary observations by Goldstone radar in January 2013 effectively ruled out
3472-435: Was computed. Radar astrometry in January 2005 further refined its orbit solution. The discovery was notable in that it was at a very low solar elongation (56°) and at very long range (1.1 AU). When first discovered, the object received the provisional designation 2004 MN 4 , and early news and scientific articles naturally referred to it by that name. Once its orbit was sufficiently well calculated, it received
3534-471: Was named after him. In the fictional world of the show, the alien's backstory was that he had lived on Earth during ancient times and had posed as a god, thereby giving rise to the myth of the Egyptian god of the same name. The mythological creature Apophis is pronounced with the accent on the first syllable (/ˈæpəfɪs/). In contrast, the asteroid's name is generally accented on the second syllable (/əˈpɒfɪs/) as
3596-463: Was observed from New Mexico , again by Venable, alongside others. Two more occultations, observable on April 10 and April 11 from Japan and New Mexico, respectively, were seen by several observers each. On March 9, 2021, using radar observations from Goldstone taken on March 3–8 and three positive detections of the stellar occultation on March 7, 2021, Apophis became the asteroid with the most precisely measured Yarkovsky effect of all asteroids, at
3658-422: Was observed only by a single observer from the United States, amateur astronomer Roger Venable. Larger-than-expected residuals in the March 7 data had caused the majority of observers to be deployed outside of the actual path for the March 22 occultation. This single detection then allowed the prediction of several more events that would have been unobservable otherwise, including an occultation on April 4, which
3720-589: Was renamed OSIRIS-APEX (short for OSIRIS-Apophis Explorer). In 2007, the Planetary Society , a California -based space advocacy group, organised a $ 50,000 competition to design an uncrewed space probe that would 'shadow' Apophis for almost a year, taking measurements that would "determine whether it will impact Earth, thus helping governments decide whether to mount a deflection mission to alter its orbit". The society received 37 entries from 20 countries on 6 continents. The commercial competition
3782-402: Was the target of an observing campaign by IAWN , resulting in the collection of light curves , spectra , and astrometry . The observations were used to practice and coordinate the response to an actual impact threat. Ignoring all earlier observations, the estimated probability of an impact in 2029 reached 16 percent before going down to zero. On February 21, 2021, Apophis was removed from
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#17328491376943844-451: Was won by a design called Foresight created by SpaceWorks Engineering . SpaceWorks proposed a simple orbiter with only two instruments and a radio beacon at a cost of ~US$ 140 million, launched aboard a Minotaur IV between 2012 and 2014. Pharos , the winning student entry, would be an orbiter with four science instruments that would rendezvous with and track Apophis. The spacecraft would have been launched in April or May 2013 aboard
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