Misplaced Pages

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87-575: Raja Kecil continued to oversee periodic attacks on Johor for another decade, while he consolidated control over trade routes between the Strait of Malacca and the resource-rich interior of Sumatra. After 1735, he allowed two of his sons, Raja Mahmud (Sultan Muhammad Abdul Jalil Jalaluddin Shah) and Raja Alam (Sultan Abdul Jalil Alamuddin Shah), to oversee the kingdom, which he ruled in name only. Raja Kecil died in Buantan,

174-573: A 13-year war then ensued between Johor and the Jambi beginning in 1666. The war was disastrous for Johor as its capital, Batu Sawar, was sacked by Jambi in 1673. Abdul Jalil Shah III escaped to Pahang and died four years later. His successor, Sultan Ibrahim Shah (1677–1685), then engaged the help of the Bugis in the war with Jambi. Johor won the war in 1679, but in a weakened position as the Bugis refused to go home, and

261-634: A Dutch possession until the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 was signed. With the fall of Portuguese Malacca in 1641 and the decline of Aceh due to the growing power of the Dutch, Johor started to re-establish itself as a power along the Strait of Malacca during the reign of Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III (1623–1677). Its influence extended to Pahang, Sungei Ujong , Malacca, Klang and the Riau Archipelago . During

348-425: A quarter of all oil carried by sea passes through the strait, mainly from Persian Gulf suppliers to Asian markets. In 2007, an estimated 13.7 million barrels per day were transported through the strait, increasing to an estimated 15.2 million barrels per day in 2011. In addition, it is also one of the world's most congested shipping choke points because it narrows to only 2.8 km (1.5 nautical miles ) wide at

435-475: A series of shifting capitals as it navigated conflict and the changing political landscape. From around the 1530s, Sayong Pinang served as an early center of power until 1536, when the capital was moved to Johor Lama until 1564 when it was sacked by Aceh forces, forcing the capital to move to Bukit Seluyut (along the Johor River ) from 1564 to 1570. The capital returned to Johor Lama from 1570 until 1587 when it

522-640: A similar pipeline proposal. Johor Sultanate The Johor Sultanate ( Malay : Kesultanan Johor or کسلطانن جوهر ; also called the Sultanate of Johor , Johor-Pahang-Riau-Lingga , or the Johor Empire ) was founded by Sultan of Malacca Mahmud Shah 's son, Alauddin Riayat Shah II in 1528. Prior to being a sultanate of its own right, Johor had been part of the Malaccan Sultanate before

609-566: A treaty with Bendahara Tun Mutahir of Pahang in 1861. The treaty recognised the territories of Johor (mainland), the Temenggong and his descendants' right to rule it, mutual protection and mutual recognitions of Pahang and Johor. With the signing of this treaty, the remnants of the empire became two independent states, Johor and Pahang. The Johor Sultanate continued the system of administration previously practised in Malacca. The highest authority lay in

696-499: A western port on the Malay Peninsula . They traded glassware, camphor , cotton goods, brocades , ivory , sandalwood , perfume, and precious stones. These traders sailed to Kedah via the monsoon winds between June and November. They returned between December and May. Kedah provided accommodations, porters, small vessels, bamboo rafts, elephants, as well as tax collections for goods to be transported overland toward eastern ports of

783-502: A yearly stipend from the British. In return, Tengku Hussein would allow Raffles to establish a trading post in Singapore. This treaty was ratified on 6 February 1819. The British asked Bendehara Ali to recognise Tengku Hussein as a ruler. However, Bendehara Ali claimed that he had no connection to the events in Singapore, as it is the Temenggong's fief and stated that his loyalty lies only with

870-574: Is considered to be a karamat (holy grave) site. Strait of Malacca The Strait of Malacca is a narrow stretch of water, 800 kilometres (500 mi) long and from 65 to 250 km (40–155 mi) wide, between the Malay Peninsula to the northeast and the Indonesian island of Sumatra to the southwest, connecting the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) and the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean). As

957-565: Is even shallower and narrower, meaning that ships exceeding the Malaccamax must detour a few thousand nautical miles and use the Lombok Strait , Makassar Strait , Sibutu Passage , and Mindoro Strait instead. Piracy has been a problem in the strait. Piracy had been high in the 2000s, with additional increase after the events of September 11, 2001. After attacks rose again in the first half of 2004, regional navies stepped up their patrols of

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1044-731: The Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean , linking major Asian economies such as India , Thailand , Indonesia , Malaysia , Philippines , Singapore , Vietnam , China , Japan , Taiwan , and South Korea . The Strait of Malacca is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast towards the southern tip of India to Mombasa , from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to

1131-650: The Indian Subcontinent and Arabia were housed in special religious hostels, while devotees of Sufism could seek initiation into one of the many Tariqah (Sufi Brotherhood) which flourished in Riau. The last sultan from the Malaccan dynasty, Sultan Mahmud II , was a person of unstable disposition. When Tun Habib was the Bendahara , he effectively shielded the people from Mahmud II's eccentricities. After Tun Habib's death he

1218-601: The Karimun Islands, the islands of Bintan , Bulang , Lingga and Bunguran , and Bengkalis , Kampar and Siak in Sumatra . During the colonial era, the mainland part was administered by the British, and the insular part by the Dutch, thus breaking up the sultanate into Johor and Riau . In 1511, Malacca fell to the Portuguese and Sultan Mahmud Shah was forced to flee Malacca. The sultan made several attempts to retake

1305-557: The Minangkabau . Both the Bugis and the Minangkabau realised that the death of Sultan Mahmud II had provided them with the chance to exert power in Johor. The Minangkabau introduced a Minangkabau prince, Raja Kecil from Siak who claimed he was the posthumous son of Sultan Mahmud II. The prince met with the Bugis and promised the Bugis wealth and political power if they helped the prince to win

1392-511: The Minangkabau Highlands in central Sumatra, where he came under the protection of the ruling queen. Tales exists of his plans to overthrow Johor 's rule over eastern Sumatra in the 1710s. In the mid-1710s, the young prince, known at the time as Tuan Bujang, travelled to Bengkalis , a trade port in eastern Sumatra, where he united various merchants and mercenaries who disliked the control Johor exercised over their commerce. Raja Kecil

1479-480: The Minangkabaus of Sumatra had started to assert their influence. After the sacking of Batu Sawar in 1673, the capital of Johor was frequently moved to avoid the threat of attack from Jambi. All through its history, the rulers of Johor had constantly shifted their centre of power many times in their efforts to keep the sultanate together. Johor Lama (Kota Batu) was initially founded by Alauddin Riayat Shah II but

1566-570: The Portuguese captured its capital in 1511 . At its height, the sultanate controlled territory in what is now modern-day Johor , Pahang , Terengganu , territories stretching from the rivers of Klang to the Linggi and Tanjung Tuan , situated respectively in Selangor , Negeri Sembilan and Malacca (as an exclave), Singapore , Pulau Tinggi and other islands off the east coast of the Malay Peninsula ,

1653-455: The Riau Islands , back into Singapore. According to a correspondence between Tengku Hussain and his brother, he left for Singapore out of his concern of his son's safety. There he was captured by Raffles and forced to make a deal. Their agreement stated that the British would acknowledge Tengku Hussein as the "legitimate ruler" of "Johor", and thus Tengku Hussein and the Temenggong would receive

1740-558: The Sultan of Pahang to retake Malacca, which by this time was protected by the fort A Famosa . Around the same time, the Aceh Sultanate in northern Sumatra was beginning to gain substantial influence over the Strait of Malacca . With the fall of Malacca to Christian forces, Muslim traders often skipped Malacca in favour of Aceh or to Johor's capital Johor Lama (Kota Batu). Therefore, Malacca and Aceh became direct competitors. With

1827-595: The United States Navy destroyer USS  John S. McCain lost ten of its crew's lives in a collision with the merchant ship Alnic MC a short distance east of the strait whilst full steering capabilities had been lost. The ship had made a series of errors in attempted mitigation, its external lights being changed to "red over red" ("vessel not under command"). Another risk is the annual haze due to wildfires in Sumatra , Indonesia . It may reduce visibility to 200 metres (660 ft), forcing ships to slow in

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1914-554: The Bendahara Ali. After waiting since 1835 for the 'appointment' as sultan, in 1852 Tengku Ali decided to return Johor to the former Johor-Riau Empire by paying homage to Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar in Lingga. For three years Johor's empire existed once again, except Singapore which was ceded to the British. Worried by the state of affairs, the British called Tengku Ali back to Singapore on the threat of cancelling his pension. In Singapore, he

2001-435: The Bugis and Raja Kecil's faction of Minangkabau fighters. The continual conflicts ended in a 1721 battle where Daeng Parani used muskets and blunderbusses against Raja Kecil's less effective swords and cannons. Aside from conflicts with the Bugis, Raja Kecil used his own desire to avenge the death of his alleged father, by leading these disgruntled groups to attack Johor in 1718. The presence of this tale and its use during

2088-755: The Dutch and the English and split the Sultanate of Johor into modern Johor and the Riau-Lingga Sultanate . The treaty was signed secretly without the knowledge of the local nobility including the sultan and thus its legitimacy was called into question. Nevertheless, the British successfully sidelined Dutch political influence by proclaiming Hussein as the Sultan of Johor and Singapore to acquire legal recognition in their sphere of influence in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia . The legitimacy of Sultan Hussein's proclamation as

2175-649: The Dutch government among others. The Johor Empire was split into two parts with Sulaiman Badrul Shah giving up the sovereignty of his part to the Dutch. This also marked the end of the original Johor-Riau Sultanate, that descended from the Malacca Sultanate . This division remains today with Pahang and Johor in Malaysia and what was the Riau-Lingga Sultanate in Indonesia . Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim of Johore signed

2262-488: The Dutch-influenced Yam Tuan Muda of Riau and the Bugis nobility. It erupted into an open dispute between Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar and the Bugis nobility over the appointment of new Yam Tuan Muda of Riau. The Bugis' preferred candidate was also the Dutch choice. The sultan resented having another foreign-backed Yam Tuan Muda of Riau. It resulted in a deadlock and the sultan set sail to Singapore to calm down. It

2349-624: The Malacca Strait. The International Hydrographic Organization define the limits of the Strait of Malacca as follows: On the west. A line joining Pedropunt , the northernmost point of Sumatra ( 5°40′N 95°26′E  /  5.667°N 95.433°E  / 5.667; 95.433 ), and Lem Voalan, the southern extremity of Goh Puket [Phromthep Cape on Phuket Island ] in Siam [ Thailand ] ( 7°45′N 98°18′E  /  7.750°N 98.300°E  / 7.750; 98.300 ). On

2436-515: The Malay Peninsula and Java . The empire gained effective control of two major choke points in maritime Southeast Asia: the Strait of Malacca and the Sunda Strait . By launching a series of conquests and raids on potential rival ports on both sides of the strait, Srivijaya ensured its economic and military domination in the region, which lasted about 700 years. Srivijaya gained great benefits from

2523-482: The Malay Peninsula such as Langkasuka and Kelantan . After the tenth century, ships from China began to trade at these eastern trading posts and ports. Kedah and Funan were famous ports throughout the 6th century, before shipping began to use the Strait of Malacca itself as a trade route. In the 7th century, the maritime empire of Srivijaya , based in Palembang , Sumatra , rose to power, and its influence expanded to

2610-521: The Mediterranean, there to the upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea . Over 94,000 vessels pass through the strait each year (2008) making it the busiest strait in the world, carrying about 25% of the world's traded goods, including oil, Chinese manufactured products, coal, palm oil and Indonesian coffee . About

2697-593: The Phillip Channel (close to southern Singapore ). The draught of some of the world's largest ships (mostly oil tankers ) exceeds the Strait's minimum depth of 25 metres (82 feet). This shallow point occurs in the Singapore Strait . The maximum size of a vessel that can pass through the Strait is referred to as the Malaccamax . The next closest passageway to the east, the Sunda Strait between Sumatra and Java,

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2784-481: The Portuguese and Johor frequently in conflict, Aceh launched multiple raids against both sides to tighten its grip over the strait. The rise and expansion of Aceh encouraged the Portuguese and Johor to sign a truce and divert their attention to Aceh. The truce, however, was short-lived and with Aceh severely weakened, Johor and the Portuguese had each other in their sights again. During the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda , Aceh attacked Johor in 1613 and again in 1615. In

2871-472: The Portuguese to destroy the exiled sultan's forces. A number of attempts were made to suppress the Malay but it was not until 1526 that the Portuguese razed Bintan to the ground. The sultan then retreated to Kampar in Sumatra and died two years later. He left behind two sons, Muzaffar Shah and Alauddin Riayat Shah II . The Johor Sultanate was founded in 1528 by Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II (1528–1564) and

2958-466: The Portuguese. By the time the fortress at Malacca surrendered, the town's population had already been greatly decimated by famine and disease (the plague). As per the agreement of May 1606, the Dutch took control of Malacca and agreed not to seek territories or wage war against Johor. Malacca then became a territory under the control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and formally remained

3045-713: The Riau Islands and its dependencies. By 1836, Newbold writes that "Johor" occupies the territories of Muar , Batu Pahat , Pontian , Sedili and Johor Lama . Also in the early 19th century, the Tuhfat al-Nafis and the Hikayat Negeri Johor also includes Riau as part of the territory of Johor. The administrative centre of the empire was at various times at Sayong Pinang, Kota Kara, Seluyut, Johor Lama, Batu Sawar, Kota Tinggi and Pahang. All on mainland Johor, Pahang and later at Riau and Lingga. The Johor Sultanate established

3132-595: The Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar about the 1855 treaty. In his reply, the Bendahara reiterated that the Temenggong was supposed to swear fealty to his majesty and on the behaviour of Tengku Ali, the Bendehara claimed ignorance. He also reiterated that he was not a party to any discussion with the British or Dutch. The Dutch were also very worried. It seemed that the sultan was acting on his own and would not listen to any of

3219-408: The Sultan of Johor in Lingga. The Dutch were extremely displeased with Raffles' action. Tensions between the Dutch and British over Singapore persisted until 1824, when they signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty . Under the terms of that treaty, the Dutch officially withdrew their opposition to the British presence in Singapore. Many historians contend that the treaty divided the spheres of influence between

3306-545: The Temenggong. The rest of the empire were directly controlled by the sultan. The sultan resided in Lingga. All the Orang Kayas except Raja Temenggong Muar reported directly to the sultan; Raja Temenggong Muar was a suzerain recognised by the sultan. As the Johor Sultanate replaced the Malacca Sultanate , it covered most of Malacca's former territory including the southern Malay Peninsula, parts of south-eastern Sumatra and

3393-478: The administration of their individual areas based on the level of authority bestowed upon them by the Sultan of Johor. The Johor's empire was decentralised. It was made of four main fiefs and the sultan's territory. The fiefs were Muar and its territories under the Raja Temenggong of Muar; Pahang under the stewardship of the Bendahara; Riau under the control of Yamtuan Muda and mainland Johor and Singapore under

3480-505: The affairs of state, Raja Kecil allowed his advisory council, known as the Four Penghulu and consisting of his elite supporters, to choose which of his sons would become the ruler of Siak. They chose Raja Mahmud, who officially became Sultan Muhammad Abdul Jalil Jalaluddin Shah following his father's death in 1746, although he ruled the state for at least five years prior to his formal elevation to

3567-479: The area in July ;2004. Subsequently, attacks on ships in the Strait of Malacca dropped, to 79 in 2005 and 50 in 2006. Attacks have dropped to near zero in recent years. There are 34  shipwrecks , some dating to the 1880s, in the local TSS channel (the channel for commercial ships under the global Traffic Separation Scheme ). These pose a collision hazard in the narrow and shallow strait. On 20 August 2017,

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3654-454: The attack on Johor point toward a Minangkabau origin for Raja Kecil, as he already had grown children in 1718. The myth, however, allowed him to unite disparate groups with various grievances with Johor. By placing him under the guidance of the ruler in Pagar Ruyung , he was able to appeal to the many Minangkabau migrants in eastern Sumatra, while his conception myth tied into beliefs related to

3741-538: The busy strait. The strait is frequently used by ships longer than 350 metres (1,150 ft) . Thailand has developed plans to divert much of the strait's traffic and hence some of its economic significance to a shorter route: the Thai government has several times proposed cutting a canal through the Isthmus of Kra , saving around 960 kilometres (600 mi) from the journey between the two oceans. China has offered to cover

3828-429: The capital but his efforts were fruitless. The Portuguese retaliated and forced the sultan to flee to Pahang . Later, the sultan sailed to Bintan and established a new capital there. With a base established, the sultan rallied the disarrayed Malay forces and organised several attacks and blockades against the Portuguese position. Frequent raids on Malacca caused the Portuguese severe hardship which helped to convince

3915-453: The capital of Siak Sri Indrapura , and his grave remains an important site for residents of the region. The origins of Raja Kecil are obscure and it is difficult to establish a date of birth. According to local legends, he was the son of Sultan Mahmud Shah II of Johor. Conceived under supernatural circumstances on the eve of the murder of Sultan Mahmud in 1699, courtiers supposedly sent Raja Kecik (literally, "little king" in local dialect) to

4002-468: The centre for spices. Items found in China such as cloth and opium were traded with locally sourced ocean and forest products, tin, pepper and locally grown gambier . Duties were low, and cargo could be discharged or stored easily. Traders found they did not need to extend credit, as the business was good. Like Malacca before it, Riau was also a centre of Islamic studies and teaching. Many orthodox scholars from

4089-477: The costs, according to a report leaked to The Washington Times in 2004. Nevertheless, and despite the support of several Thai politicians, the prohibitive financial and ecological costs suggest that the canal will not be built. An alternative is to install a pipeline across the Isthmus of Kra to carry oil to ships waiting on the other side. Proponents calculate it would cut the cost of oil delivery to Asia by about $ 0.50/barrel ($ 3/m ). Myanmar has also made

4176-446: The dying sultan's side to be considered as the new ruler. However the matter has to be decided by the Bendehara as the "keeper of adat (tradition)". The older brother was not happy with the development. Raja Jaafar's sister, the queen of the late Sultan, protested her brother's actions with stating, "... Which adat of succession is being followed? Unfair deeds like this will cause the Johor Sultanate be destroyed!". And she held on

4263-605: The early 17th century, the Dutch reached Southeast Asia . At that time the Dutch were at war with the Portuguese and allied themselves to Johor. Two treaties were signed by Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge on behalf of the Dutch Estates General and Raja Bongsu (later to be Sultan Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah ) of Johor in May and September 1606. In January 1641, the Dutch and Johor forces headed by Bendahara Skudai, captured Malacca from

4350-516: The east. A line joining Tanjong Piai (Bulus), the southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula ( 1°16′N 103°31′E  /  1.267°N 103.517°E  / 1.267; 103.517 ), and The Brothers ( 1°11.5′N 103°21′E  /  1.1917°N 103.350°E  / 1.1917; 103.350 ), and thence to Klein Karimoen ( 1°10′N 103°23.5′E  /  1.167°N 103.3917°E  / 1.167; 103.3917 ). On

4437-460: The founder of the Malacca Sultanate , selected the site for his new kingdom where the city of Malacca now stands. It is said that he named the location "Melaka" after the Malacca tree under which he had rested. Over time, the name "Malacca" came to refer not only to the city but also to the strategically significant waterway between the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian island of Sumatra, known as

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4524-495: The governor-general's consent, he and his expedition set out to search for a new base. When Raffles' expedition arrived in Singapore on 29 January 1819 he discovered a small Malay settlement at the mouth of the Singapore River headed by Temenggong Abdul Rahman , son of Daeng Kechil. Though the island was nominally ruled by Johor, the political situation there was extremely murky. The reigning sultan, Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah ,

4611-683: The hands of the Yang di-Pertuan who was known as the sultan. The sultan was assisted by a body known as the Majlis Orang Kaya (Council of Rich Men) which was tasked with advising the sultan. Among them were the Bendahara, Temenggong, Laksamana, Shahbandar and Seri Bija Diraja . During the 18th century, the bendahara lived in Pahang and the Temenggong Johor in Teluk Belanga, Singapore. Each one managed

4698-421: The latter group completely dominated the sultanate. The Johor economy was reanimated under Bugis rule, along with the introduction of Chinese traders. However, by the late 18th century, Engku Muda of the Temenggong faction under Sultan Mahmud Shah III gained power at the expense of the Bugis. Engku Muda's son, Temenggong Abdul Rahman and his descendants would soon be responsible for the growth in prospects for

4785-493: The leadership of the former Bendahara, Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah IV following the murder of Sultan Mahmud Shah II. His forces captured the capital on 1 March 1718 and he became the ruler of Johor. His actions after this victory created doubt in the veracity of his origin myth, however, as Raja Kecil immediately retreated to eastern Sumatra, re-appointed Abdul Jalil Shah IV as the Bendahara and married one of his daughters, Tengku Kamariah. Raja Kecil had particular problems maintaining

4872-406: The loyalty of his Orang Laut followers, who had played a key role in the defeat of Johor due to their loyalty to the earlier sultans and were key to controlling sea lanes and navigation in the region. Chaos and uncertainty reigned in Johor for the next four years, as Raja Kecil attempted to consolidate his power in eastern Sumatra, appeal to the many different ethnic groups in the region, and prevent

4959-417: The lucrative spice trade, e.g. the tributary trade system with China, and trade with Indian and Arab merchants. The Strait of Malacca became an important maritime trade route between India and China. The importance of the Strait of Malacca in global trade networks continued well into later centuries with the rise of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century, the Johor Sultanate , the Straits Settlements , and

5046-412: The main shipping channel between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is one of the most important shipping lanes in the world. The name “Malacca” is traditionally associated with the Malacca tree ( Phyllanthus emblica ), also known as the Indian gooseberry tree, and is believed to derive from the local Malay word 'Melaka'. According to historical traditions, Parameswara , a Sumatran prince and

5133-432: The mid-18th century, real power was held by the Bugis. By 1760, several Bugis lineages had intermarried into the royal Johor family and gained great power. These Bugis lineages held the office of Yam Tuan Muda, passing the office back and forth between themselves. The death of Sultan Sulaiman triggered a succession dispute, which was lost by the combined Bendahara-Temenggong court elite to the Bugis faction. From 1760 to 1784,

5220-426: The modern city-state of Singapore . Since the 17th century, the strait has been the main shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Various major regional powers have managed the straits during different historical periods. From an economic and strategic perspective, the Strait of Malacca is one of the most important shipping lanes in the world. The strait is the main shipping channel between

5307-483: The next decade. Along the Siak River, Raja Kecil developed a state that controlled numerous important trade routes between the Strait of Malacca and the various rivers into the resource-rich Minangkabau interior of Sumatra, which served as a foundation for the future prosperity of the sultanate. The death of Tengku Kamariah in the late 1730s, according to traditional texts from the region, led Raja Kecil to suffer incapacitating melancholia . No longer willing to oversee

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5394-416: The north. The southwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula. On the south. The northeastern coast of Sumatra as far to the eastward as Tanjong Kedabu ( 1°06′N 102°58′E  /  1.100°N 102.967°E  / 1.100; 102.967 ), thence to Klein Karimoen. Early traders from Arabia , Africa , Persia , and southern India reached Kedah before arriving at Guangzhou . Kedah served as

5481-478: The return of the Bendahara to a position of real authority. This resulted in Raja Kecil moving between eastern Sumatra and Johor frequently, while he alternated between supporting and threatening the Bendahara family, until they fled to Pahang . Finally, he order the assassination of the Bendahara. To counter any further threats from Raja Kecil, the sons of the murdered Bendahara came to an agreement with Bugis mercenaries to share power in exchange for protection. This

5568-418: The royal regalia refusing to surrender it. Bendehara Ali was made aware of the affairs of the succession and decided to act. He prepared his fleet to go to Riau to "restore the adat". The British upon learning this despatched a fleet and set up a blockade to stop the forces of Bendehara Ali from advancing. With Temenggong Abdul Rahman's help, Raffles managed to smuggle Hussein, then living in exile on one of

5655-408: The sanctity of the Johor-Malacca-Srivijaya lineage of rulers that historical texts such as the Malay Annals reinforced. It also created continuity in the history of the region, ultimately linking the Siak state to the Malacca Sultanate , and elevating its status as a Malay state in a diverse, multi-ethnic region. In February 1718, Raja Kecil and his followers attacked Johor, which had been under

5742-409: The stability of Johor was important to trade in the region. The sultan provided all the facility required by the traders. Under the patronage of the Johor elites, traders were protected and prospered. With a wide range of goods available and favourable prices, Riau boomed. Ships from various places such as Cambodia, Siam, Vietnam and all over the Malay Archipelago came to trade. Bugis ships made Riau

5829-445: The sultan of Johor and Singapore was controversial to some of the other Malay rulers. As he was placed on the throne by the British and was seen as a puppet ruler. Temenggong Abdul Rahman's position, on the other hand, was strengthened as it was with his co-operation that the British successfully took de facto control of Johor and Singapore; with the backing of the British he gained influence as Raja Ja'afar. Meanwhile, Sultan Abdul Rahman

5916-474: The sultan, went to Muar to meet Sa Akar DiRaja, Raja Temenggong of Muar , Mahmud II's uncle and asked for his counsel. He told them that Bendahara Abdul Jalil should inherit the throne which he did as Sultan Abdul Jalil IV . Many, particularly the Orang Laut , felt that the declaration was improper. The Bugis , who played an important role in defeating Jambi two decades earlier, had huge influence in Johor. Another influential faction in Johor at that time were

6003-406: The sultanate. In 1818, Sir Stamford Raffles was appointed as governor of Bencoolen in western Sumatra . He was convinced that the British needed to establish a new base in Southeast Asia to compete with the Dutch. Though many in the British East India Company (EIC) opposed such an idea, Raffles convinced Lord Hastings of the EIC and governor-general of British India , to side with him. With

6090-417: The throne. However, Raja Kecil broke his promise and installed himself as the new Sultan of Johor (Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah) without the knowledge of the Bugis. Sultan Abdul Jalil IV fled to Pahang where he was later killed by an assassin hired by Raja Kecil. Dissatisfied with Raja Kecil's accession, the son of Sultan Abdul Jalil IV, Raja Sulaiman, asked Daeng Parani of the Bugis to aid him reclaiming

6177-401: The throne. In 1722, Raja Kecil was dethroned by Raja Sulaiman's supporters with the assistance of the Bugis. Raja Sulaiman became the new Sultan of Johor but he was a weak ruler and became a puppet of the Bugis. Daeng Parani's brother, Daeng Merewah, who was made Yam Tuan Muda (crown prince) was the actual controller of Johor. Throughout the latter reign of Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah in

6264-431: The throne. Under these circumstances, the other son, Raja Alam fled to the Strait of Malacca to gather followers in a series of attempts to counter his brother, a pattern that would haunt Siak leadership for decades. Raja Kecil died in 1746. He was buried in Buantan, and thus took on the title of Marhum Buantan . His grave, on the outskirts of the modern town of Siak Sri Indrapura is now a site where visitors frequent and

6351-704: The triangular war, Jambi emerged as a regional economic and political power in Sumatra. Initially there was an attempt of an alliance between Johor and Jambi with a promised marriage between the heir Raja Muda and daughter of the Pengeran of Jambi. However, the Raja Muda instead married the daughter of the Laksamana Abdul Jamil who, concerned about the dilution of power from such an alliance, offered his own daughter for marriage instead. The alliance therefore broke down, and

6438-608: Was attacked and sacked by the Portuguese , leading to a move to Batu Sawar, a major center of regional trade along the Johor River, from 1587 to 1618. The capital shifted to Lingga in 1618 until 1625, from this time on, Johor had no fixed capital until 1640, when it returned again to Batu Sawar. The town was eventually attacked by Jambi forces in 1675 during the Johor-Jambi war and the court settled temporarily in Pahang (1675–1680) and later in Riau (1680–1688) until Kota Tinggi became

6525-553: Was based at Pekan Tua. Muzaffar Shah went on to establish Perak . Although Alauddin Riayat Shah II and his successor had to contend with attacks by the Portuguese in Malacca and by the Acehnese in Sumatra, they managed to maintain their hold on the Johor Sultanate. Alauddin Riayat Shah II established a new capital by the Johor River and from there continued to harass the Portuguese. He consistently worked together with his brother in Perak and

6612-401: Was due to displeasure of the Bendahara over the affairs of Singapore. Conditions imposed during the appointment included paying a visit of fealty to the ruling Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar in Lingga. Sultan Hussein of Singapore died in 1835 and his prince Tengku Ali wished for the legitimacy granted to Temenggong Ibrahim, by the British and some Malay nobles. The British forwarded the request in 1841 to

6699-457: Was during the Singapore trip that Mahmud Muzaffar was deposed by the Bugis nobility in 1857. After the ousting of Mahmud Muzaffar the Bugis nobles elected the new sultan, Sulaiman Badrul Shah, the sultan of the "new" Riau-Lingga Kingdom built on the Riau remnants of the Johore Empire. The sultan signed an agreement with the Dutch. In the agreement he agreed to acknowledge the overlordship of

6786-403: Was frequently visited by Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar, and their relationship was cordial. The British were worried by this development and forced the 1855 treaty between Temenggong Ibrahim and Tengku Ali. In exchange for recognition as sultan, Tengku Ali agreed to "give up all of Johor". The treaty was intended to solidify the position of Temenggong Ibrahim, their key ally. Bendahara Ali was asked by

6873-681: Was held. The Bendahara conducted ceremonies (as per adat) aimed at re-educating the nobility and the sultan about their respective duties and responsibilities. Islam and politics were discussed. It was attended by all the nobles from across the empire, hence, proving that the British appointed Sultan of Johor was not recognised by the Malays. The ceremonies also included the installation of Tengku Mahmud (later ruling as Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar) as crown prince and Tun Mutahir as bendehara -in-waiting. In 1841, Bendahara Ali appointed Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim to replace his father, who died in 1825. The long interval

6960-451: Was installed as the Sultan of Lingga in November 1822, complete with the royal regalia. Sultan Abdul Rahman, who had devoted himself to religion, became contented with his political sphere of influence in Lingga, where his family continued to maintain his household under the administrative direction of Raja Ja'afar who ruled under the auspices of the Dutch. Sultan Abdul Rahman died in 1832 and

7047-467: Was replaced by Abdul Jalil . As the Bendahara was only a cousin, he could not rein in Mahmud II's eccentric behaviour. Sultan Mahmud II ordered the pregnant wife of a noble, Orang Kaya Megat Sri Rama killed, as she had taken a slice of the royal jackfruit. Subsequently, the sultan was assassinated in 1699 by Megat Sri Rama in revenge, leaving no heirs. The Orang Kayas, who were normally tasked with advising

7134-413: Was sacked by Jambi, later capitals included Kota Tinggi , Riau, and Pancur. In the 17th century with Malacca was declining as an important port, allowing Johor to become the dominant regional power. The policy of the Dutch in Malacca drove traders to Riau, a port controlled by Johor. The trade there far surpassed that of Malacca. The VOC was unhappy with that but continued to maintain the alliance because

7221-503: Was sacked by the Acehnese in 1564. It was then moved to Seluyut, later back to Johor Lama during the reign of Ali Jalla (1571–1597) which was sacked by the Portuguese in 1587, then to Batu Sawar, and Lingga (again sacked by the Portuguese). This is followed by a period with no fixed capital (places included Tanah Puteh and Makam Tauhid) during the reign of Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III before he moved it to Batu Sawar in 1640. After Batu Sawar

7308-440: Was succeeded by his son, Sultan Muhammad Shah (r. 1832–1841). When Raja Jaffar, Yam Tuan Muda of Riau, died and Muhammad Shah was in no hurry to appoint a successor. The sultan saw the damage that was done to the palace during his father's reign and decided to reemphasis and restore adat as a rule governing personal behaviour and politics. He summoned Bendahara Ali (Raja Bendahara Pahang) to Lingga. At Lingga, an adat-steeped function

7395-465: Was the origin of the modern Johor-Riau-Lingga Sultanate . Having lost the support of his Orang Laut followers, and under pressure from Bugis mercenaries, Raja Kecil abandoned Johor. Raja Kecil returned to eastern Sumatra and established the Siak Sultanate at Buantan in 1722. As he consolidated power over eastern Sumatra, he continued to participate in battles against the Bugis and attacks on Johor for

7482-482: Was then known as a pretender to the Johorean throne. During his meeting at Bengkalis, he made plans with the Bugis warriors Daeng Parani and Daeng Chelak (father of the first Sultan of Selangor ) to then travel to Langat to amass armed forces, to take over Johor. However, Raja Kecil eventually captured Johor Lama on 1717 without the help of the Bugis. This breaking of their agreement eventually led to skirmishes between

7569-518: Was under the influence of the Dutch and the Bugis. Hence, he would not agree to a British base in Singapore . However, Abdul Rahman was ruler only because his older brother, Tengku Hussein or Tengku Long, had been away in Pahang getting married when their father died in 1812. He was appointed by the Yam Tuan Muda of Riau, Raja Jaafar because according to him, in a Malay tradition, a person has to be by

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