RUNCOM is a CTSS macro command (script) processor.
22-472: Louis Pouzin created RUNCOM for CTSS circa 1963. He released a paper in 1965 describing a design for the Multics shell which includes a brief description of RUNCOM followed by a second paper he released five days later describing a design for RUNCOM that added commands for control flow , conditional branching and looping. In the context of Unix-like systems, the term rc stands for the phrase " run commands ". It
44-652: A PhD , M.S. , Bachelor's degree in computer science, or other similar fields like Information and Computer Science (CIS), or a closely related discipline such as mathematics or physics . Computer scientists are often hired by software publishing firms, scientific research and development organizations where they develop the theories and computer model that allow new technologies to be developed. Computer scientists are also employed by educational institutions such as universities . Computer scientists can follow more practical applications of their knowledge, doing things such as software engineering. They can also be found in
66-441: A folder and can be considered the ancestor of the command-line interface and shell scripts . Pouzin was the one who coined the term shell for a command language interpreter separate from the kernel in 1964 or 1965. Pouzin's concepts were later implemented in Multics by Glenda Schroeder at MIT. Schroeder developed the first Multics shell with the assistance of an unnamed man from General Electric . Schroeder's Multics shell
88-744: A layered protocol architecture, as did the Internet later. He co-founded the International Network Working Group at a computer networking conference he organised in Paris in June 1972 and was instrumental in developing the groups' ideas. He was acknowledged by Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking protocols, A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication . In 2002 Pouzin, along with Jean-Louis Grangé, Jean-Pierre Henninot and Jean-François Morfin, participated in
110-569: A program runs. For instance, the editor Vim looks for and reads the contents of the .vimrc file to determine its initial configuration. In The Art of Unix Programming , Eric S. Raymond consistently refers to rc files as "run-control" files. Background RUNCOM is not a shell in the sense of the UNIX shell. When a user type commands into CTSS they go to the supervisor (kernel), not any UNIX-shell-like program. Users cannot type commands into RUNCOM, it processes disk files. CTSS files have first name and
132-488: A second name separated by spaces, e.g. FOO BCD . Description of RUNCOM RUNCOM command chains also known as macro-commands (both terms mean scripts) are files with a second name of either RUNCOM or BCD which contain zero or more lines. Lines in the script are either blank lines, comments, regular commands (the kind that could be entered on the supervisor's command line) or the pseudo-command (command built into RUNCOM only) CHAIN. Comments start with either $ or * as
154-785: Is dedicated to sell top-level domains (TLD) in all scripts outside of ICANN . This way people can develop second-level domains for free. Computer scientist A computer scientist is a scientist who specializes in the academic study of computer science . Computer scientists typically work on the theoretical side of computation. Although computer scientists can also focus their work and research on specific areas (such as algorithm and data structure development and design, software engineering , information theory , database theory , theoretical computer science , numerical analysis , programming language theory , compiler , computer graphics , computer vision , robotics , computer architecture , operating system ), their foundation
176-507: Is the theoretical study of computing from which these other fields derive. A primary goal of computer scientists is to develop or validate models, often mathematical, to describe the properties of computational systems ( processors , programs, computers interacting with people, computers interacting with other computers, etc.) with an overall objective of discovering designs that yield useful benefits (faster, smaller, cheaper, more precise, etc.). Most computer scientists are required to possess
198-474: Is used for any file that contains startup information for a command. From Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie : There was a facility that would execute a bunch of commands stored in a file; it was called runcom for "run commands", and the file began to be called "a runcom". rc in Unix is a fossil from that usage. Tom Van Vleck , a Multics engineer, has also reminisced about the extension rc: "The idea of having
220-607: The French national meteorological service, using CDC 6400 as hardware. This system was created for weather forecast and statistics and was used for 15 years. Pouzin directed the pioneering CYCLADES networking project from 1971 to 1976 at IRIA . Building on Donald Davies ’s simulation of datagram networks and the American ARPANET , Pouzin built the CIGALE packet switching network to research internetworking concepts. CYCLADES used
242-602: The command processing shell be an ordinary slave program came from the Multics design, and a predecessor program on CTSS by Louis Pouzin called RUNCOM, the source of the '.rc' suffix on some Unix configuration files." This is also the origin of the name of the Plan 9 from Bell Labs shell by Tom Duff , the rc shell . It is called "rc" because the main job of a shell is to "run commands". While not historically precise, rc may also be expanded as "run control", because an rc file controls how
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#1732845251495264-579: The creation of Eurolinc , which is a non-profit association that promotes multilingualism in domain names . In June 2003, Eurolinc was accredited by UNO to participate at the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). In November 2011, he founded Savoir-Faire, an alternative root company, with Chantal Lebrument and Quentin Perrigueur. In 2012 he developed a service called Open-Root, which
286-614: The design of TCP/IP , the protocol suite used by the Internet . Louis Pouzin was born in Chantenay-Saint-Imbert , Nièvre , France on 20 April 1931. He studied at the École Polytechnique from 1950 to 1952. Having participated in the design of the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) at MIT , Pouzin wrote a program for it called RUNCOM around 1963–64. RUNCOM permitted the execution of commands contained within
308-584: The early 1970s, which implemented a novel design for packet communication. He was the first to implement the end-to-end principle in a wide-area network, which became fundamental to the design of the Internet . This network was the first implementation of the pure datagram model, initially conceived and described by Donald Davies , subsequently named by Halvor Bothner-By , and seen by Louis Pouzin as his personal invention. His work, and that of his colleagues Hubert Zimmerman and Gérard Le Lann , were acknowledged by Vinton Cerf as substantial contributions to
330-463: The field of information technology consulting , and may be seen as a type of mathematician, given how much of the field depends on mathematics. Computer scientists employed in industry may eventually advance into managerial or project leadership positions. Employment prospects for computer scientists are said to be excellent. Such prospects seem to be attributed, in part, to very rapid growth in computer systems design and related services industry, and
352-647: The files in the directory (like the Unix ls command). Once the substitutions have been completed, RUNCOM sends the commands to the SCHAIN library subroutine which is available to other programs as well. Louis Pouzin Louis Pouzin (born 20 April 1931) is a French computer scientist and Internet pioneer . He directed the development of the CYCLADES computer network in France
374-447: The first character of the line. Comments using $ are printed (including the $ ) when RUNCOM runs while ones with * are not printed at all. Parameter substitution does not occur in comments. When a user invoke RUNCOM, the arguments (parameters) to it must first start with the first name of the file containing the script. If a user invoke RUNCOM without any arguments it prints some instructions on how to use it and stops, returning
396-541: The proto-email system were for communication from CTSS to notify users that files had been backed up, discussion between authors of CTSS commands, and communication from command authors to the CTSS manual editor. The service only made it possible to leave messages for the other users on the same computer. The idea to allow users to send messages between computers was developed later by Ray Tomlinson in 1971. From 1967 to 1969 Pouzin developed one operating system for Météo-France ,
418-538: The script to be substituted into a 3 when it is used in any lines that come after CHAIN while FAFA will remain FAFA as RUNCOM was invoked without specifying anything for it. If an argument to RUNCOM is (NIL), a positional parameter denoted as an argument to CHAIN in the script will be expand into nothing, e.g. CHAIN ALPHA BETA GAMMA combined with RUNCOM A (NIL) B will cause ALPHA to be substituted with A and GAMMA to B while BETA will be removed from any command that follows CHAIN in
440-459: The script. If a RUNCOM argument is (END) the corresponding CHAIN argument will be treated as (NIL) and all subsequent arguments will also be treated as (NIL). Any parameter to CHAIN can be used as a command name in the script, i.e. can come first before any arguments. An example would be RUNCOM SCRIPT LISTF combined with CHAIN CMD followed by CMD at the start of a following line. CMD will be substituted into LISTF which will list
462-411: The user to the supervisor's (system's) command line. The remaining arguments, if any, are either command names, values to be used as arguments in the script or the strings (NIL) or (END) including the parenthesis. In the script, CHAIN give names to arguments which were used on the command line when RUNCOM was called, e.g. putting CHAIN LALA FAFA in the script and invoking RUNCOM XYZZY 3 will cause LALA in
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#1732845251495484-441: Was the predecessor to the Unix shell , which is still in use today. Working with Glenda Schroeder and Pat Crisman, he also described an early e-mail system called "MAIL" to allow users on the CTSS to send notifications to others about backups of files. Each user's messages would be added to a local file called "MAIL BOX", which would have a “private” mode so that only the owner could read or delete messages. The proposed uses of
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