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51-646: Terrier has also been used as the base stage for a family of sounding rockets , beginning with the Terrier Malemute . The Terrier was a development of the Bumblebee Project , the United States Navy 's effort to develop a surface-to-air missile to provide a middle layer of defense against air attack (between carrier fighters and antiaircraft guns ). It was test launched from USS  Mississippi on January 28, 1953, and first deployed operationally on

102-477: A research rocket or a suborbital rocket , is an instrument-carrying rocket designed to take measurements and perform scientific experiments during its sub-orbital flight. The rockets are used to launch instruments from 48 to 145 km (30 to 90 miles) above the surface of the Earth, the altitude generally between weather balloons and satellites ; the maximum altitude for balloons is about 40 km (25 miles) and

153-530: A Sounding Rocket such as the Nike-Apache may deposit sodium clouds to observe very high altitude winds. Larger, higher altitude rockets have multiple stages to increase altitude and/or payload capability. The freefall part of the flight is an elliptic trajectory with vertical major axis allowing the payload to appear to hover near its apogee . The average flight time is less than 30 minutes; usually between five and 20 minutes. The rocket consumes its fuel on

204-568: A long range SAM for the Ticonderoga class of Aegis cruisers . The Mk72 booster allows the RIM-156A to fit into the Mark 41 Vertical Launching System . This configuration can also be used for Terminal phase Ballistic Missile Defense. There was a plan to build a nuclear armed standard missile mounting a W81 nuclear warhead as a replacement for the earlier Nuclear Terrier missile (RIM-2D). The USN rescinded

255-619: A small Liquid-propellant rocket to provide the GALCIT team necessary experience to aid in developing the Corporal missile. Malina with Tsien Hsue-shen ( Qian Xuesen in Pinyin transliteration), wrote "Flight analysis of a Sounding Rocket with Special Reference to Propulsion by Successive Impulses." As the Signal Corps rocket was being developed for the Corporal project, and lacked any guidance mechanism, it

306-511: A sounding rocket also makes launching from temporary sites possible, allowing field studies at remote locations, and even in the middle of the ocean, if fired from a ship. Weather observations, up to an altitude of 75 km, are done with rocketsondes , a kind of sounding rocket for atmospheric observations that consists of a rocket and radiosonde . The sonde records data on temperature , moisture , wind speed and direction, wind shear , atmospheric pressure , and air density during

357-542: A survey or a poll". Sounding in the rocket context is equivalent to "taking a measurement". The basic elements of a modern sounding rocket are a solid-fuel rocket motor and a science payload . In certain Sounding Rockets the payload may even be nothing more than a smoke trail as in the Nike Smoke which is used to determine wind directions and strengths more accurately than may be determined by weather balloons . Or

408-535: Is an extended range surface-to-air missile (SAM) with a secondary anti-ship capability, originally developed for the United States Navy (USN). The RIM-67 was developed as a replacement for the RIM-8 Talos , a 1950s system deployed on a variety of USN ships, and eventually replaced the RIM-2 Terrier as well, since it was of a similar size and fitted existing Terrier launchers and magazines. The RIM-66 Standard MR

459-538: The Boston -class cruisers , Boston and Canberra , in the mid-1950s, with Canberra being the first to achieve operational status on June 15, 1956. Its US Navy designation was SAM-N-7 until 1963, when it was redesignated RIM-2. For a brief time during the mid-1950s, the United States Marine Corps (USMC) had two Terrier battalions equipped with specially modified twin sea launchers for land use that fired

510-836: The Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) the United States deployed Standard missiles to protect its navy, as well as other ships in the Persian Gulf from the threat of Iranian attacks. According to the Iranian Air Force , its F-4 Phantom IIs were engaged by SM-2ERs but managed to evade them, with one aircraft sustaining non-fatal damage due to shrapnel. During the same war the United States Navy mistakenly shot down an Iranian civilian airliner, Iran Air Flight 655 using two SM-2 missiles. On April 18, 1988, during Operation Praying Mantis ,

561-571: The New Threat Upgrade (NTU) program that was planned for existing Terrier and Tartar ships. The destroyer USS  Mahan served as the test platform for the development of the CG/SM-2 (ER) missile program project. The principal change over the Standard Missile 1 is the introduction of inertial guidance for each phase of the missile's flight except the terminal phase where semi-active homing

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612-618: The TE-416 Tomahawk (not to be confused with the similarly named BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missile), the Orion , or any of a variety of purpose-built second stages such as Oriole or Malemute . The booster also served as the basis for the MIM-3 Nike Ajax booster, which was slightly larger but otherwise similar, and has also seen widespread use in sounding rockets. Sounding rocket A sounding rocket or rocketsonde , sometimes called

663-571: The Veronique (rocket) was began in 1949, it was not until 1952 that the first full scale Veronique was launched. Veronique variants were flown until 1974. The Monica (rocket) family, an all solid fueled which was pursued in a number of versions and later replaced by the ONERA. series of rockets. Japan was another early user with the Kappa (rocket) . Japan also pursued Rockoons. The People's Republic of China

714-821: The WAC Corporal , Aerobee , and Viking . The German V-2 served both the US and the USSR's R-1 missile as sounding rockets during the immediate Post World War II periods. During the 1950s and later the inexpensive availability of surplus military boosters such as those used by the Nike , Talos , Terrier , and Sparrow . Since the 1960s designed for the purpose rockets such as the Black Brant series have dominated sounding rockets, though often having additional stages, many from military surplus. The earliest attempts at developing Sounding Rockets were in

765-468: The exoatmospheric region between 97 and 201 km (60 and 125 miles). The origin of the term comes from nautical vocabulary to sound , which is to throw a weighted line from a ship into the water to measure the water's depth. The term itself has its etymological roots in the Romance languages word for probe , of which there are nouns sonda and sonde and verbs like sondear which means "to do

816-443: The first stage of the rising part of the flight, then often separates and falls away, leaving the payload to complete the arc, sometimes descending under a drag source such as a small balloon or a parachute . Sounding rockets have utilized balloons, airplanes and artillery as "first stages." Project Farside utilized a Rockoon composed of a 106,188-m3 (3,750-ft3) balloon, lifting a four stage rocket composed of 4 Recrute rockets as

867-521: The frigate USS  Simpson fired four RIM-66 Standard missiles and the cruiser USS  Wainwright fired two RIM-67 Standard missiles at Joshan , an Iranian Kaman -class (La Combattante II type) missile boat. The attacks destroyed the Iranian ship's superstructure but did not sink it. RIM-67 Standard was deployed on ships of the following classes, replacing the RIM-2 Terrier, and it never

918-748: The Aerobee ultimately powered the second stage of the Vanguard (rocket) , the first designed for the purpose Satellite Launch Vehicle , Vanguard. The AJ10 engine used by many Aerobees eventually evolved into the AJ10-190 which formed the Orbital Maneuvering System of the Space Shuttle. The Viking (rocket) was intended from the start by the Navy not only to be a sounding rocket capable of replacing, even exceeding

969-450: The BT-3A carried the nuclear warhead, BT-3A(N). When fired, and after booster separation, its corkscrew contrail progressed to the center of the beam. Reception of its location in the beam was accomplished by a small "Turn-style" antenna at the rear of the missile; this antenna also received the commands for detonation and self-destruct. The self destruct-command was sent a few milliseconds after

1020-573: The Mk86 guided missile fire control system, or "Terrier" were adapted to employ the new missile in place of the older RIM-2 Terrier missile. Ships that switched from the RIM-2 Terrier to the RIM-67A were still referred to as Terrier ships even though they were equipped with the newer missile. The second generation of Standard missile, the Standard Missile 2, was developed for the Aegis Combat System , and

1071-575: The RIM-2F, used a new motor that doubled effective range to 40 nmi (74 km). The Terrier was the primary missile system of most US Navy cruisers and guided missile frigates built during the 1960s. It could be installed on much smaller ships than the much larger and longer-ranged RIM-8 Talos . A Terrier installation typically consisted of the Mk 10 twin-arm launcher with a 40-round rear-loading magazine, Some ships had extended magazines with 60 or 80 rounds, and

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1122-571: The SAM-N-7. The Terrier was the first surface-to-air missile operational with the USMC. The launchers were reloaded by a special vehicle that carried two Terrier reloads. Initially, the Terrier used radar beam-riding guidance, forward aerodynamic controls, and a conventional warhead. It had a top speed of Mach 1.8, a range of only 10 nmi (19 km), and was only effective against subsonic targets. Originally,

1173-620: The Soviet Union. While all of the early rocket developers were concerned largely with developing the ability to launch rockets some had the objective of investigating the stratosphere and beyond. The All-Union Conference on the Study of Stratosphere was held in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) in 1936. While the conference primarily dealt with balloon Radiosondes , there was a small group of rocket developers who sought to develop "recording rockets" to explore

1224-564: The Terrier BT-3 (Beam-riding, Tail control, series 3), was introduced in 1958. The forward control fins were replaced with fixed strakes, and the tail became the control surface. The BT-3 also had a new motor and featured an extended range, Mach 3 speed, and better maneuverability. The RIM-2D Terrier BT-3A(N) entered service in 1962 with a W30 1kt nuclear warhead, but all other variants used a 218 lb (99 kg) controlled-fragmentation warhead. The Terrier had 2 versions: BT-3(N) and HT-3. Only

1275-418: The Terrier had a launch thrust of 23 kN (5,200 lb f ) and weight of 1,392 kg (3,069 lb). Its original dimensions were a diameter of 340 mm (13 in), a length of 8.08 m (26.5 ft), and a fin span of 1.59 m (5.2 ft). The cost per missile in 1957 was an estimated $ 60,000. Even before it was in widespread service, the Terrier saw major improvements. The RIM-2C, named

1326-607: The U.S.S.R in Moscow designed the R-06 which eventually flew but not in the meteorological role. The early Soviet efforts to develop a sounding rocket were the earliest efforts to develop a sounding rocket and ultimately failed before WWII. P. I. Ivanov built a three-stage which flew in March 1946. At the end of summer 1946 development ended because it lacked sufficient thrust to loft a sufficient research payload. The first successful sounding rocket

1377-738: The V-2, but also to advance guided missile technology. The Viking was controlled by a multi-axis guidance system with gimbled Reaction Motors XLR10-RM-2 engine. The Viking was developed through two major versions. After the United States announced it intended to launch a satellite in the International Geophysical Year (1957-1958) the Viking was chosen as the first stage of the Vanguard Satellite Launch Vehicle. The last two Vikings were fired as Vanguard Test Vehicle 1 and 2. During

1428-654: The course of investigations by the German peace movement , this cooperation was revealed by a group of physicists in 1983. The international discussion that was thus set in motion led to the development of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) at the level of G7 states. Since then, lists of technological equipment whose export is subject to strict controls have been drawn up within the MTCR framework. RIM-67 Standard The RIM-67 Standard ER (SM-1ER/SM-2ER)

1479-492: The detonation command. The HT-3 was a SARH missile; it followed the reflected energy from the target. However, if jamming were encountered, it would passively home in on the jamming signal. The Belknap class of DLG, redesignated CG, also carried the ASROC (Anti Submarine Rocket), which was launched from the same launcher as the Terrier. The Belknap class had 3 circular magazines in a triangle pattern. The bottom magazine contained

1530-493: The first stage with 1 Recruit as the second stage, with 4 Arrow II motors composing the third stage and finally a single Arrow II as the fourth stage. Sparoair , air launched from Navy F4D and F-4 fighters were examples of air launched sounding rockets. There were also examples of artillery launched sounding rockets including Project HARP 's 5", 7", and 15" guns, sometimes having additional Martlet rocket stages. The earliest Sounding Rockets were liquid propellant rockets such as

1581-567: The first successful Sounding Rocket the WAC Corporal . By the early 1960s the Sounding Rocket was established technology. Sounding rockets are advantageous for some research because of their low cost, relatively short lead time (sometimes less than six months) and their ability to conduct research in areas inaccessible to either balloons or satellites. They are also used as test beds for equipment that will be used in more expensive and risky orbital spaceflight missions. The smaller size of

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1632-517: The flight. Position data ( altitude and latitude / longitude ) may also be recorded. Common meteorological rockets are the Loki and Super Loki , typically 3.7 m tall and powered by a 10 cm diameter solid fuel rocket motor . The rocket motor separates at an altitude of 1500 m and the rest of the rocketsonde coasts to apogee (highest point). This can be set to an altitude of 20 km to 113 km. Sounding rockets are commonly used for: Due to

1683-641: The high military relevance of ballistic missile technology, there has always been a close relationship between sounding rockets and military missiles. It is a typical dual-use technology , which can be used for both civil and military purposes. During the Cold War , the Federal Republic of Germany cooperated on this topic with countries that had not signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty on Nuclear Weapons at that time, such as Brazil, Argentina and India. In

1734-527: The installation in Boston and Canberra used a bottom-loading magazine of 72 rounds. The French Navy's Masurca missile was developed with some technology provided by the USN from Terrier. The Terrier was replaced by the extended range RIM-67 Standard missile. The RIM-67 offered the range of the much larger RIM-8 Talos in a missile the size of the Terrier. The system was decommissioned in USN service in 1995 and by

1785-555: The last foreign user, the Italian Navy, in 2006. On April 19, 1972, a Terrier missile fired by USS  Sterett claimed by US to shot down a North Vietnamese Air Force MiG-17F in the Battle of Dong Hoi . Terrier has also been used, typically as a first stage in a sounding rocket , for conducting high-altitude research. The Terrier can be equipped with various upper stages, like the Asp ,

1836-530: The magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere and mesosphere. Sounding rockets have been used for the examination of atmospheric nuclear tests by revealing the passage of the shock wave through the atmosphere. In more recent times Sounding Rockets have been used for other nuclear weapons research. Sounding rockets often use military surplus rocket motors. NASA routinely flies the Terrier Mk 70 boosted Improved Orion , lifting 270–450-kg (600–1,000-pound) payloads into

1887-421: The minimum for satellites is approximately 121 km (75 miles). Certain sounding rockets have an apogee between 1,000 and 1,500 km (620 and 930 miles), such as the Black Brant X and XII , which is the maximum apogee of their class. For certain purposes Sounding Rockets may be flown to altitudes as high as 3,000 kilometers to allow observing times of around 40 minutes to provide geophysical observations of

1938-603: The nuclear BT-3A(N) missiles and the Nuclear Anti-Submarine Rocket (ASROC). This was an additional safety feature in that it involved transferring the Nuclear Missile from the bottom ring to the upper ring and then to the launcher rails, which entailed many moving steps and time, preventing the accidental loading of a Nuclear Missile from one of the top two magazines. The RIM-2E introduced SARH for greater effectiveness against low-flying targets. The final version,

1989-606: The post WWII era the USSR also pursued V-2 base sounding rockets. The last two R-1As were flown in 1949 as sounding rockets. They were followed between July 1951 and June 1956 by 4 R-1B, 2 R-1V, 3 R-1D and 5 R-1Es, and 1 R-1E (A-1). The improved V-2 descendant the R-2A could reach 120 miles and were flown between April 1957 and May 1962. Fifteen R-5Vs were flown from June 1965 to October 1983. Two R-5 VAOs were flown in September 1964 and October 1965. The first solid-fueled Soviet sounding rocket

2040-414: The requirement for the nuclear armed missile in the 1980s, and the project was canceled. The Standard can also be used against ships, either at line-of-sight range using its semi-active homing mode, or over the horizon using inertial guidance and terminal infrared homing. RIM-174 Standard Missile 6 ERAM is a new generation of Standard extended range missiles, which became operational in 2013. During

2091-727: The results. After the start of WWII the CIT rocketry enthusiast found themselves involved in a number of defense programs, one of which, deemed Corporal, was intended to produce a bombardment guided missile the Corporal. Eventually known as the MGM-5 Corporal it became the first guided missile deployed by the US Army. During WWII the Signal Corps created a requirement for a sounding rocket to carry 25 pounds (11 kg) of instruments to 100,000 feet (30 km) or higher. To meet that goal Malina proposed

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2142-622: The stratosphere and beyond. Amongst the speakers at the conference was Sergey Korolev who later became the leading figure of the Soviet space program. Specifically interested in sounding rocket design were V. V. Razumov, of the Leningrad Group for the Study of Jet Propulsion. A. I. Polyarny working in a special group within the Society for Assistance to the Defense, Aviation and Chemical Construction of

2193-743: The upper stage of the first two staged rocket the RTV-G-4 Bumper . Captured V-2s dominated American sounding rockets and other rocketry developments during the late 1940s. To meet the need for replacement a new sounding rocket was developed by the Aerojet Corporation to meet a requirement of the Applied Physics Laboratory and the Naval Research Laboratory . Over 1,000 Aerobees of various versions for varied customers were flow between 1947 and 1985. One engine produced for

2244-569: Was VLS-capable. All of the ships used the AN/SPG-55 for guidance. The Mk10 guided missile launching system was used as the launching system. New Threat Upgrade equipped vessels operated the RIM-67B which used inertial guidance for every phase of the intercept except for the terminal phase where the AN/SPG-55 radar illuminates the target. The RIM-156 Standard Block IV, is a version that has been developed for

2295-566: Was Without Attitude Control. Thus it was named the WAC Corporal . The WAC Corporal served as the foundation of Sounding Rocketry in the USA. WAC Corporal was developed in two versions the second of which was much improved. After the war the WAC Corporal was in competition for sounding mission funding with the much larger captured V-2 rocket being tested by the U.S. Army. WAC Corporal was overshadowed at its job of cost-effectively lifting pounds of experiments to altitude, thus it effectively became obsolescent. WAC Corporals were later modified to become

2346-414: Was created at the California Institute of Technology , where before World War II there was a group of rocket enthusiasts led by Frank Malina , under the aegis of Theodore von Kármán , known amidst the people of the CIT as the "Suicide Squad." The immediate goal of the Suicide Squad was exploring the upper atmosphere which required developing the means of lofting instruments to high altitude and recovering

2397-421: Was essentially the same missile without the booster stage, designed to replace the RIM-24 Tartar . The RIM-66/67 series thus became the US Navy's universal SAM system, hence the designation "Standard Missile". The RIM-67A (SM-1ER Block I) was the Navy's replacement for RIM-8 Talos missile. Improved technology allowed the RIM-67 to be reduced to the size of the earlier RIM-2 Terrier missile. Existing ships with

2448-400: Was retained. This design change was made so that missiles could time share illumination radars and enable equipped ships to defend against saturation missile attacks. Terrier ships reequipped as part of the New Threat Upgrade were refit to operate the RIM-67B (SM-2ER Block II) missile. The RIM-156A Standard SM-2ER Block IV with the Mk 72 booster was developed to compensate for the lack of

2499-465: Was the M-100. Some 6640 M-100 sounding rockets were flown from 1957 to 1990. Other early users of Sounding Rockets were Britain, France and Japan. Great Britain developed the Skylark (rocket) series and the later Skua for the International Geophysical Year . France had begun the design of a Super V-2 but that program had been abandoned in the late 1940s due to the inability of France to manufacture all components necessary. Though development of

2550-441: Was the last nation to launch a new liquid fueled sounding rocket, the T-7. It was first fired from a very primitive launch site, where the "command center" and borrowed power generator were in a grass hut separated from the launcher by a small river. There was no communications equipment- not even a telephone between the command post and the rocket launcher. The T-7 led to the T-7M, T-7A, T-7A-S, T-7A-S2 and T-7/GF-01A. The T-7/ GF-01A

2601-418: Was used in 1969 to launch the FSW satellite technology development missions. Thus the I-7 led to the first Chinese satellite, the Dong Fang Hong 1 (The East is Red 1), launched by a DF-1. Vital to the development of Chinese rocketry and the Dong Feng-1 was Qian Xuesen (Tsien Hsue-shen in Wade Guiles transliteration) who with Theodore von Kármán and the California Institute of Technology "Suicide Squad" created

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