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42-511: The R-27 missiles were deployed on the Yankee I submarines, including the K-219 . The missile's body is an all-welded construction made of hard-worked AMg6 (АМг6) aluminium-magnesium-alloy panels, which underwent a two-step process of deep industrial etching and mechanical milling , reducing the plate thickness to one-fifth and one-ninth of the thickness of the original plate. The outer surface of

84-423: A yield of 1 MT . A high-explosive linear-shaped charge was used to separate the warhead from the missile. Directly beneath the warhead, the instrumentation necessary for guidance of the missile was housed inside of a hemispherical compartment formed by the upper bulkhead of the oxidiser tank. This design decision allowed the easy removal of the guidance system from the missile for maintenance and removed

126-425: A failure. Maintenance functions can be defined as maintenance, repair and overhaul ( MRO ), and MRO is also used for maintenance, repair and operations . Over time, the terminology of maintenance and MRO has begun to become standardized. The United States Department of Defense uses the following definitions: Maintenance is strictly connected to the utilization stage of the product or technical system, in which

168-424: A highly-efficient oxidiser-rich staged combustion cycle to maximize fuel efficiency, while the two smaller chambers use the more ordinary gas-generator cycle . Both the larger chamber and the smaller chambers could be throttled by either regulating the single propellant line leading to the main chamber or a shared oxidiser line leading to the smaller chambers. One of the most important novelties on this missile

210-403: A predicted/fixed shelf life schedule. These items are given to tax-exempt institutions. Condition-based maintenance ( CBM ), shortly described, is maintenance when need arises . Albeit chronologically much older, It is considered one section or practice inside the broader and newer predictive maintenance field, where new AI technologies and connectivity abilities are put to action and where

252-427: A thrust of 23 ton-force and two smaller gimbaled thrust chambers mounted on the frustum -shaped bottom of the fuel tank producing a total of 3 ton-force thrust . The engine was ignited using a squib and burned a hypergolic propellant combination, dinitrogen tetroxide and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine , which was delivered into the combustion chamber via turbopumps . The 4D10's main chamber operates on

294-626: A two-stage development of the single-stage R-27, the second stage containing the warhead as well as propulsion and terminal guidance. Initial submarine testing began on 9 December 1972 on board the K-102, a project 605 class submarine, a modified Project 629/ NATO Golf class lengthened 17.1m (formerly B-121), to accommodate four launch tubes as well as the Rekord-2 fire control system, the Kasatka B-605 Target acquisition system and various improvements to

336-487: Is any variety of scheduled maintenance to an object or item of equipment. Specifically, planned maintenance is a scheduled service visit carried out by a competent and suitable agent, to ensure that an item of equipment is operating correctly and to therefore avoid any unscheduled breakdown and downtime. The key factor as to when and why this work is being done is timing, and involves a service, resource or facility being unavailable. By contrast, condition-based maintenance

378-641: Is not directly based on equipment age. Planned maintenance is preplanned, and can be date-based, based on equipment running hours, or on distance travelled. Parts that have scheduled maintenance at fixed intervals, usually due to wearout or a fixed shelf life , are sometimes known as time-change interval, or TCI items. Predictive maintenance techniques are designed to help determine the condition of in-service equipment in order to estimate when maintenance should be performed. This approach promises cost savings over routine or time-based preventive maintenance , because tasks are performed only when warranted. Thus, it

420-532: Is not lubricated on schedule" that functions "until a bearing burns out." Preventive maintenance contracts are generally a fixed cost, whereas improper maintenance introduces a variable cost: replacement of major equipment. Main objective of PM are: Preventive maintenance or preventative maintenance ( PM ) has the following meanings: Other terms and abbreviations related to PM are: Planned preventive maintenance (PPM), more commonly referred to as simply planned maintenance ( PM ) or scheduled maintenance ,

462-423: Is not trivial to turn this measured data into actionable knowledge about the health of the equipment. As systems get more costly, and instrumentation and information systems tend to become cheaper and more reliable, CBM becomes an important tool for running a plant or factory in an optimal manner. Better operations will lead to lower production cost and lower use of resources. And lower use of resources may be one of

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504-456: Is regarded as condition-based maintenance carried out as suggested by estimations of the degradation state of an item. The main promise of predictive maintenance is to allow convenient scheduling of corrective maintenance , and to prevent unexpected equipment failures. This maintenance strategy uses sensors to monitor key parameters within a machine or system, and uses this data in conjunction with analysed historical trends to continuously evaluate

546-465: Is suspected that a modified subvariant of this missile was then sold to the Iranian Military in 2005 under the designation BM-25 "Khorramshahr". Yankee class submarine The Yankee class , Soviet designations Project 667A Navaga ( navaga ) and Project 667AU Nalim ( burbot ) for the basic Yankee -I , were a family of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines built in

588-557: Is that the first generation of CBM in the oil and gas industry has only focused on vibration in heavy rotating equipment. Secondly, introducing CBM will invoke a major change in how maintenance is performed, and potentially to the whole maintenance organization in a company. Organizational changes are in general difficult. Also, the technical side of it is not always as simple. Even if some types of equipment can easily be observed by measuring simple values such as vibration (displacement, velocity or acceleration), temperature or pressure, it

630-402: Is that the main chamber of this rocket motor was integrated into the missile by permanently welding it inside the fuselage instead of mounting the rocket motor onto a thrust structure below the fuselage, which is the usual practice in rocket design. As a result of this design practice, most of the engine could not be tested, repaired or maintained as soon as it was permanently welded inside

672-762: The Pacific Ocean , and the Arctic Ocean beginning in the 1960s. During the 1970s about three Yankee-class were continually on patrol in a so-called "patrol box" in the Atlantic Ocean just east of Bermuda and off the US Pacific coast . This forward deployment of the SSBNs was seen to balance the presence of American, British, and French nuclear weapons kept in Western Europe and on warships (including nuclear submarines) in

714-938: The Soviet Union as part of the Maskirovka I, in part to have the United States to do likewise with its own first-generation George Washington class , Ethan Allen class and Lafayette class SSBNs, and allay NATO misgivings of the USSR 's intentions. Maintenance (technical) The technical meaning of maintenance involves functional checks, servicing, repairing or replacing of necessary devices, equipment, machinery , building infrastructure and supporting utilities in industrial, business, and residential installations. Over time, this has come to include multiple wordings that describe various cost-effective practices to keep equipment operational; these activities occur either before or after

756-761: The Soviet Union for the Soviet Navy . In total, 34 units were built: 24 in Severodvinsk for the Northern Fleet and the remaining 10 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur for the Pacific Fleet . Two Northern Fleet units were later transferred to the Pacific. The Yankee -class were subject to a wide variety of modifications ; these ships have a different designation to the original model. The Yankee-class nuclear submarines were

798-569: The U.S. Navy and the Royal Navy . These boats were all armed with 16 submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) with multiple nuclear warheads as nuclear deterrents during the Cold War , and their ballistic missiles had ranges from 1,500–2,500 nautical miles (2,800–4,600 km; 1,700–2,900 mi). The Yankee-class SSBNs served in the Soviet Navy in three oceans: the Atlantic Ocean ,

840-464: The missile was covered with a protective heat- and moisture-resistant Asbestos-based coating . In order to fit the R-27 into the corresponding launch tube, the missile was built without fins , but instead has several rows of rubber shock absorbers to keep the missile's skin from scratching along the side of the launch tube when fired. The missile's tip featured a single, 650-kg detachable warhead with

882-463: The nuclear ship scrapyards . There were eight different versions of the Yankee -class submarines: In addition, Soviet/Russian classification includes the Delta -class submarines within the same family of Project 667; Deltas being Project 667B onwards. In Tom Clancy 's 1986 techno-thriller Red Storm Rising , the entire Yankee-class of SSBNs are proposed to be taken out of service and scrapped by

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924-577: The R-27K counted as a strategic missile in the SALT agreement , and they were considered more important. Although the R-27K could fit in the launch tubes of the Project 667A (NATO Yankee class ), the subs lacked the necessary equipment to target and fire the missile. In 1992, there was an ongoing effort to convert surplus Soviet Navy SLBMs which were taken out of service into launch vehicles . The Zyb sounding rocket

966-497: The acronym CBM is more often used to describe 'condition Based Monitoring' rather than the maintenance itself. CBM maintenance is performed after one or more indicators show that equipment is going to fail or that equipment performance is deteriorating. This concept is applicable to mission-critical systems that incorporate active redundancy and fault reporting . It is also applicable to non-mission critical systems that lack redundancy and fault reporting. Condition-based maintenance

1008-431: The concept of maintainability must be included. In this scenario, maintainability is considered as the ability of an item, under stated conditions of use, to be retained in or restored to a state in which it can perform its required functions, using prescribed procedures and resources. In some domains like aircraft maintenance , terms maintenance, repair and overhaul also include inspection, rebuilding, alteration and

1050-470: The first class of Soviet ballistic missile submarines (SSBN) to have thermonuclear firepower comparable with that of their American and British Polaris submarine counterparts. The Yankee class were quieter in the ocean than were their Hotel-class predecessors, and had better streamlining that improved their underwater performance. The Yankee class were actually quite similar to the Polaris submarines of

1092-399: The initial cost of CBM can be high. It requires improved instrumentation of the equipment. Often the cost of sufficient instruments can be quite large, especially on equipment that is already installed. Wireless systems have reduced the initial cost. Therefore, it is important for the installer to decide the importance of the investment before adding CBM to all equipment. A result of this cost

1134-525: The loss of this boat has continued to be controversial . At least one other boat in this class was involved in a collision with a U.S. Navy nuclear submarine. Because of their increasing age , and as negotiated in the SALT I , START I and START II treaties that reduce nuclear armaments of the United States and the Soviet Union, all boats of Yankee class were disarmed, decommissioned and sent to

1176-402: The main chamber. The missiles were fired from a depth of 40 to 50 meters under the sea. Preparations for launch would take 10 minutes, and a salvo could be fired with an interval of 8 seconds between each launch. The 4K18 was a Soviet medium-range anti-ship ballistic missile (also known as R-27K , where "K" stands for Korabelnaya which means "ship-related") NATO SS-NX-13. The missile was

1218-440: The maintenance personnel of today is more than ever able to decide what is the right time to perform maintenance on some piece of equipment. Ideally, condition-based maintenance will allow the maintenance personnel to do only the right things, minimizing spare parts cost, system downtime and time spent on maintenance. Despite its usefulness of equipment, there are several challenges to the use of CBM. First and most important of all,

1260-433: The missile. When the R-27 was fired underwater, the container housing them was first overpressurized before the container was flooded and the pressure was equalized. To reduce the effect of water hammer when igniting the rocket engine, the nozzles were housed inside of a watertight air-filled adapter connecting the bottom of the missile with its container. The two smaller chambers are ignited first, before finally igniting

1302-690: The most important differentiators in a future where environmental issues become more important by the day. Another scenario where value can be created is by monitoring the health of a car motor. Rather than changing parts at predefined intervals, the car itself can tell you when something needs to be changed based on cheap and simple instrumentation. It is Department of Defense policy that condition-based maintenance (CBM) be "implemented to improve maintenance agility and responsiveness, increase operational availability, and reduce life cycle total ownership costs". CBM has some advantages over planned maintenance: Its disadvantages are: Today, due to its costs, CBM

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1344-403: The navigation and communications systems. Initial trials ended on 18 December 1972 because the Rekord-2 fire control system hadn't been delivered yet. After a number of delays caused by several malfunctions, test firings were finally carried out between 11 September and 4 December 1973. Following the initial trials, the K-102 continued making trial launches with both the R-27 and the R-27K, until it

1386-402: The need for a service hatch. To maximize the volume of propellant available inside the missile, the upper oxidiser tank and the lower fuel tank shared one common bulkhead instead of one bulkhead each as it was absolutely necessary to use every bit of volume available to be able to fit the missile into a submarine . Another novelty was factory fueling with the subsequent "ampulization" of

1428-1033: The original constituent materials where possible, or with suitable polymer technologies when not. Preventive maintenance ( PM ) is "a routine for periodically inspecting" with the goal of "noticing small problems and fixing them before major ones develop." Ideally, "nothing breaks down." The main goal behind PM is for the equipment to make it from one planned service to the next planned service without any failures caused by fatigue, extreme fluctuation in temperature(such as heat waves ) during seasonal changes, neglect, or normal wear (preventable items), which Planned Maintenance and Condition Based Maintenance help to achieve by replacing worn components before they actually fail. Maintenance activities include partial or complete overhauls at specified periods, oil changes, lubrication, minor adjustments, and so on. In addition, workers can record equipment deterioration so they know to replace or repair worn parts before they cause system failure. The New York Times gave an example of "machinery that

1470-984: The supply of spare parts, accessories, raw materials, adhesives, sealants, coatings and consumables for aircraft maintenance at the utilization stage. In international civil aviation maintenance means: This definition covers all activities for which aviation regulations require issuance of a maintenance release document (aircraft certificate of return to service – CRS). The marine and air transportation, offshore structures, industrial plant and facility management industries depend on maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) including scheduled or preventive paint maintenance programmes to maintain and restore coatings applied to steel in environments subject to attack from erosion, corrosion and environmental pollution. The basic types of maintenance falling under MRO include: Architectural conservation employs MRO to preserve, rehabilitate, restore, or reconstruct historical structures with stone, brick, glass, metal, and wood which match

1512-623: The surrounding Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Atlantic . The lead boat K-137 Leninets received its honorific name on 11 April 1970, two and one half years after being commissioned. One Yankee-class submarine, K-219 , was lost on 6 October 1986 after an explosion and fire on board. This boat had been at sea near Bermuda, and she sank from loss of buoyancy because of flooding. Four of her sailors died before rescue ships arrived. The events surrounding

1554-468: The system health and predict a breakdown before it happens. This strategy allows maintenance to be performed more efficiently, since more up-to-date data is obtained about how close the product is to failure. Predictive replacement is the replacement of an item that is still functioning properly. Usually it is a tax-benefit based replacement policy whereby expensive equipment or batches of individually inexpensive supply items are removed and donated on

1596-421: The tanks by welding filling and drain valves. In conjunction with efforts to improve the corrosion resistance of materials as well as the tightness of seams and joints, these fabrication methods allowed the missile to have a lifetime of 5 years, which was later extended to 15 years. The missile was powered by an 4D10 rocket engine developed by OKB-2 , consisting of a single fixed thrust chamber producing

1638-534: Was accepted for service on 15 August 1975. Using external targeting data, the R-27K/SS-NX-13 would have been launched underwater to a range of between 350 and 400 nm (650–740 km), covering a "footprint" of 27 nm (50 km). The Maneuvering Re-Entry vehicle (MaRV) would then home in on the target with a CEP of 400 yards (370 m). Warhead yield was between 0.5-1 Mt. The missile system never became operational, since every launch tube used for

1680-448: Was created on the basis of the R-27 specifically for performing experiments in a Microgravity environment. The rocket would be launched in a ballistic arc, exposing the payload to weightlessness for 17 to 24 minutes, depending on payload mass. The trajectory would reach its apogee at 1800 km or 1000 km for 650 kg and 1000 kg payload mass respectively. The rocket provided 1.5m of payload volume. The Zyb sounding rocket

1722-480: Was introduced to try to maintain the correct equipment at the right time. CBM is based on using real-time data to prioritize and optimize maintenance resources. Observing the state of the system is known as condition monitoring . Such a system will determine the equipment's health, and act only when maintenance is actually necessary. Developments in recent years have allowed extensive instrumentation of equipment, and together with better tools for analyzing condition data,

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1764-496: Was launched a total of three times. In 1992, the Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau signed a contract with North Korea regarding the creation of a R-27 derived launch vehicle. As a result of this, the very similar North Korean Hwasong-10 "Musudan" IRBM was derived from the R-27, the only major change from the original being a slightly extended fuselage. Prototypes of this missile were allegedly completed in 2000. It

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