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33-493: The Queensberry Rules, which eventually superseded the London Prize Ring Rules (revised in 1853), are intended for use in both professional and amateur boxing matches, unlike the less-popular American Fair Play Rules, which were strictly intended for amateur matches. In colloquial use, the term is sometimes used to refer to a sense of sportsmanship and fair play . The boxing code was written by John Graham Chambers ,

66-438: A blinding punch , and after 14 minutes Broughton retired from the bout because he was unable to see. The Duke of Cumberland , Broughton's patron at the time was said to have lost £10,000 on the match. Broughton permanently retired from boxing following his defeat, though he continued to operate his amphitheatre until 1753 or 1754, after which he ran an antiques business. Broughton continued to teach boxing until 1787, when he

99-641: A Welshman from Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, and drafted in London in 1865, before being published in 1867 as "the Queensberry rules for the sport of boxing". At the time, boxing matches were conducted under the London Prize Ring Rules , written in 1838 and revised in 1853. Bare-knuckle fights under the London Prize Rules continued for the next several decades, although the Queensberry Rules would eventually become

132-419: A closed fist. They are prohibited as well from hitting the back, the back of the head/neck (commonly called a "rabbit-punch"), or the kidneys. They are prohibited from holding the ropes for support when punching, holding an opponent while punching, or ducking below the level of the opponent's belt. If a "clinch" – a defensive move in which a fighter wraps his arms around those of the opponent and holds on to create

165-413: A display of boxing between several competitors. Broughton envisaged a venue in which boxing matches as well as fights with weapons such as short swords, quarterstaffs , and cudgels would only take place between skilled combatants, although he also hosted bouts of animal blood sport , including bear-baiting . On 16 August 1743, he drew up the first standard set of rules for the sport , stipulating that

198-461: A dispute. A promotion for one of Broughton's fights in 1750 claimed that he had gone undefeated for 24 years, placing his first fights c.  1726 . By 1730, Broughton was competing in professional prizefights advertised in London newspapers. He frequently appeared as a fighter at the amphitheatres of Thomas Sibblis, who had taken over James Figg 's venue in 1731, and James Stokes. He fought semi-regular matches with recurring opponents, such as

231-637: A fighter is knocked down, the referee must count to eight seconds before the fight can continue. London Prize Ring Rules The London Prize Ring Rules were a list of boxing rules promulgated in 1838 and revised in 1853. These rules were based on those drafted by England's Jack Broughton in 1743 (known as the Broughton Rules ) and governed the conduct of prizefighting/ bare-knuckle boxing for over 100 years. They "introduced measures that remain in effect for professional boxing to this day, such as outlawing butting, gouging, scratching, kicking, hitting

264-401: A four-round fight) have passed. Boxers are prohibited from hitting below the belt, holding, tripping, pushing, biting, spitting on or wrestling their opponent. Boxers typically wear shorts or trunks with the waistband raised so the opponent is not allowed to strike the groin area. They also are prohibited from kicking, head-butting, or striking with any part of the arm other than the knuckles of

297-433: A man could not come to scratch, he would be declared loser and the fight would be brought to a halt. Fights could also end if broken up beforehand by crowd riot, police interference or chicanery, or if both men were willing to accept that the contest was a draw. While fights could have enormous numbers of rounds, the rounds in practice could be quite short with fighters pretending to go down from minor blows to take advantage of

330-605: A man while down, holding the ropes, and using resin, stones or hard objects in the hands, and biting." They were later superseded by the Marquess of Queensberry Rules , which were the origin of the modern sport of boxing . Fights under these rules were often contested with bare knuckles . The rules also allowed for a broad range of fighting including holds and throws of the opponent. Spiked shoes, within limits, were also allowed. Also included were provisions dealing with how wagers would be resolved if various events such as interference by

363-407: A pause – is broken by the referee, each fighter must take a full step back before punching again. Alternatively, the referee may direct the fighters to "punch out" of the clinch. When a boxer is knocked down, the other boxer must immediately cease fighting and move to the furthest neutral corner of the ring until the referee has either ruled a knockout or called for the fight to continue; however, once

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396-866: A round would last until a fighter went down with a 30-second interval between rounds. The rules were applied widely in boxing until they were replaced by the London Prize Ring rules in 1838. Broughton was a King's Body Guard of the Yeoman of the Guard and probably accompanied George II to Hanover in 1743 during the War of the Austrian Succession . In 1747, Broughton opened a school in Haymarket where men could learn boxing while wearing an early form of boxing glove called "mufflers" to protect against injury, possibly making

429-460: A series of four fights against pipe-maker Thomas Allen between 1730 and 1734 and three matches against coachman George Stephenson starting in 1738, one of which Paul Whitehead satirised in his 1744 mock-epic poem "The Gymnasiad". Broughton opened an amphitheatre in Oxford Road and began staging fights on 13 March 1743, when, for an entrance fee of a shilling or less, patrons were able to watch

462-417: Is fit to continue. For scoring purposes, a standing eight count is treated as a knockdown. Violations of these boxing rules may be ruled a "foul" by the referee, who may issue warnings, deduct points, or disqualify an offending boxer, causing an automatic loss, depending on the seriousness and intentionality of the foul. An intentional foul that causes injury that prevents a fight from continuing usually causes

495-558: The London Prize Ring rules in 1838. Pierce Egan characterised Broughton as the "Father of the English School of Boxing". John Broughton was born c.  1703 to unknown parents, possibly in London, though one early-20th-century history of boxing claims that he was a farmer's son from Baunton , Gloucestershire . Apprentice records show that Broughton was apprenticed to a Thames waterman in May 1723. On 1 August 1730, Broughton won

528-477: The 30-second rest period. Famous fighters of prize ring include William "Bendigo" Thompson , Tom Cribb , Jack Broughton , James "Deaf" Burke , "Professor" Mike Donovan, Tom Allen, Samuel "Dutch Sam" Elias, John "Gentleman" Jackson, the "Benicia Boy" John Camel Heenan , Daniel Mendoza , Tom Molineaux, John "Old Smoke" Morrisey, Tom Sayers , Owen Swift , the "Trojan Giant" Paddy Ryan, Joe Goss , and James "Yankee Sullivan" Ambrose. England's last prize ring great

561-530: The Queensberry rules came into use in the United States and Canada. The following is the text of the rules. Current modern rules per the North American Association of Boxing Commissions are as follows. A boxing match is contested in three-minute rounds and ends after a pre-determined number (up to 12, formerly 15) have been fought if there is no clear winner. After every round except the last,

594-403: The activity more attractive to wealthy customers. Some historians credit Broughton as the inventor of boxing gloves because of his use of mufflers, though their use in professional bouts would not become widespread until the late 19th century. On 11 April 1750, Broughton fought Jack Slack, a Norfolk butcher, following a personal dispute between the men. Two minutes into the fight, Slack threw

627-452: The annual Doggett's Coat and Badge rowing race among watermen who had completed their apprenticeship within the previous year. At the time, he was noted as working on the shore near Hungerford Market in London. As an adult, Broughton stood 180 centimetres (5 feet 11 inches) and weighed 14 stone (200 pounds). His first fights may have been against other watermen in London, with one story claiming that he beat another man following

660-438: The bout ends immediately and the opponent is credited with a win by TKO. A TKO is counted as a knockout in a fighter's record, and may also be noted as a "stoppage" or "Referee Stopped Contest" (RSC). There are three judges at ringside to score the fight and assign points to the boxers, based on connecting punches, defense, knockdowns, and other subjective measures such as accuracy of punches landed. The judges do not confer during

693-400: The boxer who committed it to be disqualified. A fighter who suffers an accidental low-blow may be given up to five minutes to recover, after which they may be ruled knocked out if they are unable to continue. Accidental fouls that cause injury ending a bout may lead to a "no contest" result, or else cause the fight to go to a decision if enough rounds (typically four or more, or at least three in

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726-402: The feet as a direct result of an opponent's punch, rather than a slip or stumble, as determined by the referee. Once a knockdown occurs, the referee begins counting until either he reaches 10 or the fighter returns to their feet and can continue, whichever occurs first. If the referee completes the count, the bout ends and the standing fighter is credited with a win by knockout (KO), whether or not

759-437: The fight. Because of the open-ended nature of judging, there have been many controversial rulings. If the fight goes to the conclusion of the scheduled number of rounds without a knockout or technical knockout, then the scores assigned by the judges are used to determine a winner. The result can be classified as a unanimous decision , majority decision , split decision , or draw based on the judges' assessments. At least two of

792-427: The fighters return to their assigned corners for one minute and may receive advice and attention from their coaches. The fight is controlled by a referee who works in the ring to judge and control the fight, rule on the ability of the fighters to fight safely, count knocked-down fighters, and rule on fouls. A fighter is considered to be knocked down if they touch the canvas floor of the ring with any body part other than

825-407: The knocked-down fighter has lost consciousness at any point. A "technical knockout" (TKO) may be ruled by the referee or fight doctor if a fighter is unable to safely continue the bout, based on injuries or an inability to mount an effective defense, or if a fighter declines to continue the bout after the one-minute break between rounds has ended. If a fighter is knocked down three times in one round,

858-443: The law, darkness, or cancellations occurred. In contrast with modern boxing rules based upon the Marquess of Queensberry Rules , a round ended with a man downed by punch or throw, whereupon he was given 30 seconds to rest and eight additional seconds to "come to scratch" or return to the centre of the ring where a "scratch line" was drawn and square off with his opponent once more. Consequently, there were no round limits to fights. When

891-428: The rules of 1838) were as follows: Jack Broughton John "Jack" Broughton ( c.  1703 – 8 January 1789) was an English bare-knuckle boxer. He was the first person to codify a set of boxing rules; prior to this the "rules" that existed were very loosely defined and tended to vary from contest to contest. His seven rules were widely used in boxing for nearly a century, until they were replaced by

924-470: The standard set of rules under which all boxing matches were governed. This version persuaded boxers that "you must not fight simply to win; no holds barred is not the way; you must win by the rules". One early prize fighter who fought under Marquess of Queensberry rules was Jem Mace , former English heavyweight champion, who defeated Bill Davis in Virginia City, Nevada , under these rules in 1876. In 1889,

957-400: The three judges must name the same fighter as the overall winner in order for that fighter to be awarded a victory. A "standing eight count" rule may also be in effect. This gives the referee the right to step in and administer a count of eight to a fighter that he feels may be in danger, even if no knockdown has taken place. After counting the referee will observe the fighter, and decide if he

990-535: Was "gypsy" Jem Mace , and America's was John L. Sullivan —both men fought under both sets of rules, with and without gloves and are considered bridges to the modern era of boxing. John L. Sullivan is the last fighter to have won a "world" championship under the London Prize Ring Rules in 1882 against Paddy Ryan and was the last champion to defend a title under the rules in 1889 against Jake Kilrain . The rules of 1853 (which were somewhat different from

1023-495: Was fulfilled with the qualification "Pugilist" also added to the line. Broughton appeared in 18th century art and literature. He was the subject of portraits by John Ellys and John Hamilton Mortimer , and also served as a model for John Michael Rysbrack 's statue of Hercules. In literature, Paul Whitehead satirised one of Broughton's bouts against George Stephenson in the 1744 mock-epic poem "The Gymnasiad", and William Hazlitt 's 1822 essay "The Fight" references of one of

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1056-425: Was hired by Broughton, were subsequently found guilty of murder, though both were later granted a reprieve. He died on 8 January 1789 at his house at Walcot Place, Lambeth, and left a sum of £7,000 to his niece. He was interred at Westminster Abbey and requested to have the epitaph "Champion of England" carved on his headstone, but the dean of the church objected, and left a blank space. In 1988, Broughton's request

1089-434: Was in his eighties. He was married to a woman named Elizabeth, who was approximately 20 years his junior. In December 1768, Broughton was involved in hiring ruffians to be sent to Brentford on behalf of Sir William Beauchamp-Proctor , who was standing for parliament. A riot broke out on 8 December, though it is uncertain whether the gang Broughton hired was intended to incite the riot or preserve order. Two men, one of whom

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