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54-554: In May 2007, AMD officially codenamed the eight core setup with two Phenom FX processors to be the FASN8 (pronounced as "fascinate", / ˈ f æ s ɪ n eɪ t / , in short for F irst A MD S ilicon N ext-gen 8 -core Platform ) from the previous codename " 4x4+ " used in Analyst Day presentations. In each socket resides an AMD Athlon 64 FX CPU. Each socket is connected using AMD's Direct Chip Module, this dual-processor architecture

108-715: A HyperTransport 3.1 link connecting the two dies. These CPUs updated the multi-socket Opteron platform to use DDR3 memory and increased the maximum HyperTransport link speed from 2.40 GHz (4.80 GT/s) for the Istanbul CPUs to 3.20 GHz (6.40 GT/s). AMD changed the naming scheme for its Opteron models. Opteron 4000 series CPUs on Socket C32 (released July 2010) are dual-socket capable and are targeted at uniprocessor and dual-processor uses. The Opteron 6000 series CPUs on Socket G34 are quad-socket capable and are targeted at high-end dual-processor and quad-processor applications. AMD released Socket 939 Opterons, reducing

162-596: A 45 nm manufacturing process and are similar to the Deneb -based Phenom II X4 CPUs. The Socket AM3 quad-core Opterons are code-named "Suzuka". These CPUs carry model numbers of 1381 (2.50 GHz), 1385 (2.70 GHz), and 1389 (2.90 GHz). Socket AM3+ was introduced in 2011 and is a modification of AM3 for the Bulldozer microarchitecture. Opteron CPUs in the AM3+ package are named Opteron 3xxx. Socket F ( LGA 1207 contacts)

216-536: A K8 design. In November 2007 AMD stopped delivery of Barcelona processors after a bug in the translation lookaside buffer (TLB) of stepping B2 was discovered that could rarely lead to a race condition and thus a system lockup. A patch in BIOS or software worked around the bug by disabling cache for page tables, but it was connected to a 5 to 20% performance penalty. Kernel patches that would almost completely avoid this penalty were published for Linux . In April 2008,

270-460: A new quad-core configuration. The last released Opteron CPUs are the Piledriver -based Opteron 4300 and 6300 series processors, codenamed "Seoul" and "Abu Dhabi" respectively. In January 2016, the first ARMv8-A based Opteron-branded SoC was released, though it is unclear what, if any, heritage this Opteron-branded product line shares with the original Opteron technology other than intended use in

324-563: A new chipset released at the same time. The eight-core variant has never materialized, since AMD cancelled development of the platform in 2007. AMD K10 The AMD Family 10h , or K10 , is a microprocessor microarchitecture by AMD based on the K8 microarchitecture. The first third-generation Opteron products for servers were launched on September 10, 2007, with the Phenom processors for desktops following and launching on November 11, 2007 as

378-763: A point to point system until QPI and integrated memory controllers with the Nehalem design. This is primarily because adding another Opteron processor increases memory bandwidth, while that is not always the case for Xeon systems, and the fact that the Opterons use a switched fabric , rather than a shared bus . In particular, the Opteron's integrated memory controller allows the CPU to access local RAM very quickly. In contrast, multiprocessor Xeon system CPUs share only two common buses for both processor-processor and processor-memory communication. As

432-478: A revamped 580X chipset. After the platform launched in November, AMD provided a list of System Builders, which had announced PC systems for the platform, including Vigor Gaming , IBuyPower , CyberPowerPC , MainGear and Velocity Micro . American-based system builder, Alienware , a subsidiary of Dell Computers announced that there would be a system using the platform once the product released, however, none of

486-490: Is AMD’s second generation of Opteron socket. This socket supports processors such as the Santa Rosa, Barcelona, Shanghai, and Istanbul codenamed processors. the "lidded land grid array " socket adds support for DDR2 SDRAM and improved HyperTransport version 3 connectivity. Physically the socket and processor package are nearly identical, although not generally compatible with socket 1207 FX . Socket G34 (LGA 1944 contacts)

540-735: Is also a reference to the answer to life, the universe, and everything from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy . The first generation desktop APUs based on the K10 microarchitecture were released in 2011 (some models do not provide graphics capability, such as the Lynx Athlon II and Sempron X2). There are two generations of K10-based processors for servers: Opteron 65 nm and 45 nm . AMD discontinued further development of K10 based CPUs after Thuban, choosing to focus on Fusion products for mainstream desktops and laptops and Bulldozer based products for

594-425: Is one of the third generation of Opteron sockets, along with Socket C32 . This socket supports Magny-Cours Opteron 6100, Bulldozer-based Interlagos Opteron 6200, and Piledriver-based "Abu Dhabi" Opteron 6300 series processors. This socket supports four channels of DDR3 SDRAM (two per CPU die). Unlike previous multi-CPU Opteron sockets, Socket G34 CPUs will function with unbuffered ECC or non-ECC RAM in addition to

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648-498: Is the successor of the Family 0Fh Processors (codename K8). 10h and 0Fh refer to the main result of the CPUID x86 processor instruction. In hexadecimal numbering, 0Fh (h represents hexadecimal numbering) equals the decimal number 15, and 10h equals decimal 16. (The "K10h" form that sometimes pops up is an improper hybrid of the "K" code and Family identifier number.) In 2003, AMD outlined

702-506: Is your broad perspective on the development of AMD processor technology over the next three to four years? A: Well, as Dirk Meyer commented at our analysts meeting, we're not standing still. We've talked about the refresh of the current K8 architecture that will come in '07, with significant improvements in many different areas of the processor, including integer performance, floating point performance, memory bandwidth, interconnections and so on. On November 30, 2006, AMD live demonstrated

756-523: The Core 2 Extreme series. Intel had also responded in 2007 with two upcoming platforms, one in CeBIT codenamed V8 , targeting workstation market and one in 2007 Beijing Intel Developer Forum (IDF), codenamed Skulltrail for enthusiasts, both with similar dual-processor configuration but with V8 lacking multi-graphics support. Reviews of the platform have been largely unfavourable. Reviewers have noted that

810-524: The 1000 Series (single socket only), the 2000 Series (dual socket-capable), and the 8000 Series (quad or octo socket-capable). The 1000 Series uses the AM2 socket . The 2000 Series and 8000 Series use Socket F . [1] AMD announced its third-generation quad-core Opteron chips on September 10, 2007 with hardware vendors announcing servers in the following month. Based on a core design codenamed Barcelona , new power and thermal management techniques were planned for

864-615: The L1N64-SLI WS motherboard supports a pair of 2200 series CPU in the Opteron family without modifications to the motherboard, and the chipset was recognized as "nForce 570 SLI" chipset revision A1 instead of "nForce 680a" chipset. In October 2006, sites leaked ATI chipset updates that ATI will also introduce a chipset connecting two AMD processors and four PCI-Express graphic cards, dubbed as " 790FX chipset " (codenamed RD790 ), which provides PCI Express slots of x8-x8-x8-x8 configuration, and

918-466: The Opteron earned recognition for its ability to run the vast installed base of x86 applications economically, while simultaneously offering an upgrade path to 64-bit computing . The Opteron processor possesses an integrated memory controller supporting DDR SDRAM , DDR2 SDRAM or DDR3 SDRAM (depending on processor generation). This both reduces the latency penalty for accessing the main RAM and eliminates

972-485: The Opteron is a Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) architecture. The Opteron CPU directly supports up to an 8-way configuration, which can be found in mid-level servers. Enterprise-level servers use additional (and expensive) routing chips to support more than 8 CPUs per box. In a variety of computing benchmarks, the Opteron architecture has demonstrated better multi-processor scaling than the Intel Xeon which did not have

1026-427: The beginning of 2005. The name " K8L " was first coined by Charlie Demerjian in 2005, at the time a writer at The Inquirer , and was used by the wider IT community as a convenient shorthand while according to AMD official documents, the processor family was termed "AMD Next Generation Processor Technology". The microarchitecture has also been referred to as Stars , as the codenames for desktop line of processors

1080-695: The chips. Earlier dual core DDR2 based platforms were upgradeable to quad core chips. The fourth generation was announced in June 2009 with the Istanbul hexa-cores. It introduced HT Assist , an additional directory for data location, reducing the overhead for probing and broadcasts. HT Assist uses 1 MB L3 cache per CPU when activated. In March 2010 AMD released the Magny-Cours Opteron 6100 series CPUs for Socket G34 . These are 8- and 12-core multi-chip module CPUs consisting of two four or six-core dies with

1134-462: The computing performance available to each motherboard processor socket. One socket could then deliver the performance of two processors, two sockets could deliver the performance of four processors, and so on. Because motherboard costs increase dramatically as the number of CPU sockets increase, multicore CPUs enable a multiprocessing system to be built at lower cost. AMD's model number scheme has changed somewhat in light of its new multicore lineup. At

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1188-653: The cost of motherboards for low-end servers and workstations. Except for the fact they have 1  MB L2 cache (versus 512  KB for the Athlon 64) the Socket 939 Opterons are identical to the San Diego and Toledo core Athlon 64s , but are run at lower clock speeds than the cores are capable of, making them more stable. Socket AM2 Opterons are available for servers that only have a single-chip setup. Codenamed Santa Ana, rev. F dual core AM2 Opterons feature 2 × 1 MB L2 cache, unlike

1242-467: The expected product line-up were officially released. Another system builder, VoodooPC , subsidiary of Hewlett-Packard , demonstrated an Omen PC, supporting the platform at CES 2007. With a similar system featuring Dual CPU configuration dubbed as the Omen a:221 SIlent DCC workstation, equipping two Opteron 200 or 800 series CPU dated back to 2006, and the "OMEN AMD Quad FX SLI" system was announced later in

1296-480: The features for upcoming generations of microprocessors after the K8 family of processors in various events and analyst meetings, including the Microprocessor Forum 2003. The outlined features to be deployed by the next-generation microprocessors are as follows: In June 2006, AMD executive vice president Henri Richard had an interview with DigiTimes commented on the upcoming processor developments: Q: What

1350-584: The first motherboard that will support two Socket F (dubbed as socket L1FX by Nvidia) processors each with its own dedicated memory banks, dubbed as "ASUS L1N64-SLI WS" (instead of the L1N64-SLI Deluxe that Nvidia announced), based on Nvidia nForce 680a chipset. Reports suggested that ASUStek is the sole motherboard manufacturer for the chipset and left other motherboard manufacturers out, some of which stated that they will produce motherboards based on Intel chipsets instead. There are also reports showing that

1404-453: The form Opteron XZYY . For all first, second, and third-generation Opterons, the first digit (the X ) specifies the number of CPUs on the target machine: For Socket F and Socket AM2 Opterons, the second digit (the Z ) represents the processor generation. Presently, only 2 (dual-core, DDR2), 3 (quad-core, DDR2) and 4 (six-core, DDR2) are used. Socket C32 and G34 Opterons use a new four-digit numbering scheme. The first digit refers to

1458-521: The immediate successors to the K8 series of processors ( Athlon 64 , Opteron , 64-bit Sempron ). It appears that AMD has not used K-nomenclature (which originally stood for "Kryptonite" in the K5 processor ) from the time after the use of the codename K8 for the AMD K8 or Athlon 64 processor family, since no K-nomenclature naming convention beyond K8 has appeared in official AMD documents and press releases after

1512-472: The implementation of the AMD K10 microarchitecture. New processors, launched in the third quarter of 2007 (codename Barcelona ), incorporate a variety of improvements, particularly in memory prefetching, speculative loads, SIMD execution and branch prediction , yielding an appreciable performance improvement over K8-based Opterons, within the same power envelope. In 2007 AMD introduced a scheme to characterize

1566-489: The last two digits in the model number (the YY ) indicate the clock frequency of a CPU, a higher number indicating a higher clock frequency. This speed indication is comparable to processors of the same generation if they have the same amount of cores, single-cores and dual-cores have different indications despite sometimes having the same clock frequency. The suffix HE or EE indicates a high-efficiency/energy-efficiency model having

1620-703: The majority of their Athlon 64 X2 cousins which feature 2 × 512 KB L2 cache. These CPUs are given model numbers ranging from 1210 to 1224. AMD introduced three quad-core Opterons on Socket AM2+ for single-CPU servers in 2007. These CPUs are produced on a 65 nm manufacturing process and are similar to the Agena Phenom X4 CPUs. The Socket AM2+ quad-core Opterons are code-named "Budapest". The Socket AM2+ Opterons carry model numbers of 1352 (2.10 GHz), 1354 (2.20 GHz), and 1356 (2.30 GHz). AMD introduced three quad-core Opterons on Socket AM3 for single-CPU servers in 2009. These CPUs are produced on

1674-415: The native quad core chip known as "Barcelona" for the first time in public, while running Windows Server 2003 64-bit Edition. AMD claims 70% scaling of performance in real world loads, and better performance than Intel Xeon 5355 processor codenamed Clovertown . On January 24, 2007, AMD Executive Vice President Randy Allen claimed that in live tests, in regard to a wide variety of workloads, "Barcelona"

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1728-613: The need for a separate northbridge chip. In multi-processor systems (more than one Opteron on a single motherboard ), the CPUs communicate using the Direct Connect Architecture over high-speed HyperTransport links. Each CPU can access the main memory of another processor, transparent to the programmer. The Opteron approach to multi-processing is not the same as standard symmetric multiprocessing ; instead of having one bank of memory for all CPUs, each CPU has its own memory. Thus

1782-464: The new stepping B3 was brought to the market by AMD, including a fix for the bug plus other minor enhancements. AMD has introduced the microprocessors manufactured at 65 nm feature width using Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology, since the release of K10 coincides with the volume ramp of this manufacturing process. The K8 family was known to be particularly sensitive to memory latency since its design gains performance by minimizing this through

1836-414: The number of CPUs in the target machine: Like the previous second and third generation Opterons, the second number refers to the processor generation. "1" refers to AMD K10-based units ( Magny-Cours and Lisbon ), "2" refers to the Bulldozer -based Interlagos , Valencia , and Zurich -based units, and "3" refers to the Piledriver -based Abu Dhabi , Seoul , and Delhi -based units. For all Opterons,

1890-536: The number of CPUs increases in a typical Xeon system, contention for the shared bus causes computing efficiency to drop. Intel migrated to a memory architecture similar to the Opteron's for the Intel Core i7 family of processors and their Xeon derivatives. In April 2005, AMD introduced its first multi-core Opterons. At the time, AMD's use of the term multi-core in practice meant dual-core ; each physical Opteron chip contained two processor cores. This effectively doubled

1944-530: The performance market. However, within the Fusion product family, APUs such as the first generation A4, A6 and A8-series chips (Llano APUs) continued to use K10-derived CPU cores in conjunction with a Radeon graphics core. K10 and its derivatives were phased out of production by the introduction of Trinity-based APUs in 2012, which replaced the K10 cores in the APU with Bulldozer-derived cores. The Family 11h microarchitecture

1998-402: The platform as "Socket 4x4" on June 1, 2006, citing customer feedback for such a system. A four-core system has been exhibited as a demo at AMD headquarters on July 25, 2006. AMD has claimed that the systems which consist of a pair of CPUs will cost below US$ 1000 altogether with a suitable motherboard. The motherboards strongly resemble dual-socket Opteron 22xx series motherboards as they share

2052-620: The platform requires significantly more power than a Core 2 Extreme QX6700 processor system, with performance being generally inferior. In some cases, performance was seen to be even lower than the dual-core FX-62, which has been blamed on higher memory latency introduced by the platform's use of Non-Uniform Memory Access . The platform was launched in November 2006. Three new processors, the FX-70, FX-72 and FX-74 are released simultaneously with clock speeds of 2.6 GHz, 2.8 GHz and 3.0 GHz respectively. FX-76, clocked at speed of 3.2 GHz,

2106-459: The power consumption of new processors under "average" daily usage, named average CPU power (ACP). The Opteron X1150 and Opteron X2150 APU are used with the BGA-769 or Socket FT3 . See APU features table For Socket 940 and Socket 939 Opterons, each chip has a three-digit model number, in the form Opteron XYY . For Socket F and Socket AM2 Opterons, each chip has a four-digit model number, in

2160-568: The same socket and one bank of memory DIMMs per CPU, but the motherboards of the platform have support for regular unbuffered DDR2 RAM while the Opteron setup requires registered memory . The platform also has support for multiple graphics cards . An eight core reference system was demonstrated in an event held early May 2007 by AMD. The major competition of the platform is from Intel , which launched its Core 2 Duo desktop microprocessors in late July 2006 and its multi-chip module quad-core processor codenamed " Kentsfield " in November 2006 as

2214-467: The same time), but for the most part they have only DDR3. Lynx desktop processors only support DDR3, as they use the FM1 socket. Characteristics of the microarchitecture include the following: APU features table AMD released a limited edition Deneb-based processor to extreme overclockers and partners. Fewer than 100 were manufactured. The "42" officially represents four cores running at 2 GHz, but

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2268-559: The server space. Opteron combines two important capabilities in a single processor: The first capability is notable because at the time of Opteron's introduction, the only other 64-bit architecture marketed with 32-bit x86 compatibility (Intel's Itanium ) ran x86 legacy-applications only with significant speed degradation. The second capability, by itself, is less noteworthy, as major RISC architectures (such as SPARC , Alpha , PA-RISC , PowerPC , MIPS ) have been 64-bit for many years. In combining these two capabilities, however,

2322-412: The time of its introduction, AMD's fastest multicore Opteron was the model 875, with two cores running at 2.2 GHz each. AMD's fastest single-core Opteron at this time was the model 252, with one core running at 2.6 GHz. For multithreaded applications, or many single threaded applications, the model 875 would be much faster than the model 252. Second-generation Opterons are offered in three series:

2376-512: The traditional registered ECC RAM. Socket C32 (LGA 1207 contacts) is the other member of the third generation of Opteron sockets. This socket is physically similar to Socket F but is not compatible with Socket F CPUs. Socket C32 uses DDR3 SDRAM and is keyed differently so as to prevent the insertion of Socket F CPUs that can use only DDR2 SDRAM. Like Socket G34, Socket C32 CPUs will be able to use unbuffered ECC or non-ECC RAM in addition to registered ECC SDRAM. The Opteron line saw an update with

2430-473: The upcoming RD790 chipset. The system was also demonstrated real-time converting a 720p video clip into another undisclosed format while all 8 cores were maxed at 100% by other tasks. On the December 2006 analyst day, Executive vice president Marty Seyer announced a new mobile core codenamed Griffin launched in 2008 with inherited power optimizations technologies from the K10 microarchitecture, but based on

2484-1156: The use of an on-die memory controller (integrated into the CPU); increased latency in the external modules negates the usefulness of the feature. DDR2 RAM introduces some additional latency over DDR RAM since the DRAM is internally driven by a clock at one quarter of the external data frequency, as opposed to one half that of DDR. However, since the command clock rate in DDR2 is doubled relative to DDR and other latency-reducing features (e.g. additive latency) have been introduced, common comparisons based on CAS latency alone are not sufficient. For example, Socket AM2 processors are known to demonstrate similar performance using DDR2 SDRAM as Socket 939 processors that utilize DDR-400 SDRAM. K10 processors support DDR2 SDRAM rated up to DDR2-1066 (1066 MHz). While some desktop K10 processors are AM2+ supporting only DDR2, an AM3 K10 processor supports both DDR2 and DDR3. A few AM3 motherboards have both DDR2 and DDR3 slots (this does not mean that both types can be fitted at

2538-503: The year. Several system integrators also announced special Quad FX themed platforms, most notably Vigor Gaming's Force Recon QX4 "Quadfather" system. AMD announced on Analyst Day that, sometime during 2008, users should be able to use two, future quad-core AMD processors using the chipset, providing a total of eight physical cores, dubbed as "4x4++" with DDR3 support. Additionally, backward compatible AMD quad-cores would also support an update to HyperTransport which would benefit more from

2592-426: Was a mixture of both K8 and K10 designs with lower power consumption for laptop that was marketed as Turion X2 Ultra and was later replaced by completely K10-based designs. The Family 12h microarchitecture is a derivative of the K10 design: Note : These media discussions are listed in ascending date of publication. Opteron Opteron is AMD 's x86 former server and workstation processor line, and

2646-507: Was able to demonstrate 40% performance advantage over the comparable Intel Xeon codenamed Clovertown dual-processor (2P) quad-core processors. The expected performance of floating point per core would be approximately 1.8 times that of the K8 family, at the same clock speed. On May 10, 2007, AMD held a private event demonstrating the upcoming processors codenamed Agena FX and chipsets, with one demonstrated system being AMD Quad FX platform with one Radeon HD 2900 XT graphics card on

2700-444: Was available during the first half of 2007. In September and October 2007 news sites reported that AMD had dropped Quad Phenom from their road maps. Source also revealed that a revamped " 580X " chipset, which is due first half of 2007, will allow two CPUs and at most three graphic cards to run on the same board, but was obviously cancelled as AMD demonstrated the 790FX chipset recently in internal events and Computex 2007 instead of

2754-498: Was dubbed by AMD as the "Dual Socket Direct Connect Architecture" (DSDC Architecture), providing a dedicated channel between the CPU cores and from each CPU out to the system memory. Due to the nature of the Direct Connect architecture, each CPU can access the other's dedicated memory store. The both of them, constituting one four-core system, have a power consumption ( TDP ) of 250 W for each 125 W labelled TDP. AMD first announced

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2808-450: Was named under stars or constellations (the initial Phenom models being codenamed Agena and Toliman ). In a video interview, Giuseppe Amato confirmed that the codename is K10 . It was revealed, by The Inquirer itself, that the codename " K8L " referred to a low-power version of the K8 family, later named Turion 64 , and that K10 was the official codename for the microarchitecture. AMD refers to it as Family 10h Processors , as it

2862-416: Was scheduled to be released in 2007, but was cancelled for the newer 65 nm microarchitecture Phenom FX processors replacing the 90 nm fabrication process line of Athlon 64 FX series processor. Nvidia has introduced a chipset for the platform, called " nForce 680a ", provides 4 PCI-Express slots of x16-x8-x16-x8 configuration, and support up to 12 SATA 3.0 Gbit/s hard disks . ASUSteK will produce

2916-544: Was the first processor which supported the AMD64 instruction set architecture (known generically as x86-64 ). It was released on April 22, 2003, with the SledgeHammer core (K8) and was intended to compete in the server and workstation markets, particularly in the same segment as the Intel Xeon processor. Processors based on the AMD K10 microarchitecture (codenamed Barcelona ) were announced on September 10, 2007, featuring

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