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26-546: Puter and Vallader are sometimes referred to as one specific variety known as Ladin, as they have retained this word to mean Romansh. However, the term Ladin is primarily associated with the closely related language in Italy's Dolomite mountains also known as Ladin . Puter and Vallader are distinguished from the other Romansh dialects among other things by the retention of the rounded front vowels / y / and / ø / (written ü and ö ), which have been derounded to / i / and / e / in

52-614: A UNESCO World Heritage Site . The Adamello-Brenta UNESCO Global Geopark is also in the Dolomites. The Geological Museum of the Dolomites (in Italian Museo Geologico delle Dolomiti ) is located in Predazzo , Fiemme Valley . The Dolomites, also known as the "Pale Mountains", take their name from the carbonate rock dolomite . This was named after the 18th-century French mineralogist Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu (1750–1801), who

78-629: A habitually spoken language in the census of 2000. This area is the main driving force behind keeping Vallader relevant. The first written document in Vallader is the psalm book Vn cudesch da Psalms by Durich Chiampell from the year 1562. Other important authors who have written in Vallader include Peider Lansel , Men Rauch , Men Gaudenz , Andri and Oscar Peer , Luisa Famos , Cla Biert , Leta Semadeni and Rut Plouda-Stecher . The songwriter Linard Bardill also employs Vallader in addition to German and Rumantsch Grischun. The fable The Fox and

104-472: A referendum, it showed that Vallader is in danger but is still without a doubt seen as a (if not the most) reliable language, especially for writing. Since Jauer is used almost solely for speech, this allows more room for Vallader to exist as more of an entity in the world of writing. It is the second most widely used variety of Romansh, with 6,448 people in the Lower Engadine valley (79.2%) naming Romansh as

130-427: A referendum. The name of the dialect is derived from val 'valley'. It is the second most commonly spoken variety of Romansh, with 6,448 people in the Lower Engadine valley (79.2%) naming Romansh as a habitually spoken language in the census of 2000. Romansh can be separated into two dialect groups: Rhine dialects (Sursilvan, Sutsilvan and Surmiran) and Engadine dialects (Vallader and Puter). A variety of Vallader

156-692: A week to walk, and are served by numerous rifugi (huts). The first and the most renowned is the Alta Via 1 . Radiocarbon dating has been used in the Alta Badia region to demonstrate a connection between landslide activity and climate change. The region is commonly divided into the Western and Eastern Dolomites, separated by a line following the Val Badia–Campolongo Pass–Cordevole Valley (Agordino) axis. The Dolomites may be divided into

182-579: Is a variety of the Romansh language spoken in the Lower Engadine valley ( Engiadina Bassa ) of southeast Switzerland , between Martina and Zernez . It is also used as a written language in the nearby community of Val Müstair , where Jauer is spoken. In 2008, schools in the Val Müstair switched from Vallader to Rumantsch Grischun as their written language, but switched back to Vallader in 2012, following

208-540: Is diphthongized in Jauer. All three traits can be seen in the verb 'to sing', which is chantàr in Vallader but chàunter in Jauer. It is an important fact to keep in mind that Jauer is almost exclusively spoken. Vallader is not only the preferred written form, but it is also the most widely used one. As stated earlier, in 2008, schools in the Val Müstair switched from Vallader to Rumantsch Grischun as their written language. When they switched back to Vallader in 2012 following

234-520: The Marmolada Glacier, which lies on the border of Trentino and Veneto, the small towns of Alleghe , Falcade , Auronzo , Cortina d'Ampezzo and the villages of Arabba , Urtijëi and San Martino di Castrozza , as well as the whole of the Fassa, Gardena and Badia valleys. The Maratona dles Dolomites , an annual single-day road bicycle race covering seven mountain passes of the Dolomites, occurs in

260-844: The Southern Limestone Alps and extend from the River Adige in the west to the Piave Valley ( Pieve di Cadore ) in the east. The northern and southern borders are defined by the Puster Valley and the Sugana Valley (Italian: Valsugana ). The Dolomites are in the regions of Veneto , Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Friuli-Venezia Giulia , covering an area shared between the provinces of Belluno , Vicenza , Verona , Trentino , South Tyrol , Udine and Pordenone . Other mountain groups of similar geological structure are spread along

286-655: The first Musso war , in which Travers himself had taken part. There is an individual dictionary for this dialect, as well as texts dealing with its grammar. The fable The Fox and the Crow by Jean de La Fontaine in Putèr Romansh, as well as a translation into English , the similar-looking but noticeably different-sounding dialect Vallader, and Rumantsch Grischun. Vallader Vallader (Vallader, Sursilvan , Puter , Surmiran , and Rumantsch Grischun : vallader [vɐˈlaːdɛr] ; Sutsilvan : valader )

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312-478: The 19th century. Vallader has since become more important. The dialect Jauer, is actually a variety of Vallader spoken in Val Müstair. It is almost only spoken there, and is virtually never written. Puter and Vallader are sometimes referred to as one specific variety known as Ladin, a term which can also refer to the closely related language in Italy's Dolomite mountains also known as Ladin . They are also considered Engadine dialects, since they are spoken in

338-710: The Antelao, Marmolada, Tofana, Monte Cristallo and the Boè. Around 1860 the Agordin mountaineer Simone de Silvestro was the first person to stand on the Civetta. Michael Innerkofler was one of the climbers of the Tre Cime di Lavaredo . Later very important local mountaineers, known for many first ascents, were Angelo Dibona and Giovanni Piaz . During the First World War , the front line between

364-494: The Crow by Jean de La Fontaine in Vallader, as well as a translation into English , the similar-looking but noticeably different-sounding dialect Puter, the Jauer dialect, and Rumantsch Grischun. Dolomites The Dolomites ( Italian : Dolomiti [doloˈmiːti] ), also known as the Dolomite Mountains , Dolomite Alps or Dolomitic Alps , are a mountain range in northeastern Italy . They form part of

390-568: The Italian and Austro-Hungarian Army ran through the Dolomites, where both sides used mines extensively. Open-air war museums are at Cinque Torri (Five Towers), Monte Piana and Mount Lagazuoi. Many people visit the Dolomites to climb the vie ferrate , protected paths through the rock walls that were created during the war. A number of long-distance footpaths traverse the Dolomites. They are called alte vie (German: Dolomiten Höhenwege – high paths), and are numbered 1 to 10. The trails take about

416-516: The River Piave to the east— Dolomiti d'Oltrepiave ; and far away over the Adige River to the west— Dolomiti di Brenta (Western Dolomites). A smaller group is called Piccole Dolomiti (Little Dolomites), between the provinces of Trentino, Verona and Vicenza. The Dolomiti Bellunesi National Park and many other regional parks are in the Dolomites. On 26 June 2009 , the Dolomites were declared

442-559: The Upper Engadin, Puter is spoken. A larger issue at hand for the minority Vallader speakers is not only the use of Bavarian, High and Swiss German, but also the division of Romansh. This is especially evident for speakers of the Vallader dialect; since Puter is so closely related in both location and language, it makes the slight differences more cumbersome. While written Vallader is standardized, speakers employ local dialects in oral use. Differences in speech often allow people to pinpoint

468-458: The Val Müstair and Engadine regions. The name comes from the term "valley" so it is only right that it is found in these regions full of valleys. As you can see on the map provided below, Vallader is used much more widely to the North East of Graubünden. This distinct difference in blue shades shows the areas of Upper and Lower Engadines. The Lower Engadin, as the chart suggests, speaks Vallader. In

494-558: The area of the Engadines. Vallader shares many traits with the Puter dialect spoken in the Upper Engadine. On the lexical level, the two varieties are similar enough to have a common dictionary. Puter and Vallader share the rounded front vowels [y] and [ø], which are not found in other Romansh varieties. These sounds make written Ladin easily distinguishable through the numerous occurrences of

520-456: The ending in Puter is -er . The differences in verb conjugation are more divergent however, as can be seen in the simple present of avair 'to have': In Vallader, impersonals are formed using a third person singular reflexive verbal clitic. This is an important detail derived most likely from Italian. This is also possible in Puter. Vallader, being one of the five dialects, is mainly used in

546-498: The following ranges: The Dolomites are renowned for skiing in the winter months and mountain climbing , hiking, cycling and BASE jumping , as well as paragliding and hang gliding in summer and late spring/early autumn. Free climbing has been a tradition in the Dolomites since 1887, when 17-year-old Georg Winkler soloed the first ascent of the pinnacle of the Vajolet Towers . The main centres include: Rocca Pietore alongside

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572-417: The home village of another speaker. For example, the word eu 'I' can be pronounced as [ ˈɛː ], [ ˈɛw ], [ ˈjɛ ], [ ˈjɐ ], [ ˈjow ] and [ ˈjaw ], depending on the local dialect. The dialect of the Val Müstair, Jauer, is distinguished through the ending -er instead of -ar for verbs of the first conjugation, and by the placement of stress on the penultimate syllable of these verbs. In addition, stressed /a/

598-403: The letters ⟨ü⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ . In Vallader, the clitics are almost always well preserved, and there are no clustered forms that are known. On the other hand, Puter still preserves the clitic system completely. Compared to Puter, Vallader spelling reflects the pronunciation more closely. Another difference is that one class of verbs end in -ar in Vallader, whereas

624-601: The other dialects. Compare Putèr mür to Sursilvan mir ‘wall’ and Putèr chaschöl to Sursilvan caschiel 'cheese'. Each village between S-chanf and St. Moritz has a slightly different accent, although the written form remains the same. Gian Travers wrote the first surviving work in Romansh, the Chianzun dalla guerra dagl Chiaste da Müs , in the Putèr dialect. This epic poem, written in 1527, describes

650-496: Was also used in Samnaun until the late 19th century, when speakers switched to Bavarian . The last speaker of the Romansh dialect of Samnaun, Augustin Heiß, died in 1935. For a long period of time, the oldest written form Puter held much prestige with its name. It was used as the language of the aristocratic Engadine tourist region near St. Moritz (San Murezzan). It was used most widely in

676-580: Was the first to describe the mineral. For millennia, hunters and gatherers had advanced into the highest rocky regions and had probably also climbed some peaks. There is evidence that the Jesuit priest Franz von Wulfen from Klagenfurt climbed the Lungkofel and the Dürrenstein in the 1790s. In 1857 Irishman John Ball was the first known person to climb Monte Pelmo. Paul Grohmann later climbed numerous peaks such as

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