Misplaced Pages

#835164

37-520: Formerly a remote village prior to its selection as a colonial outpost in 1895, the town grew into its present population acting as a market town far upstream on the Kapuas River. Today, it is the seat and economic center of the regency. The name Putussibau originated from the words putus (to break/split) and Sibau , which is the name of a nearby tributary of the Kapuas which in turn derives its name from

74-420: A complete reduction of both eyes and pigmentation (similar to cavefish ). Owing to the warm climate and abundance of food, most fishes breed all through the year with only a few species like fire eel ( Mastacembelus erythrotaenia ) having certain reproductive periods . The number of individuals per species is relatively low. The large variety of species may be explained by the fact that some 6,000 years ago,

111-500: A formal annexation complete by 1925. During the period, at the late 19th century Putussibau was a remote village under threat by headhunters and visited by Chinese and Malay merchants. In 1895, the colonial government chose the site as an outpost to both govern the region and to combat headhunting. Following the Japanese occupation and Indonesian independence , the town became part of West Kalimantan province. The Kapuas Hulu Regency

148-546: A marshy delta, which spreads both inland and into the sea, with the silt deposits extending up to 50–60 km (31–37 mi) from the Borneo coast. The delta is located west-southwest of Pontianak , the capital of West Kalimantan province, which lies at the equator . The delta has five arms, of which the northernmost one is the widest, and is therefore called the Big Kapuas ( Indonesian : Kapuas Besar ). The largest tributary

185-548: A rich fish fauna with around 240 recorded species, including the Asian arowana and clown loach botia . During a biological expedition, scientists found species of such fish genera as Chitala , Scleropages , Chitala , Channa , Leptobarbus , Parachela , including many new species. There have been 237 bird species recorded including the Storm's stork and great argus . Of the 143 mammal species 23 are endemic to Borneo including

222-656: Is a river in the Indonesian part of Borneo island, at the geographic center of Maritime Southeast Asia . At 1,143 kilometers (710 mi) in length, it is the longest river in the island of Borneo and the longest river in Indonesia and one of the world's longest island rivers. It originates in the Müller mountain range at the center of the island and flows west into the South China Sea creating an extended marshy delta. The delta

259-506: Is inhabited by 12,459 residents within 3,555 households in 2015 according to Statistics Indonesia . The sex ratio of the kelurahan is 111, with a population density of 89.44 per square km. However, urban sprawl spreads to other areas on both sides of the Kapuas, in total forming part of 6 villages within the North and South Putussibau districts with a population sum of about 29,000. The majority of

296-485: Is located far inland. With a distance of 400 km from the provincial capital of Pontianak , it is closer to the Malaysian city of Kuching which is located 300 km away. The territory administered by the kelurahan measures 139.3 square km, excluding other villages that also form parts of the urban settlement but also covers much larger amounts of jungle and farmland. With its source nearby, Kapuas flows south of

333-635: Is located west-southwest of Pontianak , the capital of the West Kalimantan province. This Kapuas River should be distinguished from another Kapuas River , which starts on the other side of the same mountain range in central Borneo but flows to the south, merging with the Barito River and discharging into the Java Sea . The river is 1,143 km (710 mi) long and up to 700 m (0.43 mi) wide at its delta; ~99,000 km (38,000 sq mi)

370-543: Is the Melawi River , which occurs to the left near the city of Sintang , about 465 km from the mouth. Other major tributaries are the Landak, Kubu, Punggur, and Sekayam rivers. The main tributaries from the mouth: tributary tributary (km) (km ) (m /s) The climate is warm and very humid, with the average annual precipitation ranging from year to year between 2,863 to 5,517 mm (112.7–217.2 in), and

407-461: The Danau Sentarum and Betung Kerihun national parks , it is also a local center of ecotourism . Most public facilities in the district, including schools and a hospital, are located in the town proper. STIT Iqra Putussibau , an Islamic educational science institute, operates in the town. The town is served by the nearby Pangsuma Airport , which is located outside the official boundaries of

SECTION 10

#1732855856836

444-435: The proboscis monkey . There is a relatively large population of the endangered orangutans present in the park. The 26 reptile species include the false gharial and estuarine crocodile . The lakes support a large traditional fishing industry. The western part of the upper Kapuas floodplain is inhabited by almost 20,000 people, 88% of which are Malay fishermen. About 3,000 people live in about 20 village enclaves within

481-464: The river basin covers more than 67% of West Kalimantan. The average annual rainfall in the catchment area is 3,666 mm. The average runoff is around 2,339 mm. The discharge rate varies through the year, averaging around 5,600–7,800 m /s (200,000–280,000 cu ft/s) at the delta and 2,000 m /s (71,000 cu ft/s) upstream, at the confluence of the Tawang . The discharge peaks during

518-413: The super red arowana and various rasboras . Because of overfishing and habitat degradation, several species are threatened. Among these endangered species are the arowana and white-edge freshwater whipray , and the wallago catfish , which formerly migrated in large schools up and down the Kapuas River. Part of the high species diversity in the Kapuas is related to the many different habitats in

555-678: The Kapuas River, as a tributary of the Sunda River , was connected to other tributary rivers of South Sumatra , Java , and the Malay Peninsula . Apart from fish, there are numerous crabs , prawns (such as the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii ), water striders , and other aquatic insects . The rich flora and fauna result in very complex food chains , with fishes consuming foods ranging from fruits to other fish . For example, Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus feeds exclusively on terrestrial insects. Abundant fruits and seeds enter

592-471: The Upper Kapuas Range ( Indonesian : Kapuas Hulu ), which is located more to the west. For about 165 km (103 mi) it flows through a mountainous terrain and then descends to a marshy plain. There, the elevation decreases by only 50 meters (160 ft) over 900 km (560 mi) from Putussibau to the river delta. About 350 km (220 mi) from the source, near the northern shore of

629-584: The a tree from the Nephelium genus . According to local folklore, a Sibau tree once fell and split the river and hence gave name to the town. The area around the source of Kapuas were originally inhabited by the Taman Dayaks . Around the 7th to 8th centuries, an Indianized Hindu kingdom was established by a Kutai noble at modern Selimbau . Initially a small state, the kingdom slowly grew to cover one-fifths of modern West Kalimantan (about 30,000 km) by

666-458: The existing bridge. 0°15′58″S 109°52′31″E  /  0.2660°S 109.8754°E  / -0.2660; 109.8754 Danau Sentarum National Park The Lake Sentarum National Park ( Indonesian : Taman Nasional Danau Sentarum ) is a national park protecting one of the world's most biodiverse lake systems, located in the heart of Borneo Island, Kapuas Hulu Regency , West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia . It lies in

703-412: The island with its western coast. The large river width and depth (up to 27 meters ) support intensive cargo and passenger shipping over most of the river length. Ships with a draft of up to 3 meters can navigate up to Sintang , 465 km from the mouth, and those with a draft of up to 2 meters can reach the town of Putussibau (902 km from the mouth). Logging and rafting of timber occur all along

740-532: The late 19th century. Modern Putussibau was included in Selimbau's territories, and the area received an influx of Kayan Dayaks . In 1823, the authorities of Dutch East Indies based in Batavia signed a treaty with Selimbau which recognized the latter's sovereignty over what is today Kapuas Hulu Regency . Later on, the colonial authorities began meddling in the kingdom's internal affairs and eventually seized power, with

777-427: The number of rainy days between 120 and 309; the largest precipitation was observed in 1976 (120 rainy days) and the wettest in 1988, with only 184 rainy days. The temperature is rather stable with a typical minimum of 24 °C (75 °F) and a maximum of 32 °C (90 °F) throughout the whole year. In the upper and middle reaches, the river flows through dense tropical forests ; the rich flora and fauna are

SECTION 20

#1732855856836

814-409: The other half consists of freshwater swamp forest. An area of 800 km was first gazetted as Wildlife Reserve in 1982, which in 1994 was extended to 1,320 km (890 km is swamp forest area and 430 km is dry-land) when it became a Ramsar site . In 1999 it was declared a National Park, however a National Park Authority was only established in 2006. Danau Sentarum National Park has

851-530: The population are Muslims , but there are Christian (both Catholic and Protestant ) and Confucian minorities. Putussibau is a market town serving the sparsely-populated region, with the North Putussibau District alone covering 5,204.8 square kilometres yet only inhabited by slightly over 26,500 people in 2020 (of which over 12,000 live in Putussibau Town proper, with around another 6,000 in

888-583: The rainy seasons in April and November, during which the water level may rise by 10–12 m (33–39 ft) overnight, overflowing river banks and flooding the nearby areas. The river originates near the center of Borneo, south of the Indonesian- Malaysian border, in the joint between the western slope of the Müller Mountain Range , which runs through the island center, and the southern slope of

925-409: The river after falling from large trees that bend over its waters. The feeding habits of the fish in the Kapuas River are distributed as follows: 54% are omnivores ; 36% are carnivorous and eat other fish (14%), insects (5%), and mixed small forest animals (17%). The remaining 10% are herbivorous, with 4% of them specialising in algae . The Kapuas River is the major waterway connecting the center of

962-504: The river basin. In the headwaters are fast-flowing highland streams , typically dominated by small loaches , and small —often acidic ( blackwater )— forest streams and peat swamps with species such as the tiny Sundadanio rasboras, Sphaerichthys gouramis, and macropodusine gouramis. The main river itself also includes several habitats, ranging from the nearshore to open waters. In the deepest sections, no light exists and in one species, Lepidocephalus spectrum , this has resulted in

999-429: The river overflows its banks, diverting much of its waters to the lakes at a rate of up to 1,000 m /s (35,000 cu ft/s), and forming a single volume of water with them. This outflow prevents massive flooding of the lower reaches of the river; it also promotes fish migration from the river to the lakes for spawning, but drives birds away from the lakes. The river discharges into the South China Sea creating

1036-459: The river, lies a system of Kapuas Lakes which are connected to the river by numerous channels. These lakes are Bekuan (area 1,268 hectares), Belida (600 ha), Genali (2,000 ha), Keleka Tangai (756 ha), Luar (5,208 ha), Pengembung (1,548 ha), Sambor (673 ha), Sekawi (672 ha), Sentarum (2,324 ha), Sependan (604 ha), Seriang (1,412) Sumbai (800 ha), Sumpa (664) and Tekenang (1,564 ha). When the monthly precipitation exceeds about 300 mm (12 in),

1073-516: The river. Fishing is also common, especially at the Kapuas Lakes and near the river delta. The Tayan Bridge which opened in 2016, crosses over the river and is the longest bridge in Kalimantan. Another major bridge over the area is the Kapuas I Bridge. In 2022, the local government decided to build a newer bridge to accommodate increased traffic in commuters and goods, located to be in parallel with

1110-564: The subject of international research. Discoveries of new species are frequent, such as the Kapuas mud snake ( Enhydris gyii ), which was discovered in 2003–2005 by German and American herpetologists . This species is remarkable in that it can spontaneously change its skin color, similar to the chameleon . Otters and crocodiles are common in the Kapuas River, but frogs are nearly absent. Agile gibbons ( Hylobates agilis ), Müller's Bornean gibbons ( Hylobates muelleri ), Prevost's squirrels ( Callosciurus prevostii ), and treeshrews inhabit

1147-408: The town although it is only about 3.7 km away. Throughout 2016, the airport accommodates over 73,000 passengers. Kapuas River (Period: 2003–2016)6,012 m /s (212,300 cu ft/s) (Period: 1971–2000)6,260.1 m /s (221,070 cu ft/s) (Period: 2013–2015)5,220 m /s (184,000 cu ft/s) The Kapuas River ( Old Indonesian spelling : Kapoeas River )

Putussibau - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-595: The town proper and splits the urban area into a northern and southern portion, which are connected by a bridge across the large river. The confluence with the Sibau River is just upstream of Putussibau. The town is also seat of the regency and the district. Putussibau has a tropical climate, and is classified Af according to the Köppen climate classification . The average annual rainfall is 4231 mm. The administrative village of Putussibau proper ( Kelurahan Putussibau Kota )

1221-449: The trees above the river. There are two national parks on the river banks, Betung Kerihun with an area of 8,000 km , and Danau Sentarum (an area of 1,320 km ), the latter includes the Kapuas Lakes. About 300 species of fish have been identified in the river basin , of which 234 are of high economic value. There are more fish species than any other river basin in Indonesia. They belong to 120 genera and 40 families with

1258-423: The two major groups being cyprinids and catfish . More than 30% of the species originate from the sea and inhabit the delta areas. Among the economically important species are food fish such as Pangasius catfish, giant gourami , kissing gourami , snakeheads , and large cyprinids such as Tor mahseers and barbs such as Leptobarbus and Puntioplites , and species for the aquarium trade such as

1295-430: The upper Kapuas River tectonic basin some 700 kilometres upstream from the delta. The basin is a vast floodplain , consisting of about 20 seasonal lakes, freshwater swamp forest and peat swamp forest . Local people call it as Lebak lebung (floodplain). The National Park is located in the western part of this basin, where three-quarters of the seasonal lakes occur. Approximately half of the park consists of lakes, while

1332-413: The urban sprawl). The South Putussibau District covers another 5,352.33 square kilometres and had just over 23,100 inhabitants in 2020 (the majority of the area formerly comprised the separate Hulu Kapuas District, which has since been merged into South Putussibau District). It is also the last market town in the flow of the Kapuas, with no other major settlements further upstream. Due to its proximity with

1369-486: Was established in 1953, and Putussibau has been its capital since. A bridge spanning the Kapuas was built in 1993 connecting the roads on both banks of the river, allowing road access from Putussibau to other towns on the left bank of the river. The town is located at the northeastern part of West Kalimantan , close to the Indonesia-Malaysia border . The regency it is part of covers nearly 30,000 square kilometers and

#835164