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38-693: Putre is on the edge of the Lauca National Park , and is popular with visitors to the National Park wishing to acclimatise to the altitude. There is a historical church in Putre. The commune also includes the localities of Socoroma, Tignamar, Belén, Chapiquiña, Pachama , Ancuta, Guallatiri, Parinacota , Chucuyo and Caquena. On March 6, 2011, a 6.2 magnitude earthquake centered 110 km (68 mi) beneath Putre shook northern Chile and southern Peru, causing no injuries and only minor damage. According to

76-607: A 10-month training there for 50 North Americans from the Esalen Institute in California. The Arica School , based in the United States of America, has influenced thousands of people all over the world. The commune of Arica is composed of 19 census districts. Source : INE 2007 report, "Territorial division of Chile" Arica is the economical powerhouse of its region. It is an enormous trade and shipping point and vital for

114-456: A commune, Arica is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council , headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008–2012 alcalde is Waldo Sankán Martínez ( Independent ). Within the electoral divisions of Chile , Arica is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Mr. Vlado Mirosevic (Partido Liberal) and Mr. Luis Rocaful as part of

152-447: A commune, Putre is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council , headed by a mayor ( alcalde ) who is directly elected every four years. Since August 2023 the mayor has been Javier Tito Huaylla (Ind./ UDI ), who was elected by the communal council following the former mayor Maricel Gutiérrez Castro (Ind.) passed away in July 2023. The communal council has

190-429: A hot desert climate , abbreviated "BWh" on climate maps. Unlike many other cities with arid climates, Arica seldom sees extreme temperatures throughout the course of the year and it is also relatively overcast. Arica is also known as the driest inhabited place on Earth, at least as measured by rainfall: average annual precipitation is 0.76 mm (0.03 inches), as measured at the airport meteorological station. As

228-768: A large inland region of South America. The city serves a free port for Bolivia and manages a substantial part of that country's trade. In addition it is the end station of the Bolivian oil pipeline beginning in Oruro . The city's strategic position is enhanced by being next to the Pan-American Highway , being connected to both Tacna in Peru and La Paz in Bolivia by railroad and being served by an international airport . Arica has an extremely dry climate , with almost no rainfall. Even so,

266-679: A leg of the International Bodyboarding Association's world tour event every year at the notorious "el flops" surf break. The event has been running since 2004. Other attractions include the former house of the Governor, the Former Arica Custom House , railway station Arica-La Paz, the Archaeological and Anthropological Museum of San Miguel de Azapa, Sea and Historical Arms and Arica. For evening entertainment there

304-485: Is adapted to the harsh puna environment, as are the bofedales, llaretales and Andean steppes. Arica, Chile Arica ( / ə ˈ r iː k ə / ə- REE -kə ; Spanish: [aˈɾika] ) is a commune and a port city with a population of 222,619 in the Arica Province of northern Chile 's Arica y Parinacota Region . It is Chile's northernmost city, being located only 18 km (11 mi) south of

342-543: Is in Chile's far north , within the Andean range. It encompasses an area of 1,379 km² of altiplano and mountains, the latter consisting mainly of enormous volcanoes. Las Vicuñas National Reserve is its neighbour to the south. Both protected areas, along with Salar de Surire Natural Monument , form Lauca Biosphere Reserve . The park borders Sajama National Park in Bolivia . The park

380-503: Is located 145 kilometres (90 mi) east of Arica and 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west of Putre , between 18°03' S - 18°27' S and 69°02' W - 69°39' W, and 3,200 metres (10,500 ft) to 6,342 metres (20,807 ft) msnm. One of the main attractions of the park is the small lacustrine area formed by Chungará and Cotacotani lakes, which lies at the foothills of the Payachata volcanic group . Other majestic volcanoes forming part of

418-624: Is the Casino de Arica. More than 20 km of beaches, many known for the quality of surfing, span across the Coastal Range in the northern sector. The harbored location makes these beaches unique from other cities in Chile in terms of topography. From north to south the beaches are located Las Machas , Chinchorro , del Alacrán , El Laucho , La Lisera , Brava , Arenillas Negras , La Capilla , Corazones and La Liserilla . Passenger train services on

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456-537: The Köppen climate classification , Putre has an alpine tundra climate ( ET ) bordering on a Cold Semi-arid climate ( BSk ). According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute , Putre had 1,977 inhabitants (1,345 men and 632 women). Of these, 1,235 (62.5%) lived in urban areas and 742 (38.5%) in rural areas . The population fell by 29.5% (826 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. As

494-745: The Peru–Chile Trench where the Nazca Plate dives beneath the South American Plate , the city is subject to megathrust earthquakes . Chilean forces occupied the region following the War of the Pacific . The Treaty of Ancón in 1883 formally acceded the region to Chilean control. The 1929 Tacna-Arica compromise in the Treaty of Lima subsequently restored Tacna to Peru but Arica remained part of Chile. In 1958,

532-470: The War of the Pacific . Near to the city center is the Azapa Valley , an oasis where vegetables and, famously, Azapa olives are grown. Economically, it is also an important port for Chilean ore . The semi-tropical latitude, combined with the low humidity and the city's beaches, have made Arica a popular tourist destination. It is also a center of Chilean rail networks with Bolivia . For air travel,

570-807: The "Junta de Adelanto de Arica" was abolished. The Arica and Parinacota Region was created on October 8, 2007, under Law 20.175, promulgated on March 23, 2007, by President Michelle Bachelet in the city of Arica. In 1984-1985, the Swedish metal company Boliden Mineral AB paid a local mineral extracting company, Promel Ldta., 10 million SEK ($ 1.2 million, $ 3.15 million in 2021 dollars) to receive, treat and confine around 20,000 tonnes of smeltery sludge from Rönnskärsverken in Skellefteå, containing among other things high levels of lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury and iron and smaller amounts of gold and silver. To earn additional income, Promel planned to extract various substances from

608-411: The 1890s. These long-established groups of Ariqueños have been augmented by various later settlers, mostly other criollos and mestizo Chileans from elsewhere around Chile, but also numerous Europeans, who arrived in the 1900s, including more Spaniards arriving from Spain, as well as Italians, Greeks, British, and French. These arrived at different times during the last century. Some Ariqueños, primarily

646-544: The 1st electoral district, which includes the entire Arica and Parinacota Region. The commune is represented in the Senate by José Miguel Insulza ( PS , 2018–2026) and José Durana (UDI, 2018–2026) as part of the 1st senatorial constituency (Arica and Parinacota Region and Tarapacá Region ). Arica was one of the four host cities of the 1962 FIFA World Cup , and it was the venue for a Rip Curl Pro Search surfing event that took place from June 20 to July 1, 2007. Arica plays host to

684-683: The 6600 people that got results back from the Chilean Health Authority, 12.9% showed arsenic in their urine samples. Studies have found very high rates of arsenic related lung cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer and skin cancer in the local population. Other health effects include non-cancerous heart and lung diseases and fertility problems such as low birth weights and spontaneous miscarriages. In 2013, 796 Arica residents, including human rights defenders, started legal action in Sweden against Boliden. The Court of Appeal for Northern Norrland held that

722-647: The Chilean Government established the "Junta de Adelanto de Arica" (Board of Development for Arica), which promulgated many tax incentives for the establishment of industries, such as vehicle assembly plants, a tax-free zone, and a casino, among others. Many car manufacturers opened plants in Arica, such as Citroën , Peugeot , Volvo , Ford and General Motors , which produced the Chevrolet LUV pickup until 2008. In 1975, together with Chile's new open economy policies,

760-578: The border with Peru . The city is the capital of both the Arica Province and the Arica and Parinacota Region. Arica is located at the bend of South America's western coast known as the Arica Bend or Arica Elbow. At the location of the city are two valleys that dissect the Atacama Desert converge: Azapa and Lluta . These valleys provide citrus and olives for export. Arica is an important port for

798-459: The city with an estimated magnitude of 8.0 to 9.0 Estimates on the death toll vary greatly, some estimates have the number at 25,000 to 70,000 people. Others estimate that the population of Arica was less than 3,000 people and the death toll was around 300. It triggered a tsunami , measurable across the Pacific in Hawaii , Japan and New Zealand. As Arica lies very close to the subduction zone known as

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836-572: The city. Following the collapse of Spanish rule, in 1821, Arica was part of the recently independent Peruvian Republic. The Peruvian Constitution of 1823 regards it as a province of the Department of Arequipa . In 1855, Peru inaugurated the Arica- Tacna railroad (53 km long), one of the first in Latin America. The rail line still functions today. The earthquake of August 13, 1868 struck near

874-469: The claims of the victims were time limited, and the Swedish Supreme Court declined to hear the case. According to the 2017 census by the National Statistics Institute , Arica spans an area of 4,799.4 km (1,853 sq mi) and has 222,619 inhabitants (110,115 men and 112,504 women). The population grew by 20% (37,351 people) between the 2002 and 2017 censuses. Arica is home to 97.7% of

912-466: The desert and the Peru-Chile border. The Azapa Valley has developed a year-round agricultural economy due to improvements in irrigation and transportation of its products. The villages that make up the commune are Villa Frontera and San Miguel de Azapa. Some hamlets are Poconchile, Molinas, Sora, Las Maitas and Caleta Vitor. Arica was made famous in 1970 by the spiritual master Oscar Ichazo when he held

950-525: The following members: Within the electoral divisions of Chile , Putre is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Mr. Nino Baltolu ( UDI ) and Mr. Orlando Vargas ( PPD ) as part of the 1st electoral district, which includes the entire Arica and Parinacota Region .The commune is represented in the Senate by Fulvio Rossi Ciocca ( PS ) and Jaime Orpis Bouchon (UDI) as part of the 1st senatorial constituency ( Arica and Parinacota Region and Tarapacá Region ). Lauca National Park Lauca National Park

988-451: The former plant and the residential area existed at the time. Residents of the new neighborhood had no knowledge about the contents of the sludge at the site, which became used as a playground by children. In the 1990s, many residents around the former plant began to show symptoms of lead and arsenic poisoning. In 1998, the Chilean authorities ordered Promel to move the toxic waste. Promel moved

1026-552: The frequent maritime winds from the cold waters nearby renders a moderate desert climate. Its mild weather has made Arica known as the "city of the eternal spring" in Chile while its beaches are frequented by Bolivian society. The city was an important port already during Spanish colonial rule . Chile seized the city from Peru in 1880 during the War of the Pacific , being recognized as Chilean by Peru in 1929 . A substantial part of African Chileans live in or trace their origins to Arica. Archaeological findings indicate that Arica

1064-467: The indigenous Amerindians, but also the afro-descendants, share cultural affinities to counterpart populations in neighbouring border areas of Peru, and more distantly, Bolivia. The urban area of Arica has 175,441 inhabitants in an area of 41.89 km . Arica in 2007 had more than 185,000 inhabitants (not counting the inhabitants of the valleys and Lluta Azapa, with that reach almost to the 194.000 inhabitants). The growing city of Arica spreads outward into

1102-461: The maritimal access of Bolivia . The Morro de Arica is a tall, nearly-vertical rock formation and hill located in the city, situated approximately 139 meters above sea level. It was the last bulwark of defense for the Peruvian troops who garrisoned the city. It was attacked and captured on 7 June 1880 by Chilean troops, as the final effort of their Campaña del Desierto ( Desert Campaign ) during

1140-535: The national park are the Guallatiri and the Acotango . Lauca features include archaeological sites, lava fields and volcanic calderas. Within the park is located the town of Parinacota with its colonial church. The headwaters of Lauca River are also found within the park and bordering it to the west is Lluta River . The international Chile Route 11 passes through this protected area. It runs from Chile Route 5 in

1178-557: The region is serviced by Chacalluta International Airport . Arica has strong ties with the city of Tacna , Perú . Many people cross the border daily as they travel between the two cities, partially due to the many services (for example, dentists, doctors, etc.) that are cheaper in Perú. Arica is connected to both Tacna and to La Paz via separate railroad lines. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Arica has

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1216-444: The sludge to a walled area on the other side of a nearby hill and covered the material with a plastic mat. It was supposed to be a temporary storage site, yet the material remains there to this day. Cleanup of the remaining parts of Sitio F finished as late as 2010. Even after the removal of the sludge, the health effects on the local population continue to be devastating. Almost 8,000 residents were tested for toxic substances in 2010. Of

1254-496: The third and last shipment of sludge arrived to Promel's plant in Arica in July 1985, contact between Boliden and Promel ceased. In the late 1980s, Promel ceased all activities at Sitio F for unknown reasons and abandoned the remaining 10,000 tons of the highly toxic smelting sludge out in the open exposed to the elements. The area surrounding the plant was later used by the local authorities to build state-sponsored social housing aimed at low-income families. No physical barrier between

1292-756: The total population of the region. The population of Arica is made up of various long-established groups in the region, and other more recent arrivals settled at differing times. Among the long-established groups, the oldest consists of indigenous Amerindians , such as the Aymara , whose presence in the region is of several millennia. These are followed by the second oldest, the local colonial-era groups, which includes local mestizos (of mixed Spanish-Amerindian origin), local criollos (whites of colonial Spanish origin), and local afrodescendants of colonial-era slaves. The third oldest group consists of early post-colonial Chinese Chileans who first arrived as miners and rail workers in

1330-800: The vicinity of Arica to Tambo Quemado Pass and provides the main access to the park. The park lies within the Central Andean dry puna ecoregion . Several species of animals and plants can be found in the park. Mammals in the area include vicuñas , llamas , alpacas , guanacos , tarucas , cougars and vizcachas . There are over 140 bird species, making it one of the best national parks for birding in Chile. Those include puna ibis , Andean goose , giant coot , puna tinamou , silvery grebe , crested duck , puna teal , Andean condor and Chilean flamingo . Over 400 species of vascular plants grow in Lauca National Park. The park's vegetation

1368-564: The waste at its processing plant at Sitio F in the outskirts of Arica. The end products were mainly raw arsenic and iron-silver-gold oxides. The first shipment arrived in Arica in August 1984 and the processing of 500 kg test batches in October 1984 gave positive results with oversight from an official from the Chilean Health Authority in Santiago . After the sludge processing had begun at large scale and

1406-657: Was inhabited by different native groups dating back 10,000 years. These people are the first known culture to mummify their dead, predating the Egyptians by 2,000 years, and their mummies have been discovered as recently as 2004 and buried as shallow as <1 meter beneath the city's surface. Spaniards settled the land under captain Lucas Martinez de Begazo in 1541, and in 1570, the area was grandly retitled as "La Muy Ilustre y Real Ciudad San Marcos de Arica" (the very illustrious and royal city of San Marcos of Arica). By 1545, Arica

1444-581: Was the main export entrepot for Bolivian silver coming down from Potosí , which then possessed the world's largest silver mine . Arica thus held a crucial role as one of the leading ports of the Spanish Empire . These enviable riches made Arica the target for pirates , buccaneers , and privateers , among whom Francis Drake , Thomas Cavendish , Richard Hawkins , Joris van Spilbergen , John Watling , Baltazar de Cordes , Bartholomew Sharp , William Dampier , and John Clipperton all took part in looting

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