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101-402: Templeton founded the organization in 1987 and headed it as chairman until he died in 2008. Templeton's son, John Templeton Jr. , served as its president from its founding until his death in 2015, at which point Templeton Jr.'s daughter, Heather Templeton Dill, became president. The foundation administers the annual Templeton Prize for achievements in the field of spirituality, including those at

202-405: A negative nature and therefore stipulate that other individuals and governments are to refrain from interfering with the free market, opposing social liberals who assert that individuals have positive rights , such as the right to vote, the right to an education, the right to healthcare , and the right to a minimum wage. For society to guarantee positive rights, it requires taxation over and above

303-526: A pure democracy , reasoning that in a pure democracy a "common passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the whole ... and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party". In the late 19th century, classical liberalism developed into neoclassical liberalism , which argued for government to be as small as possible to allow the exercise of individual freedom . In its most extreme form, neoclassical liberalism advocated social Darwinism . Right-libertarianism

404-465: A state of nature . These beliefs were complemented by a belief that financial incentive could best motivate labourers. This belief led to the passage of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 , which limited the provision of social assistance, based on the idea that markets are the mechanism that most efficiently leads to wealth. Drawing on ideas of Adam Smith , classical liberals believed that it

505-515: A "leading scholar on Chinese church-society relation". Harold G. Koenig , Dale Mathews, David Larson, Jeffrey Levin, Herbert Benson and Michael McCullough are scholars to whom the foundation has provided funds to "report the positive relations" between religion and medicine . One field in which the foundation has been particularly supportive is positive psychology , as developed by Martin Seligman , Angela Duckworth and others. Positive psychology

606-578: A "sugar daddy" for such thinkers. The foundation also has a history of supporting the Cato Institute , a libertarian think-tank and The Heritage Foundation conservative think-tank, as well as projects at major research centers and universities such as Hernando de Soto 's Instituto Libertad Y Democracia and the X Prize Foundation , which is described as "a nonprofit organization that designs and manages public competitions intended to encourage technological development that could benefit humanity". In

707-620: A $ 3.2 million grant to Indiana University and the Stone Age Institute supports the study of "what factors led human ancestors to develop skills like making tools, developing language, and seeking out information". In March 2019, the foundation provided the bulk of a group of grants adding up to over $ 7 million to enable the Institute for Interdisciplinary Brain and Behavioral Science (The Brain Institute) at Chapman University to examine "how

808-620: A 2007 article in The Nation Barbara Ehrenreich drew attention to the foundation's former president John M. Templeton Jr. funding of the conservative group Freedom's Watch , and referred to the foundation as a "right-wing venture". Pamela Thompson, former Vice President of Communications of the foundation, replied that "the Foundation is, and always has been, run in accordance with the wishes of Sir John Templeton Sr, who laid very strict criteria for its mission and approach", that it

909-414: A 2010 Templeton-Cambridge Journalism Fellowship. In a 2010 article on his Discover magazine blog, Mooney wrote, "I can honestly say that I have found the lectures and presentations that we've heard here to be serious and stimulating. The same goes for the discussions that have followed them". Some scholars have expressed concerns about the nature of the awards, research projects, and publications backed by

1010-455: A University of California—Santa Cruz astrophysicist, told Nature that they have never felt pressured by Templeton to spin their research toward religion-friendly conclusions. Sunny Bains of University College London Faculty of Engineering Science claimed that there is "evidence of cronyism (especially in the awarding of those million-dollar-plus Templeton prizes), a misleading attempt to move away from using religious language (without changing

1111-527: A brother; and six grandchildren. Classical liberalism Classical liberalism is a political tradition and a branch of liberalism that advocates free market and laissez-faire economics and civil liberties under the rule of law , with special emphasis on individual autonomy, limited government , economic freedom , political freedom and freedom of speech . Classical liberalism, contrary to liberal branches like social liberalism , looks more negatively on social policies , taxation and

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1212-608: A defence of the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Although these writings were considered too radical at the time for Britain's new rulers, Whigs, radicals and supporters of the American Revolution later came to cite them. However, much of later liberal thought was absent in Locke's writings or scarcely mentioned and his writings have been subject to various interpretations. For example, there is little mention of constitutionalism ,

1313-658: A diversity of contexts". A grant from the foundation supports a study of religion and health conducted by Tyler VanderWeele of Harvard University . VanderWeele is the John L. Loeb and Frances Lehman Loeb Professor of Epidemiology in the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , and co-director the University's Initiative on Health, Religion and Spirituality. His research has focused on

1414-651: A dominant ideology following the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and was associated with supporting the British Parliament, upholding the rule of law, defending landed property and sometimes included freedom of the press and freedom of speech. The origins of rights were seen as being in an ancient constitution existing from time immemorial . Custom rather than as natural rights justified these rights. Whigs believed that executive power had to be constrained. While they supported limited suffrage, they saw voting as

1515-454: A man tills, plants, improves, cultivates, and can use the product of", this principle held great appeal to individuals possessed of great wealth. Locke held that the individual had the right to follow his own religious beliefs and that the state should not impose a religion against Dissenters , but there were limitations. No tolerance should be shown for atheists , who were seen as amoral, or to Catholics , who were seen as owing allegiance to

1616-547: A physician in the U.S. Navy . In 1977, he went to work at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia as a pediatric surgeon and trauma program director. His wife Josephine was a pediatric anesthesiologist at the same hospital. He retired in 1995, as chief of pediatric surgery at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia to join the John Templeton Foundation and took over the leadership when his father died in 2008. Also in

1717-506: A privilege rather than as a right. However, there was no consistency in Whig ideology and diverse writers including John Locke , David Hume , Adam Smith and Edmund Burke were all influential among Whigs, although none of them were universally accepted. From the 1790s to the 1820s, British radicals concentrated on parliamentary and electoral reform, emphasising natural rights and popular sovereignty. Richard Price and Joseph Priestley adapted

1818-503: Is "a non-political entity with no religious bias" and it "is totally independent of any other organisation and therefore neither endorses, nor contributes to political candidates, campaigns, or movements of any kind". Drexel University sociologist Robert Brulle listed the foundation as among the largest financial contributors to the climate change denial movement between 2003 and 2010. The foundation also funds an affiliated publisher , Templeton Press, which from 2004 to 2010 published

1919-416: Is "the scientific study of what makes life most worth living", or "the scientific study of positive human functioning and flourishing on multiple levels that include the biological, personal, relational, institutional, cultural, and global dimensions of life". Positive psychology is concerned with eudaimonia , "the good life", reflection about what holds the greatest value in life – the factors that contribute

2020-555: Is a modern form of neoclassical liberalism. However, Edwin Van de Haar states although classical liberal thought influenced libertarianism, there are significant differences between them. Classical liberalism refuses to give priority to liberty over order and therefore does not exhibit the hostility to the state which is the defining feature of libertarianism. As such, right-libertarians believe classical liberals do not have enough respect for individual property rights and lack sufficient trust in

2121-524: Is considered closely tied to, or synonymous with, American libertarianism . Core beliefs of classical liberals included new ideas – which departed from both the older conservative idea of society as a family and from the later sociological concept of society as a complex set of social networks . Classical liberals agreed with Thomas Hobbes that individuals created government to protect themselves from each other and to minimize conflict between individuals that would otherwise arise in

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2222-458: Is how much government intervenes into the economy. ... When instead we discuss human purpose and the meaning of life, Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes are on the same side. Both of them possessed an expansive sense of what we are put on this earth to accomplish. ... For Smith, mercantilism was the enemy of human liberty. For Keynes, monopolies were. It makes perfect sense for an eighteenth-century thinker to conclude that humanity would flourish under

2323-732: Is necessary for life but also degrades RNA, and how the introduction of energy to organic materials yielded life rather than turning it into tar. The project is headed by molecular biophysicist and chemist Steven A. Benner . The foundation also awarded an $ 8 million grant to a program examining a theory in evolutionary biology called extended evolutionary synthesis . This project is headed by evolutionary biologist Kevin Laland . Several grants specifically supported inquiry into various aspects of human evolution. A 2014 grant of $ 4.9 million supports an effort at Arizona State University by paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson to explore how we became human, and

2424-465: Is the chief source from which it draws its strength". On the other hand, Gallican liberty "is sought in government ... . [T]he French look for the highest degree of political civilisation in organisation, that is, in the highest degree of interference by public power". French physiocracy heavily influenced British classical liberalism, which traces its roots to the Whigs and Radicals . Whiggery had become

2525-478: Is to establish a long-term research program that brings together represented communities. Marios Christodoulou and Carlo Rovelli are the project leaders. In 2016, the foundation granted over seven million dollars to the Black Hole Initiative (BHI), an interdisciplinary program at Harvard University that includes the fields of Astronomy , Physics and Philosophy , and is said to be the first center in

2626-557: The Gen2Gen Encore Prize ; the World Science Festival ; Pew religious demographics surveys; and programs that engage with Buddhist, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant traditions, including support for dialogue with scientists in synagogues, and a grant for advancing scientific literacy in madrasas . As of 2015, the foundation awarded nearly a billion dollars in grants and charitable contributions and

2727-589: The free market 's workings and spontaneous order leading to their support of a much larger state. Right-libertarians also disagree with classical liberals as being too supportive of central banks and monetarist policies. Friedrich Hayek identified two different traditions within classical liberalism, namely the British tradition and the French tradition: Hayek conceded that the national labels did not exactly correspond to those belonging to each tradition since he saw

2828-449: The separation of powers and limited government . James L. Richardson identified five central themes in Locke's writing: Although Locke did not develop a theory of natural rights, he envisioned individuals in the state of nature as being free and equal. The individual, rather than the community or institutions, was the point of reference. Locke believed that individuals had given consent to government and therefore authority derived from

2929-531: The 1850s. Jeremy Bentham and James Mill , although advocates of laissez-faire , non-intervention in foreign affairs, and individual liberty, believed that social institutions could be rationally redesigned through the principles of utilitarianism . The Conservative Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli rejected classical liberalism altogether and advocated Tory democracy . By the 1870s, Herbert Spencer and other classical liberals concluded that historical development

3030-592: The 18th century, with origins in capitulations of the Ottoman Empire , dating back to the first commercial treaties signed with France in 1536 and taken further with capitulations in 1673, in 1740 which lowered duties to only 3% for imports and exports and in 1790. Ottoman free trade policies were praised by British economists advocating free trade such as J. R. McCulloch in his Dictionary of Commerce (1834) but criticized by British politicians opposing free trade such as Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli , who cited

3131-628: The 1990s Templeton was featured on an episode of Rescue 911 Templeton was an evangelical Christian and an elder in the Presbyterian Church in America . The Templeton Honors College at Eastern University is named in his honor. He was a substantial contributor to conservative causes. In 2008, he donated $ 450,000 to the National Organization for Marriage , and his wife, Josephine, contributed $ 100,000. In 2009, he donated $ 300,000, again to

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3232-474: The 2010s, Charles L. Harper Jr., a former senior vice president of the foundation, told BusinessWeek that the foundation had become one of the "principal critics" of the intelligent design movement and funded projects that challenged that movement. Harper Jr. told The New York Times : "From the point of view of rigor and intellectual seriousness, the intelligent design people don't come out very well in our world of scientific review". Some organizations funded by

3333-641: The First World War. Its notable victories were the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 , the Reform Act of 1832 and the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. The Anti-Corn Law League brought together a coalition of liberal and radical groups in support of free trade under the leadership of Richard Cobden and John Bright , who opposed aristocratic privilege, militarism, and public expenditure and believed that

3434-653: The Frenchmen Montesquieu , Benjamin Constant , Joseph De Maistre and Alexis de Tocqueville as belonging to the British tradition and the British Thomas Hobbes , Joseph Priestley , Richard Price , Edward Gibbon , Benjamin Franklin , Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine as belonging to the French tradition. Hayek also rejected the label laissez-faire as originating from the French tradition and alien to

3535-789: The National Organization For Marriage. In a Philadelphia Inquirer article it was asserted that the Templetons had, between John and his wife, Josephine, donated $ 1 million to parties opposing same-sex marriage. In 2010, Politics Magazine had named Templeton as one of the most influential Republicans in Pennsylvania. Templeton died on May 16, 2015, from brain cancer in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania . Survivors include his wife, Josephine (Pina) Gargiulo Templeton, whom he married in 1970; two daughters, Heather Dill and Jennifer Simpson;

3636-445: The Ottoman Empire as "an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition" in the 1846 Corn Laws debate, arguing that it destroyed what had been "some of the finest manufactures of the world" in 1812. Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other In

3737-581: The Pope over their own national government. Adam Smith 's The Wealth of Nations , published in 1776, was to provide most of the ideas of economics, at least until the publication of John Stuart Mill 's Principles of Political Economy in 1848. Smith addressed the motivation for economic activity, the causes of prices and the distribution of wealth and the policies the state should follow to maximise wealth. Smith wrote that as long as supply, demand, prices and competition were left free of government regulation,

3838-631: The Templeton Prize is "explicitly critical of such pseudoscientific gibberish as intelligent design". A number of journalists have highlighted connections with conservative causes. A 1997 article in Slate written by David Plotz said the foundation had given a significant amount of financial support to groups, causes and individuals considered conservative , including gifts to Gertrude Himmelfarb , Milton Friedman , Walter E. Williams , Julian Lincoln Simon and Mary Lefkowitz , and called John Templeton Jr.

3939-597: The United States, liberalism took a strong root because it had little opposition to its ideals, whereas in Europe liberalism was opposed by many reactionary or feudal interests such as the nobility; the aristocracy, including army officers; the landed gentry; and the established church. Thomas Jefferson adopted many of the ideals of liberalism, but in the Declaration of Independence changed Locke's "life, liberty and property" to

4040-538: The University's Initiative on Health, Religion and Spirituality. His research has focused on the application of causal inference to epidemiology, as well as on the relationship between religion and health . In June 2019, the foundation awarded one of its largest grants to the Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School for its Ancient DNA Atlas project that seeks to sequence the DNA of ancient human remains to tell

4141-590: The application of causal inference to epidemiology, as well as on the relationship between religion and health . The foundation has provided grants in support of dialogue with scientists in synagogues, and a grant for advancing scientific literacy in madrasas . It has also sponsored a major, multi-year, multi-million-dollar effort to integrate science education in North American seminaries, including Mainline Protestant, Evangelical Protestant, and Catholic and Orthodox institutions. The foundation provided funding for

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4242-490: The backbone of Great Britain was the yeoman farmer. Their policies of low public expenditure and low taxation were adopted by William Gladstone when he became Chancellor of the Exchequer and later Prime Minister . Classical liberalism was often associated with religious dissent and nonconformism . Although classical liberals aspired to a minimum of state activity, they accepted the principle of government intervention in

4343-608: The bare term liberalism often means classical liberalism. Classical liberalism gained full flowering in the early 18th century, building on ideas dating at least as far back as the 16th century, within the Iberian, British, and Central European contexts, and it was foundational to the American Revolution and "American Project" more broadly. Notable liberal individuals whose ideas contributed to classical liberalism include John Locke , Jean-Baptiste Say , Thomas Malthus , and David Ricardo . It drew on classical economics , especially

4444-694: The beliefs of Hume and Smith. Guido De Ruggiero also identified differences between "Montesquieu and Rousseau, the English and the democratic types of liberalism" and argued that there was a "profound contrast between the two Liberal systems". He claimed that the spirit of "authentic English Liberalism" had "built up its work piece by piece without ever destroying what had once been built, but basing upon it every new departure". This liberalism had "insensibly adapted ancient institutions to modern needs" and "instinctively recoiled from all abstract proclamations of principles and rights". Ruggiero claimed that this liberalism

4545-516: The best guide and emphasised "limited government" while social liberals supported government regulation and the welfare state. Herbert Spencer in Britain and William Graham Sumner were the leading neo-classical liberal theorists of the 19th century. The evolution from classical to social/welfare liberalism is for example reflected in Britain in the evolution of the thought of John Maynard Keynes . The Ottoman Empire had liberal free trade policies by

4646-431: The book Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion, which was edited by historian of science Ronald Numbers . The foundation has received both praise and criticism for its awards. The French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) has been critical of the foundation for funding "initiatives to bring science and religion closer together." Science journalist Chris Mooney , an atheist, received

4747-468: The breadth of its coverage, and ideological perspectives asserted to be associated with them. John Templeton (29 November 1912 – 8 July 2008) was an American-born British investor , banker, fund manager , and philanthropist. In 1954, he entered the mutual fund market and created the Templeton Growth Fund . According to a 2011 profile of the foundation: Like many of his generation, Templeton

4848-539: The center, after the center was dissolved. Some media outlets described the foundation as a supporter of intelligent design during the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District litigation in the mid-2000s, a charge which the foundation denied. The foundation "explicitly warns intelligent-design researchers not to bother submitting proposals: they will not be considered." In March 2009, the Discovery Institute accused

4949-418: The context of American politics, "classical liberalism" may be described as "fiscally conservative" and "socially liberal". Despite this, classical liberals tend to reject the right 's higher tolerance for economic protectionism and the left's inclination for collective group rights due to classical liberalism's central principle of individualism . Additionally, in the United States, classical liberalism

5050-403: The development of a general theory of complexity, constituting "a concise, parsimonious, and potentially mathematizable framework for understanding complex adaptive systems". In 2016, the foundation awarded $ 5.4 million to the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME) to study the origin of life on Earth, particularly investigating questions of how early RNA interacted with water, which

5151-585: The economic ideas espoused by Adam Smith in Book One of The Wealth of Nations , and on a belief in natural law . In contemporary times, Friedrich Hayek , Milton Friedman , Ludwig von Mises , Thomas Sowell , George Stigler , Larry Arnhart , Ronald Coase and James M. Buchanan are seen as the most prominent advocates of classical liberalism. However, other scholars have made reference to these contemporary thoughts as neoclassical liberalism , distinguishing them from 18th-century classical liberalism. In

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5252-573: The economy from the early 19th century on, with passage of the Factory Acts . From around 1840 to 1860, laissez-faire advocates of the Manchester School and writers in The Economist were confident that their early victories would lead to a period of expanding economic and personal liberty and world peace, but would face reversals as government intervention and activity continued to expand from

5353-415: The economy, to supervise standards of life and labour, to regulate the methods of business competition, and to establish comprehensive patterns of social security. Alan Wolfe summarizes the viewpoint that there is a continuous liberal understanding that includes both Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes : The idea that liberalism comes in two forms assumes that the most fundamental question facing mankind

5454-428: The field of religion; Mother Teresa received the inaugural award in 1973, with other early winners including Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1975), Chiara Lubich (1977), and Nikkyō Niwano (1979). In the 1980s, John Templeton began considering the intersection of science and religion, and after he appointed two scientists to the judging panel, scientists who worked at the intersection began receiving it; Alister Hardy

5555-423: The field of spirituality could come from anywhere. The field of grants was broadened in the 1980s to include scientific fields like neuroscience, psychology, and cosmology, seen as being aligned with the mission. Some research programs supported by the foundation included the development of positive psychology by Martin Seligman , Angela Duckworth and others; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University ;

5656-479: The form of American conservatism . According to Deepak Lal , only in the United States does classical liberalism continue to be a significant political force through American conservatism. American libertarians also claim to be the true continuation of the classical liberal tradition. Central to classical liberal ideology was their interpretation of John Locke 's Second Treatise of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration , which had been written as

5757-516: The foundation according to his father's wishes instead of his own. He died in 2015. Heather Templeton Dill, the daughter of John Templeton Jr., became president in 2015. Templeton bequeathed around $ 500 million to the foundation when he died in 2008. As of 2015 the foundation's total endowment had grown to $ 3.34 billion. The foundation reports that it has issued over 3,300 grants, with over 2,800 of those going to recipients in North America. In 2016,

5858-411: The foundation disbursed over $ 151,000,000 in grants. The Templeton Prize was established by John Templeton and he administered the prize until the foundation was established in 1987, which took it over. The prize has "a value of about $ 1.7 million, making it one of the world’s largest annual awards given to an individual". The early prizes were given solely to people who had made great achievements in

5959-748: The foundation for its studies focusing on demographics of religions in the world, part of the series entitled Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures . The Center on Religion and Chinese Society of the Purdue University in Indiana is funded by the foundation. The current director of the center, the Chinese American Christian scholar Fenggang Yang , has been granted more than $ 9.5 million to support his projects, The center has published research on religion in China , especially based on Yang's own theory of

6060-497: The foundation for support, though, are not required to state their religious beliefs, or to have any". In 2006, John Horgan , a 2005 Templeton-Cambridge fellow then working as a freelance science journalist, wrote in The Chronicle of Higher Education that he had enjoyed his fellowship, but felt guilty that by taking money from the foundation, he had contributed to the mingling of science with religion. Horgan stated "misgivings about

6161-409: The foundation has supported Christian-oriented research in the field of the scientific study of religions , although the foundation has awarded both the Templeton Prize and numerous grants to persons of widely varied religious backgrounds, having provided extensive funding of Islamic scholarship, Buddhist research, and Jewish public engagement. Wired magazine has noted that "the scientists who apply to

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6262-532: The foundation in the 1990s gave book-writing grants to Guillermo Gonzalez and to William Dembski , proponents of intelligent design who later joined the Discovery Institute . The foundation also gave money directly to the Discovery Institute which in turn passed it through to Baylor University, which used the funds to support Dembski's salary at its short-lived Michael Polanyi Center . The foundation funded projects by Bruce L. Gordon , associate director of

6363-563: The foundation of blocking its involvement in Biological Evolution: Facts and Theories , a Vatican-backed, Templeton-funded conference in Rome. On the lack of involvement of any speakers supporting intelligent design, the conference director Rev. Marc Leclerc said, "We think that it's not a scientific perspective, nor a theological or philosophical one ... This makes a dialogue difficult, maybe impossible". In 2011, The Times stated that

6464-480: The foundation's agenda of reconciling religion and science". He said that a conference he attended favored scientists who "offered a perspective clearly skewed in favor of religion and Christianity." Horgan fears recipients of large grants from the foundation sometimes write what the foundation wants rather than what they believe. Richard Dawkins , in his 2006 book The God Delusion , interprets Horgan as saying that "Templeton's money corrupts science", and characterizes

6565-508: The foundation, but observed that many of its critics and grantees alike failed to appreciate "the breadth of the foundation's activities, much less the quixotic vision of its founder, John Templeton". Schneider observed: "At worst, Templeton could be called heterodox and naïve; at best, his was a mind more open than most, reflective of the most inventive and combinatorial strains of American religious thought, eager to radically reinterpret ancient wisdom and bring it up to speed with some version from

6666-476: The foundation. These concerns include questioning its integrity, cronyism, and its Templeton Freedom Awards. Journalist Sunny Bains pointed out in 2011 that Templeton Freedom Awards are administered by the Atlas Economic Research Foundation, a group that opposes taking action on climate change and defends the tobacco industry, which also gives the foundation funding. Critics have asserted that

6767-470: The highest-paying employers, while the profit motive would ensure that products that people desired were produced at prices they would pay. In a free market, both labour and capital would receive the greatest possible reward, while production would be organized efficiently to meet consumer demand. Classical liberals argued for what they called a minimal state and government , limited to the following functions: Classical liberals asserted that rights are of

6868-405: The human brain enables conscious control of decisions and actions". A grant from the foundation supports a study of religion and health conducted by Tyler VanderWeele of Harvard University . VanderWeele is the John L. Loeb and Frances Lehman Loeb Professor of Epidemiology in the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , and co-director

6969-456: The intersection of science and religion. It has an extensive grant-funding program (around $ 150 million per year as of 2016) aimed at supporting research in physics, biology, psychology, and the social sciences as well as philosophy and theology. It also supports programs related to genetics, "exceptional cognitive talent and genius" and "individual freedom and free markets". The foundation receives both praise and criticism for its awards, regarding

7070-491: The language of Locke to the ideology of radicalism. The radicals saw parliamentary reform as a first step toward dealing with their many grievances, including the treatment of Protestant Dissenters , the slave trade, high prices, and high taxes. There was greater unity among classical liberals than there had been among Whigs. Classical liberals were committed to individualism, liberty, and equal rights, as well as some other important tenants of leftism , since classical liberalism

7171-771: The largest linguistic group today. The funding was used to embrace a multi-disciplinary approach and crowd-sourced results before the final manuscripts were completed, receiving commentary and feedback from academics of various institutions on several continents, according to geneticist David Reich , lead researcher on the project. The study was also funded by the governments of the US , Russia , Germany ( Max Planck Institute ), European Union and India . Results have been published in Science and Cell . The Pew Research Center, an American fact tank or research organization, has been "jointly and generously funded" by The Pew Charitable Trusts and

7272-420: The market. For a twentieth century thinker committed to the same ideal, government was an essential tool to the same end. The view that modern liberalism is a continuation of classical liberalism is controversial and disputed by many. James Kurth , Robert E. Lerner , John Micklethwait , Adrian Wooldridge and several other political scholars have argued that classical liberalism still exists today, but in

7373-437: The minimum needed to enforce negative rights. Core beliefs of classical liberals did not necessarily include democracy nor government by a majority vote by citizens because "there is nothing in the bare idea of majority rule to show that majorities will always respect the rights of property or maintain rule of law". For example, James Madison argued for a constitutional republic with protections for individual liberty over

7474-476: The more socially liberal " Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness ". As the United States grew, industry became a larger and larger part of American life; and during the term of its first populist President , Andrew Jackson , economic questions came to the forefront. The economic ideas of the Jacksonian era were almost universally the ideas of classical liberalism. Freedom, according to classical liberals,

7575-652: The most to a well-lived and fulfilling life. Positive psychology began as a new domain of psychology in 1998 when Seligman chose it as the theme for his term as president of the American Psychological Association . In 2019, the foundation awarded $ 2.6 million grant to Sarah Schnitker of Baylor University and Benjamin Houltberg of the University of Southern California to "galvanize widespread scientific development of virtue interventions for adolescents across

7676-489: The people rather than from above. This belief would influence later revolutionary movements. As a trustee, government was expected to serve the interests of the people, not the rulers; and rulers were expected to follow the laws enacted by legislatures. Locke also held that the main purpose of men uniting into commonwealths and governments was for the preservation of their property. Despite the ambiguity of Locke's definition of property, which limited property to "as much land as

7777-726: The periodical In Character: A Journal of Everyday Virtues . From 2000 to 2003 it published Research news & opportunities in science and theology , in which Bruce L. Gordon published a piece on the state of "design theory" in the aftermath of the Michael Polanyi Center affair. Templeton Press has a partnership with the Yale University Press , producing books on character and Foundational Questions in Science. John Templeton Jr. John Marks Templeton Jr. (February 19, 1940 – May 16, 2015), also known as Jack Templeton ,

7878-563: The present." Though the foundation, in Schneider's view, "has associated itself with political and religious forces that cause it to be perceived as threatening the integrity of science and protecting the religious status quo," these alliances meant the foundation "is also better positioned than most to foster a conservatism—and a culture generally—that holds the old habits of religions and business responsible to good evidence, while helping scientists better speak to people's deepest concerns". In 2011,

7979-513: The prize as going "usually to a scientist who is prepared to say something nice about religion". Donald Wiebe, a scholar of religious studies at the University of Toronto , similarly criticized the foundation in a 2009 article entitled Religious Biases in Funding Religious Studies Research? . According to him, the foundation supports Christian bias in the field of religious studies, by deliberately imposing constraints to steer

8080-470: The reader", and that "[o]bvious opportunities for detailed investigation – financial records, grantmaking decisions, interviews with Templeton staff, interviews with grantees, examination of correspondence between grantees and Templeton – are entirely absent". A 2007 article in the Los Angeles Times described the foundation as having "drawn criticism for its early support of intelligent design", but by

8181-524: The religious agenda), [and] the funding of right-wing anti-science groups". Bains feels that grants from the foundation "blur the line between science and religion". Bains' claims have been disputed by Josh Rosenau of the National Center for Science Education , who wrote that "the story [Bains] wrote is not convincing", stating that "[k]ey assertions are couched in equivocal language that relies on her judgment or her assumptions, not on any evidence offered to

8282-596: The results of the research. Paul Davies , physicist and 1995 Templeton Prize laureate, gave a defense of the foundation's role in the scientific community in the Times Higher Education Supplement in March 2005. In 2010, journalist Nathan Schneider published a lengthy investigative article about the foundation, entitled God, Science and Philanthropy , in The Nation . In the article, he aired complaints about

8383-558: The science journal Nature took note of the ongoing controversy among scientists over working with Templeton. Jerry Coyne , University of Chicago evolutionary biologist, sees a fundamental impossibility in attempting to reconcile faith with science. Coyne told Nature writer Mitchell Waldrop that the foundation's purpose is to eliminate the wall between religion and science, and to use science's prestige to validate religion. Other scientists, including Foundation grantees like University of Chicago psychologist John Cacioppo and Anthony Aguirre,

8484-596: The so-called "religious market", with speculations were based on a report of the Pew Research Center, another publication backed by the foundation. Some scholars of Chinese religion have criticized Yang's sociological theories about religion in China, although the New York Times has referred to Yang as "a pioneer in the study of the sociology of religion in China", and the Wall Street Journal has deemed him

8585-564: The state involvement in the lives of individuals, and it advocates deregulation . Until the Great Depression and the rise of social liberalism, classical liberalism was called economic liberalism . Later, the term was applied as a retronym , to distinguish earlier 19th-century liberalism from social liberalism. By modern standards, in the United States , the bare term liberalism often means social liberalism, but in Europe and Australia ,

8686-609: The story of human migration and development through the addition of DNA sequences of 10,000 individuals spanning 50,000 years. The funding was used to solve a riddle that had puzzled historians, classicists, linguists, anthropologists and archaeologists for 200 years - whether the bulk of the European civilization had arrived from Anatolia or the Pontic Steppes of Central Asia , and how Indo-European languages spread over an enormous geographical area from Britain to India , becoming

8787-446: The words of Arthur Schlesinger Jr. : When the growing complexity of industrial conditions required increasing government intervention in order to assure more equal opportunities, the liberal tradition, faithful to the goal rather than to the dogma, altered its view of the state. ... There emerged the conception of a social welfare state, in which the national government had the express obligation to maintain high levels of employment in

8888-450: The words of William Jennings Bryan , " You shall not crucify this nation on a cross of gold ". Classical liberalism remained the orthodox belief among American businessmen until the Great Depression . The Great Depression in the United States saw a sea change in liberalism, with priority shifting from the producers to consumers. Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal represented the dominance of modern liberalism in politics for decades. In

8989-486: The world to focus on the study of black holes . Notable principal participants include Sheperd Doeleman, Peter Galison , Avi Loeb , Ramesh Narayan , Andrew Strominger , and Shing-Tung Yau . The BHI Inauguration was held on 18 April 2016 and was attended by Stephen Hawking ; related workshop events were held on 19 April 2016. In 2015, the Santa Fe Institute was awarded a three-year, $ 2.5 million grant to support

9090-421: Was a great believer in progress, learning, initiative, and the power of human imagination — not to mention the free-enterprise system that allowed him, a middle-class boy from Winchester, Tennessee, to earn billions of dollars on Wall Street. ... Unlike most of his peers, however, Templeton thought that the principles of progress should also apply to religion. He described himself as "an enthusiastic Christian" — but

9191-509: Was also open to learning from Hinduism, Islam and other religious traditions. Why, he wondered, couldn't religious ideas be open to the type of constructive competition that had produced so many advances in science and the free market? These were the values he sought to promote first through the Templeton Prize which he started in 1972 and then through the foundation, which he founded in 1987 and ran until he died in 2008. John Templeton Jr.

9292-626: Was an American physician. The elder son of Judith (née Folk) Templeton and investor, businessman and philanthropist Sir John Templeton , Jack Templeton served as the Chairman and President of the John Templeton Foundation . Templeton was born in New York City and graduated from Yale University , where he was a member of Elihu senior society, as was his father. He later earned a medical degree at Harvard Medical School , and then served as

9393-419: Was challenged by what he called the "new Liberalism of France" that was characterised by egalitarianism and a "rationalistic consciousness". In 1848, Francis Lieber distinguished between what he called "Anglican and Gallican Liberty". Lieber asserted that "independence in the highest degree, compatible with safety and broad national guarantees of liberty, is the great aim of Anglican liberty, and self-reliance

9494-579: Was in the common interest that all individuals be able to secure their own economic self-interest. They were critical of what would come to be the idea of the welfare state as interfering in a free market . Despite Smith's resolute recognition of the importance and value of labour and of labourers, classical liberals criticized labour's group rights being pursued at the expense of individual rights while accepting corporations' rights , which led to inequality of bargaining power . Classical liberals argued that individuals should be free to obtain work from

9595-482: Was intervention on behalf of consumers. The Nation magazine espoused liberalism every week starting in 1865 under the influential editor Edwin Lawrence Godkin (1831–1902). The ideas of classical liberalism remained essentially unchallenged until a series of depressions , thought to be impossible according to the tenets of classical economics , led to economic hardship from which the voters demanded relief. In

9696-403: Was introduced in the late 18th century as a leftist movement. They believed these goals required a free economy with minimal government interference. Some elements of Whiggery were uncomfortable with the commercial nature of classical liberalism. These elements became associated with conservatism. Classical liberalism was the dominant political theory in Britain from the early 19th century until

9797-567: Was maximised when the government took a "hands off" attitude toward the economy. Historian Kathleen G. Donohue argues: [A]t the center of classical liberal theory [in Europe] was the idea of laissez-faire . To the vast majority of American classical liberals, however, laissez-faire did not mean no government intervention at all. On the contrary, they were more than willing to see government provide tariffs, railroad subsidies, and internal improvements, all of which benefited producers. What they condemned

9898-414: Was president of the foundation from its inception in 1987 and worked as a pediatric surgeon; he was chief of pediatric surgery at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in 1995, when he stopped practicing medicine to join the foundation. He took over as chairman when his father died. He was an evangelical Christian and supported various American conservative causes. He always maintained that he tried to run

9999-669: Was the 55th largest grantor among American foundations. The top ten largest grants as of 2018 were: The John Templeton Foundation granted over two million dollars in 2019, and then 4.5 million dollars in 2022 to QISS. The QISS consortium brings together specialists from quantum gravity , quantum information , foundations of quantum mechanics , as well Philosophy of Science to the physics of quantum spacetime on an information theoretical basis, bring within reach empirical access to quantum gravity phenomenology leveraging rapidly advancing quantum technologies, and promote interactions between physicists and philosophers. The broader goal of QISS

10100-773: Was the first, in 1987. More recent winners of the Templeton Prize have included the Dalai Lama in 2012, King Abdullah II of Jordan in 2018, Brazilian Jewish physicist and astronomer Marcelo Gleiser in 2019, and primatologist Jane Goodall in 2021. Templeton "was a great believer in progress, learning, initiative and the power of human imagination—not to mention the free-enterprise system". While most of its funding goes to topics in science, philosophy, and religion, around 40 percent of its annual grants go to character development, genius, freedom, free enterprise, and fields associated with classical liberalism . Grants are given to people across all religions since Templeton believed progress in

10201-511: Was turning against them. By the First World War, the Liberal Party had largely abandoned classical liberal principles. The changing economic and social conditions of the 19th century led to a division between neo-classical and social (or welfare) liberals, who while agreeing on the importance of individual liberty differed on the role of the state. Neo-classical liberals, who called themselves "true liberals", saw Locke's Second Treatise as

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