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48-736: Most commonly known as the Puerto Rico Bank and Puerto Rican Bank, the bank is named after the largest island within its limits, the eponymous main island of the archipelago of Puerto Rico . The The part of the bank covering the Virgin Islands is occasionally referred to as the Virgin Bank . Separated from the Greater Antilles by the Mona Passage and from the Lesser Antilles by

96-693: A land area of 8,868 sq km (3,424 sq mi ), the main island is the 3rd largest in the U.S. , 4th in the Caribbean , 29th in the Americas , and 81st in the world , making it the 174th largest country or dependency by surface area. With 3.2 million residents , it is the 2nd largest in the U.S., 4th in the Caribbean, 4th in the Americas, and 31st in the world, making it the 136th largest country or dependency by population. Geologically separated from

144-399: A person – or, less commonly, a place or thing – for which someone or something is, or is believed to be, named. Eponym may also refer to someone or something named after, or believed to be named after, a person – or, less commonly, a place or thing. A person, place, or thing named after a particular person share an eponymous relationship. In this way, Elizabeth I of England is the eponym of

192-510: Is a Puerto Rican forester who uses silvicultural techniques. Fernandez is currently developing cutting edge forestry methods known as the "Borincano Model". The model capitalizes on the diversity of ecological niches in Puerto Rican forests and native disturbance regimes to formulate practices uniquely suited to the forests of the territory. About his model Fernandez has been known to comment, " Soy de aquí como el coquí " (I am from here just like

240-593: Is also home to more than 240 plants, 26 of which are endemic, and 50 bird species, including the critically endangered Puerto Rican amazon ( Amazona vittata ). Forests of Puerto Rico are well represented by the flora of the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF), a Long Term Ecological Research Network site managed by the United States Forest Service and University of Puerto Rico . At this site, there are four main life zones, delineated on

288-557: Is an archipelagic island U.S. territory comprised of the eponymous main island of Puerto Rico and 142 smaller islands , including Vieques , Culebra , and Mona . It is located between the Greater and Lesser Antilles in the northeastern Caribbean Sea , east of Hispaniola , west of Saint Thomas , north of Venezuela , and south of the Puerto Rico Trench . 177 km (110 mi ; 96 nmi) long and 65 km (40 mi; 35 nmi) wide with

336-747: Is an important part for the continuation of American power abroad . 18°15′N 66°30′W  /  18.250°N 66.500°W  / 18.250; -66.500 Eponym An eponym is a person, a place, or a thing after which or for which someone or something is, or is believed to be, named. Adjectives derived from the word eponym include eponymous and eponymic . Eponyms are commonly used for time periods, places, innovations, biological nomenclature, astronomical objects, works of art and media, and tribal names. Various orthographic conventions are used for eponyms. The term eponym functions in multiple related ways, all based on an explicit relationship between two named things. Eponym may refer to

384-415: Is currently being deformed by the tectonic stresses caused by the interaction of these plates. These stresses may cause earthquakes and tsunamis . These seismic events, along with landslides , represent some of the most dangerous geologic hazards in the island and in the northeastern Caribbean . The most recent major earthquake occurred on October 11, 1918 , with seismic moment estimated at 7.5 on

432-546: Is located in this range. Another important peak is El Yunque , the second highest peak in the Sierra de Luquillo at the El Yunque National Forest , with an elevation of 3,494 ft (1,065 m). Puerto Rico is composed of Cretaceous to Eocene volcanic and plutonic rocks, which are overlain by younger Oligocene to recent carbonates and other sedimentary rocks . Most of the caverns and karst topography on

480-518: Is not a popular issue among Puerto Ricans. As an unincorporated territory of the United States , Puerto Rico does not have any first-order administrative divisions as defined by the U.S. Government , but there are 78 municipalities at the second level. Municipalities are further subdivided into barrios . Each municipality has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected for a 4-year term. The first permanent municipality of Puerto Rico, San Juan ,

528-601: The Age of Exploration and Sail , Puerto Rico was known to the Spanish as La Llave de las Indias (The Key to the Indies ), as it was the closest, European-settled major area of land in the Americas to both continental Europe and Africa with open access to the Atlantic Ocean . The northeast trade winds , coupled with the canary and north equatorial ocean currents , naturally made

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576-767: The Anegada passage in the northeastern Caribbean Sea of the Atlantic Ocean , the Puerto Rico Bank compromises the main island of Puerto Rico , the Spanish Virgins Islands of Vieques and Culebra , the U.S. Virgin Islands of Saint Thomas and Saint John , and the British Virgin Islands of Jost Van Dyke , Tortola , Virgin Gorda , and Anegada . It includes all surrounding minor islands and cays of each one of

624-494: The Elizabethan era , but the Elizabethan era can also be referred to as the eponym of Elizabeth I of England . Eponyms may be named for things or places, for example 10 Downing Street , a building named after its street address. Adjectives and verbs may be eponyms, for example bowdlerize . Adjectives derived from the word eponym include eponymous and eponymic . When Henry Ford is referred to as "the eponymous founder of

672-743: The Ford Motor Company ", his surname "Ford" and the name of the motor company have an eponymous relationship. The word "eponym" can also refer to the title character of a fictional work (such as Rocky Balboa of the Rocky film series ), as well as to self-titled works named after their creators (such as the album The Doors by the band the Doors ). Walt Disney created the eponymous Walt Disney Company , with his name similarly extended to theme parks such as Walt Disney World . Medical eponymous terms are often called medical eponyms , although that usage

720-728: The Gibraltar of the Caribbean , as it stands guard over the entrance to the Caribbean Sea , itself a passageway into North , Central , and South America , just as British Gibraltar stands guard over the Strait of Gibraltar , the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean. Like Hawaii in the middle of the Pacific Ocean , Puerto Rico in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean

768-613: The Greater Antilles island of Hispaniola by the Mona Passage and from the Lesser Antilles island arc by the Anegada Passage , the main island of Puerto Rico, the Spanish Virgin Islands of Vieques and Culebra, the British Virgin Islands , and the U.S. Virgin Islands except for the southernmost island of Saint Croix all lie on the same carbonate platform and insular shelf , the Puerto Rico Bank , between

816-646: The Milwaukee Depth , it is 27,493 ft (8,380 m) deep, or about 5.21 mi (8.38 km). The archipelago of Puerto Rico is located between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean , east of the Hispaniola and west of the Virgin Islands . Located in the northeastern Caribbean Sea, Puerto Rico was key to the Spanish Empire since the early years of exploration, conquest and colonization of

864-540: The New World . The topography of the main island is divided into three major regions: the mountainous region, which includes the Cordillera Central , the Sierra de Luquillo , and the Sierra de Cayey ; the coastal plains; and the northern karst region. The Cordillera Central extends through the entire island, dividing it into the northern and southern regions. The mountain region accounts for approximately 60% of

912-530: The Puerto Rico Trench in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Muertos Trough in the northeastern Caribbean Sea . The archipelagos of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands except for Saint Croix also lie on the same tectonic plate , the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands microplate . Around 60% mountainous, the main island of Puerto Rico has one principal mountain range covering the central region of

960-505: The moment magnitude scale . It originated off the coast of Aguadilla and was accompanied by a tsunami . Lying about 75 mi (121 km) north of Puerto Rico in the Atlantic Ocean at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates is the Puerto Rico Trench , the largest and deepest trench in the Atlantic. The trench is 1,090 mi (1,750 km) long and about 97 km (60 mi) wide. At its deepest point, named

1008-744: The wildlife refuge in Cabo Rojo and Desecheo , the estuarine research reserve of Bahía de Jobos in Salinas , and the national park of the El Yunque forest in Rio Grande . Puerto Rico is mostly mountainous with large coastal areas in the north and south. The main mountain range is called Cordillera Central (Central Mountain Range). The highest elevation in Puerto Rico, Cerro de Punta at 4,393 feet (1,339 m),

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1056-533: The 19th century. Only six municipalities were founded in the 20th century with the last, Florida , being founded in 1971. Under Spanish rule, as of the 1880s, Puerto Rico was subdivided into regional districts (or " departamentos ") that contained smaller ayuntamientos (municipalities). Since the European colonization of Puerto Rico in the early 1500s, the geographic location of the island has been recognized for its strategic significance and accessibility. During

1104-409: The Atlantic hurricane season from May to November. Puerto Rico has lakes (none of them natural) and more than 50 rivers . Most of these rivers are born in the Cordillera Central , Puerto Rico's principal mountain range located across the center of the island. The rivers in the north of the island are bigger and with higher flow capacity than those of the south. The south is thus drier and hotter than

1152-548: The U.S. Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands with each other lost their land connection 7,000 years BP ago (5,050 years BC ago), while the main island of Puerto Rico with some of its minor islands, cays, and islets 3,000 BP years ago (1,050 BC years ago). Geography of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico ( Spanish for 'rich port'; abbreviated PR ), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ,

1200-424: The aforementioned major islands. The westernmost islands of Desecho , Mona , and Monito of Puerto Rico, and the southernmost island of Saint Croix of the U.S. Virgin Islands do not form part of the bank, as they lie on their own platforms. Including the island within the Puerto Rico Bank, it measures 350 km (218 mi ) in length and 40 to 80 km (25 to 50 mi) in width. Around the main island of Puerto Rico ,

1248-602: The archipelago of Puerto Rico, including Vieques and Culebra, are connected less than 25 m (82 ft). Similarly, the main islands of the U.S. Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands are connected by less than 25 m (82 ft). The Spanish Virgin Islands of Vieques and Culebra and the American and British islands are separated by a narrow strait , the Virgin Passage, which is 16 km (10 m) in length and 20 to 32 m (65 to 105 ft) in depth. With an area of 21,000 sq km (8,108 sq mi), it

1296-419: The archipelago of Puerto Rico. The majority of these (234, 12 and 33 respectively) are found on the main island. The most recognizable endemic species and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride are the coquis ( Eleutherodactylus spp.), small frogs easily recognized by the sound from which they get their name. El Yunque National Forest , a tropical rainforest , is home to the majority (13 of 16) of species of coqui. It

1344-531: The bank is 2 to 15 km (1 to 9 mi) wide from the southeast to the southwest, over 15 to 2 km (9 to 1 mi) wide from the southwest to northwest, and less than 2 km (1 mi) wide from the northwest to the northeast. Around the archipelago of the Virgin Islands , the bank is 40 to 65 km (25 to 40 mi) wide. The Puerto Rico Bank is less than 79 m (260 ft ) in depth, with the portion connecting all the islands being less than 40 m (131 ft) in depth. All islands and cays in

1392-500: The basis of temperature and precipitation (Holdridge System), in the Sierra de Luquillo : subtropical wet and subtropical rain forests are found at low and mid elevations, lower montane rain and lower montane wet forests at high elevations. There is also an area of subtropical moist forest at low elevations on the southwest slope. Tabonuco forest, so named for the dominant tabonuco tree ( Dacryodes excelsa ), covers lower slopes to about 2,000 ft (610 m). In well-developed stands

1440-544: The coqui), a common patriotic axiom that is used to demonstrate their native ties to the island. The coqui and its unique vocalizations are indigenous to the island of Puerto Rico. However, there are thriving populations of coquis that, like the people of Puerto Rico, have been transported to Hawaii . The coqui is viewed as an ecological menace in Hawaii where its song of co kee co kee is found to be an irritant by many. Needless to say that efforts to eradicate its presence in Hawaii

1488-512: The front and vanguard of all my West Indies, and with respect to its consequences, the most appreciated of them and coveted by the enemies." King Phillip IV of Spain, May 16, 1640 In 1643, the king reiterated the importance of Puerto Rico to the Spanish Empire as: "…pri­mera de las pobladas y principal custodia y llave de todas…" Rey Felipe IV de España, 20 de Agosto de 1643 which, translated in English , reads as: "…first of

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1536-436: The ground, especially in canopy gaps; epiphytes are fairly common, and vines are uncommon. Puerto Rican dry forests are dominated by plants in the families Rubiaceae , Euphorbiaceae , and Myrtaceae . In this regard they are similar to Jamaican dry forests , but differ sharply from dry forests on the mainland of South and Central America, which are dominated by Fabaceae and Bignoniaceae . Mario Javier Fernandez-Vega

1584-689: The ground. Ascending the Luquillo mountains through these forest types, the average tree height and diameter, number of tree species, and basal area (cross sectional area of tree stems) tend to decrease, while stem density increases. There are more than 89 tree species in the LEF. The most common are Prestoea acuminata , Casearia arborea , Dacryodes excelsa , Manilkara bidentata , Inga laurina , and Sloanea berteroana . Common shrub species are Palicourea croceoides , Psychotria berteriana , and Piper glabrescens . Grasses, ferns , and forbs are frequent on

1632-406: The island from west to east, the Cordillera Central . It is divided into three subranges: the eponymous main subrange of Cordillera Central in the center, the Sierra de Cayey in the southeast, and the Sierra de Luquillo in the northeast. The highest elevation point in Puerto Rico, Cerro de Punta (4,390 feet or 1,338 meters), is located in the Cordillera Central , while El Yunque , one of

1680-555: The island occurs in the northern Oligocene to recent carbonates. The oldest rocks are approximately 190 million years old ( Jurassic ) and are located at Sierra Bermeja along the Lajas Valley in the southwest part of the island. These rocks may represent part of the oceanic crust and are believed to come from the Pacific Ocean realm. Puerto Rico lies at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates . This means that it

1728-614: The island the first major location to encounter en route to the Caribbean , North America , Central America , and South America , regions where the Spanish established their territories, often simply called the Indias (Indies) . In 1640, King Philip IV of Spain described Puerto Rico as: "…siendo frente y vanguardia de todas mis Indias Occidentales, y respecto de sus consecuencias la más apreciada de ellas, y codiciada de los enemigos." Rey Felipe IV de España, 16 de Mayo de 1640 which, translated in English , reads as: "…being

1776-447: The land area. The archipelago of Culebra , located east of Puerto Rico, north of Vieques , and west of the Virgin Islands, is composed of the island of Culebra and 28 uninhabited islets. Mainly mountainous, the island of Culebra possesses world-renowned beaches. Located in the tropics, Puerto Rico enjoys an average temperature of 81 °F (27 °C) throughout the year. The seasons do not change very drastically. The temperature in

1824-409: The large palo colorado tree ( Cyrilla racemiflora ), begins above the tabonuco forest and extends up to about 3,000 ft (910 m). Its canopy reaches only about 49 ft (15 m). Soils are saturated and root mats above the soil are common. There are some 53 tree species in this forest type. At this same elevation, but in especially steep and wet areas, is palm forest, heavily dominated by

1872-411: The larger trees exceed 98 ft (30 m) in height, there is a fairly continuous canopy at 66 ft (20 m), and the shaded understory is moderately dense. Tabonuco trees are especially large on ridges, where they are firmly rooted in the rocky substrate and connected by root grafts with each other. There are about 168 tree species in the tabonuco forest. The palo Colorado forest, named for

1920-559: The longest is Río de la Plata , and 26 reservoirs , lagoons , or lakes , among which is Laguna Grande (''big lagoon''), one of three bioluminescent bays in the archipelago of Puerto Rico located in the far northeastern municipality of Fajardo . The archipelago of Puerto Rico has numerous protected nature areas , including the nature reserves of La Cordillera in the Sonda de Vieques (Vieques Sound ) and Media Luna (''half moon'') in Lajas ,

1968-505: The most popular peaks in Puerto Rico, located in the Sierra de Luquillo and part of El Yunque National Forest , has a maximum elevation of 3,540 feet (1,080 m). The main island has seven valleys : Caguas , Yabucoa , Lajas , Añasco , the Coloso and Culebrinas , Cibuco , and Guanajibo . It has two narrow coastal plains : one stretching alongside the northern coast, and the other alongside

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2016-450: The north. These rivers make up 60 watersheds throughout the island, where over 95% of the runoff goes back to sea. With a length of length of approximately 74 kilometres (46 mi) La Plata River is the longest, while Loíza is the largest by discharge volume with a hydrological basin of 751 square kilometres (289.9 sq mi). As of 1998, 239 plants, 16 birds and 39 amphibians /reptiles have been discovered that are endemic to

2064-649: The populated ones and principal custodian and key of all…" King Philip IV of Spain, August 20, 1643 As a territory of the United States , the geostrategic location of Puerto Rico was paramount in the construction of the Panama Canal , and the defense of the Western Hemesphere against Nazi Operation Neuland in the Battle of the Caribbean during WWII . Puerto Rico is known as an American Gibraltar , or

2112-437: The sierra palm tree ( Prestoea montana ). Patches of palm forest are also found in saturated riparian areas in the tabonuco forest. The palm forest reaches about 15 m in height. At the highest elevations is dwarf forest , a dense forest as short as 9.8 ft (3.0 m), on saturated soils. Here the trees are covered with epiphytic mosses and vascular plants, especially bromeliads , and these also cover large areas of

2160-463: The south is usually a few degrees higher than the north and temperatures in the central interior mountains are always cooler than the rest of the island. The highest temperature record was in the municipality of San German with 105 °F (40.6 °C) and the minimum registration is 39 °F (3.9 °C) in Aibonito . The dry season spans from December to April while the wet season coincides with

2208-491: The southern coast. The capital, San Juan , and its metropolitan area are located on the northern coastal plain in the northeast. It also has one prominent karst formation in its northwestern central region called the Northern Karst Belt , and two prominent batholiths , one in the southeastern municipality of San Lorenzo , and the other in the western municipality of Utuado . The island has 47 major rivers, of which

2256-410: Was founded in 1521. In the 16th century two more municipalities were permanently established, Coamo (1570) and San Germán (1570). Three more municipalities were established in the 17th century. These were Arecibo (1614), Aguada (1692) and Ponce (1692). The 18th and 19th century saw an increase in settlement in Puerto Rico with 30 municipalities being established in the 18th century and 34 more in

2304-686: Was last fully exposed during the Last Glacial Maximum when the sea level was 120 m (400 ft) lower than the present-day. The bank was inundated by sea level rise during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene , losing subaerial connection the main island of Puerto Rico and the Spanish Virgin Islands with the U.S. Virgin Islands and British Virgin Islands 10,000 to 8,000 years Before Present ago (8,050 to 6,050 years Before Christ ago). The main island of Puerto Rico with Vieques, and

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