Misplaced Pages

#652347

55-452: A settlement in the area was created in the late nineteenth century with the arrival of factories which employed people to harvest yerba mate on the Paraná River. The town, which was originally known as Villa Veinticinco de Mayo, developed steadily, and already had its first school in 1927, and a year later a post office. The census of 1929 indicated a total of 1,190 inhabitants. In 1950,

110-428: A nuclear polyhedrosis virus used as a biopesticide . This was first applied in 1992. When I. paraguariensis is harvested, the branches are often dried by a wood fire, imparting a smoky flavor . The strength of the flavor, caffeine levels, and other nutrients can vary depending on whether it is a male or female plant. Female plants tend to be milder in flavor and lower in caffeine. They are also relatively scarce in

165-450: A pestle and mortar and added to the water for taste or medicinal reasons. Paraguayans have a tradition of mixing mate with crushed leaves, stems, and flowers of the plant known as flor de agosto (the flower of August, plants of the genus Senecio , particularly Senecio grisebachii ), which contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids . Modifying mate in this fashion is potentially toxic, as these alkaloids can cause veno-occlusive disease ,

220-403: A bull horn), or chá mate [ˈʃa ˈmate] (hot or cold; lit. 'mate tea', served in cups or glasses). While chá mate is made with roasted leaves, the other drinks are made with raw or lightly toasted green leaves, and are very popular in the south and center-west of the country. Most people, colloquially, call both the plant and the beverage by the word mate . In English, both

275-411: A café for afternoon tea, often with a selection of sweet pastries ( facturas ). An iced, sweetened version of mate cocido is sold as an uncarbonated soft drink , with or without fruit flavoring. In Brazil, this cold version of chá mate is especially popular in the south and southeast regions, and can easily be found in retail stores in the same cooler as other soft drinks. Mate batido , which

330-440: A complex aroma that is highly dependent on concentration. A Cannabis plant in the vegetative growth phase of its life requires more than 16–18 hours of light per day to stay vegetative. Flowering usually occurs when darkness equals at least 12 hours per day. The flowering cycle can last anywhere between seven and fifteen weeks, depending on the strain and environmental conditions. When the production of psychoactive cannabinoids

385-667: A drink' and 'infusion of an herb', as well as 'gourd'. The word mate is used in modern Portuguese and Spanish. The pronunciation of yerba mate in Spanish is [ˈɟʝeɾβa ˈmate] . The stress on the word mAte falls on the first syllable. The word hierba is Spanish for 'herb'; yerba is the variant spelling of hierba used throughout Latin America. Yerba may be understood as 'herb', but also as 'grass' or 'weed'. It may also be used in reference to marijuana ( Cannabis sativa ). In Argentina, yerba refers exclusively to

440-473: A high number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as benzo(a)pyrene , which are carcinogenic . It has been suggested that this may explain other cancers associated with maté consumption, such as lung and bladder cancer However, the occurrence of PAHs in maté leaves and infusion is based on small studies with non-representative sampling. In any case, the use of maté with potentially lower PAHs content, such as unsmoked maté, has been suggested as

495-529: A hollowed calabash gourd, these days mate "gourds" are produced from a variety of materials including wood, glass, bull horns, ceramic, and silicone. In the same way as people meet for tea or coffee, friends often gather and drink mate ( matear ) in Paraguay, Argentina, Southern Brazil, Uruguay, and Southern Chile. In warm weather the hot water is sometimes replaced by lemonade . Paraguayans typically drink yerba mate with cold water during hot days and hot water in

550-516: A later study suggested there can be positive effects. Hot maté consumption is associated with oesophageal cancer . Very hot beverages (above 65°C) are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as probably carcinogenic to humans ( group 2A ), which also includes hot maté, as it is typically consumed at a temperature of 70°C. This classification indicates that the link between very hot beverage consumption and cancer

605-408: A preventive approach. Cannabis sativa Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous flowering plant . The species was first classified by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The specific epithet sativa means 'cultivated'. Indigenous to Eastern Asia , the plant is now of cosmopolitan distribution due to widespread cultivation. It has been cultivated throughout recorded history and used as

SECTION 10

#1732854904653

660-515: A rare condition of the liver which results in liver failure due to progressive occlusion of the small venous channels . Mate has also become popular outside of South America. In the tiny hamlet of Groot Marico , North West Province , South Africa, mate was introduced to the local tourism office by the returning descendants of the Boers , who in 1902 had emigrated to Patagonia in Argentina after losing

715-497: A small, hollowed-out gourd (described below), up to three-quarters full with dry leaves (and twigs) of I. paraguariensis , and filling it up with water at a temperature of 70–80 °C (158–176 °F), hot but not boiling. Sugar may or may not be added. The infusion may also be prepared with cold water, in which case it is known as tereré . Drinking mate is a common social practice in Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Southern Brazil, and Southern Chile among people of all ages, and

770-500: A source of industrial fiber , seed oil , food , and medicine . It is also used as a recreational drug and for religious and spiritual purposes . The flowers of Cannabis sativa plants are most often either male or female, but, only plants displaying female pistils can be or turn hermaphrodite. Males can never become hermaphrodites. It is a short-day flowering plant, with staminate (male) plants usually taller and less robust than pistillate (female or male) plants. The flowers of

825-470: A version of mate known as mate cocido (or just mate or cocido ) in Paraguay and chá mate in Brazil is sold in teabags and in a loose-leaf form. It is often served sweetened in specialized shops or on the street, either hot or iced, pure or with fruit juice (especially lime , known in Brazil as limão ) or milk. In Paraguay, Argentina, and Southern Brazil, this is commonly consumed for breakfast or in

880-497: Is cannabidiol (CBD), which is not psychoactive but has recently been shown to block the effect of THC in the nervous system. Differences in the chemical composition of Cannabis varieties may produce different effects in humans. Synthetic THC, called dronabinol , does not contain cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), or other cannabinoids, which is one reason why its pharmacological effects may differ significantly from those of natural Cannabis preparations. Beside cannabinoids,

935-475: Is accredited to be the first and original way of consumption. Tereré can be prepared with cold water (the most common way in Paraguay and Brazil) or fruit juice (the most common way in Argentina). The version with water is more bitter; fruit juice acts as a sweetener (in Brazil, this is usually avoided with the addition of table sugar). Medicinal or culinary herbs, known as yuyos (weeds), may be crushed with

990-412: Is given by the brewer to each person, often in a circle, in turns. The recipient drinks the few mouthfuls in the container, and then returns the mate to the brewer, who refills it and passes it to the next person in clockwise order. The recipient is not supposed to give thanks until they are done drinking the beverage, and if they do, they will not be served any more mates . Although traditionally made from

1045-596: Is hostile to most bacteria and fungi. Tissue culture multiplication has become important in producing medically important clones, while seed production remains the generally preferred means of multiplication. Sativa plants have narrow leaves and grow best in warm environments. They do, however, take longer to flower than their Indica counterparts, and they grow taller than the Indica cannabis strains as well. Broadly, there are three main cultivar groups of cannabis that are cultivated today: A nominal if not legal distinction

1100-415: Is likely, but the proportion of oesophageal cancer cases due to drinking very hot beverages is not yet known. There is no such association for cold maté and, in general, preparations under 65°C are not considered carcinogenic and are evaluated as not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans ( group 3 ). Since the traditional preparation of yerba maté leaves involves smoking them they contain

1155-560: Is often a communal ritual following customary rules. Friends and family members share from the same container, traditionally a hollow gourd (also called a guampa , porongo , or simply mate in Spanish, a cabaça or cuia in Portuguese, or a zucca in Italian), and drink through the same wooden or metal straw (a bombilla in Spanish or bomba in Portuguese). The gourd

SECTION 20

#1732854904653

1210-412: Is often made between industrial hemp, with concentrations of psychoactive compounds far too low to be useful for that purpose, and marijuana . Cannabis sativa seeds are chiefly used to make hempseed oil which can be used for cooking, lamps, lacquers, or paints. They can also be used as caged-bird feed, as they provide a source of nutrients for most animals. The flowers and fruits (and to a lesser extent

1265-439: Is sought, female plants are grown separately from male plants to induce parthenocarpy in the female plant's fruits (popularly called "sin semilla" which is Spanish for "without seed" ) and increase the production of cannabinoid -rich resin. In soil, the optimum pH for the plant is 6.3 to 6.8. In hydroponic growing, the nutrient solution is best at 5.2 to 5.8, making Cannabis well-suited to hydroponics because this pH range

1320-426: Is the largest producer, with 53%, followed by Argentina, 37%, and Paraguay, 10%. In the city of Campo Largo , state of Paraná , Brazil, there is a Mate Historic Park ( Portuguese : Parque Histórico do Mate ), funded by the state government to educate people on the sustainable harvesting methods needed to maintain the integrity and vitality of the oldest wild forests of mate in the world. As of June 2014, however,

1375-494: Is toasted, has less of a bitter flavor and more of a spicy fragrance. Mate batido becomes creamy when shaken and is more popular in the coastal cities of Brazil, as opposed to the far southern states, where it is more commonly consumed in the traditional way (green, with a silver straw from a shared gourd), and called chimarrão ( cimarrón in Spanish, particularly Argentine Spanish). In Paraguay, Southern Brazil ( Mato Grosso do Sul , west of São Paulo and Paraná ), and

1430-423: Is typically present only in small quantities or sometimes completely absent. In some circles, mateine is a referential term for caffeine when found present in yerba mate (similar to theine from tea or guaranine from guarana). Yerba mate also contains minerals , such as potassium , magnesium , and manganese . There has been no good evidence for yerba mate having an effect on body weight in humans although

1485-463: The yerba mate plant. Yerba mate , therefore, originally translated as literally the 'gourd herb'; i.e., the herb one drinks from a gourd. The Portuguese name for the plant is pronounced variously as [ˈɛɾvɐ ˈmate, -tʃi] , in the areas of traditional consumption. The drinks are usually called chimarrão [ʃimaˈʁɐ̃w] (hot; traditionally served in a gourd), tereré [teɾeˈɾɛ] (cold; traditionally served in

1540-715: The Anglo Boer War . It is also commonly consumed in Lebanon, Syria, and some other parts of the Middle East, mainly by Druze and Alawite people. Most of its popularity outside South America is a result of historical emigration to South America and subsequent return. It is consumed worldwide by expatriates from the Southern Cone . Materva is a sweet, carbonated soft drink based on yerba mate. Developed in Cuba in 1920, and produced since

1595-505: The Argentine littoral , a mate infusion, called tereré in Spanish and Portuguese or sometimes tererê in Gaúcho , Caipira and Sulista Portuguese, is also consumed as a cold or iced beverage, usually sucked out of a horn cup called a guampa with a bombilla . The Guarani used to drink it in this format, but without the ice as they did not have the technology for it, reason why, it

1650-611: The Gran Chaco of Bolivia, and Southern Chile . It has also become popular in the Druze and Alawite community in the Levant, especially in Syria and Lebanon, where it is imported from Paraguay and Argentina, thanks to 19th-century Syrian immigrants to Argentina . Yerba mate can now be found worldwide in various energy drinks as well as being sold as a bottled or canned iced tea . The name given to

1705-405: The diurnal light cycle can alter sexual expression. Naturally occurring monoecious plants, with both male and female parts, are either sterile or fertile; but artificially induced " hermaphrodites " can have fully functional reproductive organs. "Feminized" seed sold by many commercial seed suppliers are derived from artificially "hermaphroditic" females that lack the male gene, or by treating

Puerto Libertad - Misplaced Pages Continue

1760-627: The '-e' is not silent as in mate (partner or friend); indeed French also uses the spelling with the accent. Spanish meanwhile has an unrelated word maté , meaning 'I killed', a conjugated form of the verb matar . Ilex paraguariensis begins as a shrub and then matures to a tree, growing up to 15 meters (49 ft) tall. The leaves are evergreen , 7–110 millimeters (0.3–4.3 in) long and 30–55 millimeters (1.2–2.2 in) wide, with serrated margins. The leaves are often called yerba (Spanish) or erva (Portuguese), both of which mean "herb". They contain caffeine (known in some parts of

1815-639: The 1960s in Miami, Florida , it is a staple of the Cuban culture in Miami. Yerba mate contains a variety of polyphenols, such as the flavonoids , quercetin and rutin . Yerba mate contains three xanthines : caffeine , theobromine , and theophylline , with caffeine content varying between 0.7% and 1.7% of dry weight (compared with 0.4–9.3% for tea leaves, 2.5–7.6% in guarana , and up to 3.2% for ground coffee ). Theobromine content varies from 0.3% to 0.9%; theophylline

1870-584: The Paraguayan economy after independence, but development in benefit of the Paraguayan state halted after the War of the Triple Alliance (1864–1870) that devastated the country both economically and demographically. Some regions with mate plantations in Paraguay became Argentine territory . Brazil then became the largest producer of mate. In Brazilian and Argentine projects in the late 19th and early 20th centuries,

1925-412: The Spanish colony of Paraguay in the late 16th century, among both Spanish settlers and indigenous Guaraní, who had, to some extent before the Spanish arrival, consumed it. This widespread consumption turned it into Paraguay's main commodity above other wares, such as tobacco , and the labour of indigenous peoples was used to harvest wild stands. In the mid-17th century, Jesuits managed to domesticate

1980-639: The Uruguaí creek. This article about a place in Misiones Province , Argentina is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ilex paraguariensis Yerba maté or yerba-maté ( / ˈ j ɜːr b ə ˈ m ɑː t eɪ / ), Ilex paraguariensis , is a plant species of the holly genus native to South America. It was named by the French botanist Augustin Saint-Hilaire . The leaves of

2035-483: The areas where yerba mate is planted and cultivated. According to Food and Agriculture Organization in 2012, Brazil is the biggest producer of mate in the world with 513,256 metric tonnes (MT) (58%), followed by Argentina with 290,000 MT (32%) and Paraguay with 85,490 MT (10%). The infusion, called mate in Spanish-speaking countries or chimarrão in Brazil, is prepared by filling a container, traditionally

2090-471: The chemical constituents of Cannabis include about 120 compounds responsible for its characteristic aroma . These are mainly volatile terpenes and sesquiterpenes . A 1980 study identifying constituents of C. sativa established 19 major chemical families (number of chemicals within group): Cannabis also produces numerous volatile sulfur compounds that contribute to the plant's skunk-like aroma, with Prenylthiol (3-methyl-2-butene-1-thiol) identified as

2145-431: The citrus and tropical flavors of hops , beer , wine , and tropical fruits. In addition to volatile sulfur compounds, the heterocyclic compounds indole and skatole (3-Methyl-1 H -indole) contribute to the chemical or savory aromas of certain varieties. Skatole in particular was identified as a key contributor to this scent. This compound is found in mammalian feces and is used in the perfuming industry. It possesses

2200-423: The female plant are arranged in racemes and can produce hundreds of seeds. Male plants shed their pollen and die several weeks prior to seed ripening on the female plants. Under typical conditions with a light period of 12 to 14 hours, both sexes are produced in equal numbers because of heritable X and Y chromosomes . Although genetic factors dispose a plant to become male or female, environmental factors including

2255-516: The first Development Commission was created with the name of "17 de Octubre", in honor of the Peronist Party . Because of the political connotations of the name, the military coup that overthrew Juan Domingo Perón gave the town the name of Libertad in 1955. By 1971, the town had 3,500 residents. The latest economic development was the construction of the Uruguaí Dam , 5 km from the village on

Puerto Libertad - Misplaced Pages Continue

2310-516: The infusion is much greater than that used for tea and other beverages, which accounts for the large weights. The flavor of brewed mate resembles an infusion of vegetables, herbs, and grass and is reminiscent of some varieties of green tea . Some consider the flavor to be very agreeable, but it is generally bitter if steeped in hot water. Sweetened and flavored mate is also sold, in which the mate leaves are blended with other herbs (such as peppermint) or citrus rind. In Paraguay, Brazil, and Argentina,

2365-671: The leaves, stems, and seeds) contain psychoactive chemical compounds known as cannabinoids that are consumed for recreational, medicinal, and spiritual purposes. When so used, preparations of flowers and fruits (called marijuana ) and leaves and preparations derived from resinous extract (e.g., hashish ) are consumed by smoking, vaporising, and oral ingestion. Historically, tinctures , teas , and ointments have also been common preparations. In traditional medicine of India in particular cannabis sativa has been used as hallucinogenic, hypnotic, sedative , analgesic , and anti-inflammatory agent. Terpenes have gained public awareness through

2420-463: The months of June and July. Many of the natural enemies of yerba mate are difficult to control in plantation settings. Insect pests include Gyropsylla spegazziniana , a true bug that lays eggs in the branches; Hedyphates betulinus , a type of beetle that weakens the tree and makes it more susceptible to mold and mildew; Perigonia lusca , a moth whose larvae eat the leaves; and several species of mites . P. lusca may be controlled with

2475-469: The morning and during cooler temperatures. Yerba mate is most popular in Paraguay and Uruguay, where people are seen walking the streets carrying the mate and often a termo (thermal vacuum flask ) in their arms. In Argentina, 5 kg (11 lb) of yerba mate is consumed annually per capita; in Uruguay, the largest consumer, consumption is 10 kg (22 lb). The amount of herb used to prepare

2530-830: The park is closed to public visitation. The yerba mate plant is grown and processed in its native regions of South America, specifically in Paraguay, some parts of northern Argentina ( Misiones ), Uruguay, and southern Brazil ( Rio Grande do Sul , Santa Catarina , Paraná , and Mato Grosso do Sul ). Cultivators are known as yerbateros (Spanish) or ervateiros (Brazilian Portuguese). Seeds used to germinate new plants are harvested after they have turned dark purple, typically from January to April. After harvest, they are submerged in water in order to eliminate floating non-viable seeds and detritus like twigs, leaves, etc. New plants are started between March and May. For plants established in pots, transplanting takes place April through September. Plants with bare roots are transplanted only during

2585-466: The plant and establish plantations in their Indian reductions in Misiones , Argentina, sparking severe competition with the Paraguayan harvesters of wild stands. It is here when the plant began its incursion into other non-Paraguayan territories. After their expulsion in the 1770s, their plantations fell into decay, as did their domestication secrets. The industry continued to be of prime importance for

2640-483: The plant can be steeped in hot water to make a beverage known as maté . Brewed cold, it is used to make tereré . Both the plant and the beverage contain caffeine . The indigenous Guaraní and some Tupi communities (whose territory covered present-day Paraguay ) first cultivated and consumed yerba mate prior to European colonization of the Americas . Its consumption was exclusive to the natives of only two regions of

2695-552: The plant in the Guaraní language (of the indigenous people who first used mate) is ka'a , which has the same meaning as 'herb'. Congonha , in Portuguese, a term describing several herb species, is derived from the Tupí expression kõ'gõi , meaning something like 'what keeps us alive', but is rarely used nowadays. Mate is from the Quechua mati , a word that means 'container for

2750-496: The plant was domesticated once again, opening the way for plantation systems. When Brazilian entrepreneurs turned their attention to coffee in the 1930s, Argentina, which had long been the prime consumer, took over as the largest producer, resurrecting the economy in Misiones Province , where the Jesuits had once had most of their plantations. For years, the status of largest producer shifted between Brazil and Argentina. Today, Brazil

2805-399: The plants with hormones or silver thiosulfate . Although the main psychoactive constituent of Cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the plant is known to contain more than 500 compounds, among them at least 113 cannabinoids ; however, most of these "minor" cannabinoids are only produced in trace amounts. Besides THC, another cannabinoid produced in high concentrations by some plants

SECTION 50

#1732854904653

2860-777: The primary odorant. These compounds are found in much lower concentrations than the major terpenes and sesquiterpenes. However, they contribute significantly to the pungent aroma of cannabis due to their low odor thresholds as often seen with thiols or other sulfur-containing compounds. A number of specific aromatic compounds have been implicated in variety-specific aromas. These include another class of volatile sulfur compounds, referred to as tropical volatile sulfur compounds, that include 3-mercaptohexanol, 3-mercaptohexyl acetate, and 3-mercaptohexyl butyrate. These compounds possess powerful and distinctive fruity, tropical, and citrus aromas in low concentrations such as those found in certain cannabis varieties. These compounds are also important in

2915-456: The spellings mate and maté are used to refer to the plant or the beverage. The latter spelling is unfaithful to both Spanish and Portuguese, where the accent would incorrectly move the stress from the first syllable to the second. The acute accent over the final '-e' in the English spelling was likely added by analogy with words of French origin like café, not to mark stress but to indicate that

2970-528: The territory that today is Paraguay, more specifically the departments of Amambay and Alto Paraná . After the Jesuits discovered its commercialization potential, yerba mate became widespread throughout the province and even elsewhere in the Spanish Crown. Mate is traditionally consumed in central and southern regions of South America, primarily in Paraguay, as well as in Argentina, Uruguay, Southern Brazil ,

3025-498: The world as mateine) and related xanthine alkaloids , and are harvested commercially. The flowers are small and greenish-white with four petals. The fruit is a red drupe 4–6 millimeters (0.16–0.24 in) in diameter. Mate was first consumed by the indigenous Guaraní people and also spread in the Tupí people that lived in the departments of Amambay and Alto Paraná the territory of Paraguay. Its consumption became widespread during European colonization, particularly in

#652347