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35-588: Prussian Diet may refer to: Prussian estates (1370s-1848) Prussian Landtag (1848-1933) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Prussian Diet . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prussian_Diet&oldid=865253378 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

70-417: A proposal designed by Yorck, Clausewitz and Stein. The hesitant king could not stop this anymore, but only approve it (17 March 1813). However, this civic act of initiating Prussia's participation in the liberation wars did not meet with the gratitude of the monarch, who again and again procrastinated over his promise to introduce a parliament of genuine legislative competence for all the monarchy. Only in

105-633: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Prussian estates Originally, the Teutonic Order created the Estate to appease the local citizens, but over time the relations between the Order and the Estates grew strained, as the Order of knights treated the local population with contempt. Different Prussian holders of the privilege of coinage (among them

140-814: The Bundesrat ) in Leipziger Straße and one for the House of Representatives in Prinz-Albrecht-Straße, today's Niederkirchnerstraße . The House of Lords was reorganised and renamed into the Staatsrat (state council) of the Free State of Prussia after the abolition of the monarchy in 1918. Its members were representatives of the Provinces of Prussia . Konrad Adenauer served as its president from 1921 to 1933. Since 1993

175-935: The Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon and the Teutonic Knights , which ended the Thirteen Years' War , the longest of the Polish–Teutonic Wars . The treaty was signed in the Artus Court, and afterward a mass was held in the Gothic Franciscan Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary to celebrate the peace treaty. The treaty concluded the Thirteen Years' War which had begun in February 1454 with

210-601: The Prince-Bishopric of Warmia , all of which formed the autonomous province of Royal Prussia (later also part of the larger Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown ), which was considered the exclusive property of the Polish king and Polish kingdom. Later, some disagreements arose concerning certain prerogatives that Royal Prussia and the cities held, like Danzig's privileges . The region possessed certain privileges such as

245-687: The Thirteen Years' War ). The estates eventually became governed by the Kingdom of Poland. First the western part of Prussia, which became known as Royal Prussia after the Second Peace of Thorn ended the Thirteen Years' War in 1466, and later the eastern lands, known as Ducal Prussia , after the Prussian Homage in 1525, became part of the kingdom. On 10 December 1525 at their session in Königsberg

280-701: The purchasing power of every extra issued coin equalled its material and production costs. "Obligations would be retroactively changed if new coins, too plentifully issued, would be counted as equal to the old ones (1526, lines 307-310 )." Thus a law was "passed by the Diet of Teutonic Prussia in 1418 (cf. Max Toeppen, 1878, 320seqq. ), smartly regulating the fulfilment of old debts fixed in old currency by adding an agio when repaid by new coins." Thus creditors and recipients of nominally fixed revenues were not to lose by debasement-induced inflation. As Prussia became increasingly tied economically and politically with Poland, and

315-608: The reforming Prussian minister Heinrich vom und zum Stein prompted Frederick William III to decree the October Edict (Edict concerning the relieved possession and the free usage of real estate [landed property] as well as the personal relations of the rural population) which generally transformed all kind of landholdings into free allodial property. This act enormously increased the amount of alienable real estate in Prussia apt to be pledged as security for credits, needed so much to pay

350-917: The Duchy did not). Royal Prussia also had its own parliament, the Prussian Landesrat , although it was partially incorporated into the Commonwealth Sejm after the Union of Lublin , it retained distinct features of Royal Prussia. With the power of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth waning from the mid-17th century onwards, the Prussian Estates drifted under the influence of the Hohenzollern Electors of Brandenburg , who ruled Ducal Prussia in personal union with Brandenburg from 1618 (first

385-623: The Estates assembly, called its members for 5 February 1813. After debating the appeal of Ludwig Yorck , illoyal and – therefore by Berlin – outlawed general of the Prussian auxiliary corps within Napoléon's army, to form a liberation army, which was widely agreed, on February 7 the East Prussian estates unanimously voted for financing, recruiting and equipping a militia army (Landwehr) of 20,000 men, plus 10,000 in reserve, out of their funds - following

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420-549: The Jews - became citizens in 1812. When in 1813 the defeated and intimidated King Frederick William III, forced into a coalition with France from 1812, refrained to take his chance to shake off the French supremacy in the wake of Napoleon's defeats in Russia, the East Prussian estates stole a march on the king. On 23 January Count Friedrich Ferdinand Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten , president of

455-518: The Order and some cities), actually committed to issue a Prussian currency of standardised quality, had debased the coins and expanded their circulation in order to finance the wars between Poland and Teutonic Prussia. However, this expansion disturbed the equilibrium of coins circulated to the volume of contractual obligations, only coming down due to a harsh depreciation of all existing nominally fixed contractual obligations by inflating all other non-fixed prices measured by these coins, ending only once

490-519: The Prussian Estates represented a massive political failure on the part of the Order". At first, the estates opposed the Order passively, by denying requests for additional taxes and support in Order wars with Poland ; by the 1440s Prussian estates acted openly in defiance of the Teutonic Order, rebelling against the knights and siding with Poland militarily (see Lizard Union , Prussian Confederation and

525-626: The Prussian estates established the Lutheran Church in Ducal Prussia by deciding the Church Order . Nicolaus Copernicus , then canon of the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia , addressed the Prussian estates with three memoranda, in fact little essays, on currency reform. Debasements continued to ruin Prussian finances, the groat had been debased by 1/5 to 1/6 of its prior bullion content. In 1517, 1519 and again in 1526 he suggested to return to

560-449: The Teutonic Order was obliged to swear an oath of allegiance to the reigning Polish king within six months of taking office, and any new territorial acquisitions by the Teutonic Order, also outside Prussia , would also be incorporated into Poland. The Grand Master became a prince and counselor of the Polish king and the Kingdom of Poland. Poles were to be admitted to the Teutonic Order. The Teutonic Knights were obliged to help Poland in

595-502: The Teutonic side agreed) that this confirmation would not be needed for validation of the treaty. The peace talks were held in Nieszawa (present-day Mała Nieszawka ) from 23 September 1466, and in the final stages moved to Toruń. In the treaty, the Teutonic Order renounced any claims to the territories of Gdańsk/Eastern Pomerania and Chełmno Land , which were reintegrated with Poland, and

630-456: The benefits of Golden Liberty , such as the right to elect the king . Royal Prussia, as a direct part of the Kingdom of Poland (and later Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ) had more influence on Polish politics and more privileges than Ducal Prussia, which remained a fief (for example, while nobles from the Royal Prussia had their own sejmiks , Sejm and Senate representatives, those from

665-439: The circle of potential debtors were literally the same. In order to overcome the restrictions on selling manor estates to fulfil outstanding debts, the manor estate holders formed a corporation of mutually liable debtors. So solvent manor estate holders had to step in for over-indebted borrowers, thus transforming the manor estate holders into a corporation of collective liability. Covering over-indebted borrowers imposed hardship for

700-642: The creditors of the holders. So the holders of feudal manor estates found it difficult to borrow against their estates. Therefore, in 1787 the West Prussian estates, and a year later the East Prussian estates, each took on the task of forming credit corporations: the Westpreussische Landschaft and the Ostpreussische Landschaft  [ de ] , respectively. Members of the Estates, then by status mostly noble landed manor holders, and

735-678: The eastern Duchy of Prussia , sovereign after the Treaty of Wehlau in 1657 and upgraded to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701; then the western Royal Prussia, annexed to the former after the First Partition of Poland in 1772). Under the Hohenzollerns' absolutist rule the power of the Estates increasingly diminished. The West and East Prussian Estates, separately (the latter gathering after 1772 representatives of newly formed East Prussia , comprising

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770-537: The enormous French war contributions of thaler 140 million imposed after Prussia's defeat of 1806, and making up about an annual pre-war budget of the government. In 1807 the East Prussian Estates made a political bargain on accepting the king as a member within their credit corporation with his royal East Prussian demesnes , to be encumbered as security for the Pfandbriefe to be issued in his favour, which he

805-470: The estates refused to peg the Prussian currency to the Polish (as proposed by Ludwig Dietz ), which even suffered a worse debasement than the Prussian. Under Polish sovereignty, Prussians, particularly those from Royal Prussia, saw their liberties confirmed and expanded; local cities prospered economically ( Gdańsk became the largest and richest city in the Commonwealth), and local nobility participated in

840-513: The event of war, and were forbidden to wage war against Catholics without the consent of Polish kings. Any prisoners of war on both sides were to be released. The treaty also dismissed any possibility of releasing the Teutonic Order from dependence to Poland or of any revision of the terms of the treaty by referring to any foreign authority, including imperial and papal. The territories directly held by Poland were already organized into three voivodeships ( Chełmno , Pomeranian , Malbork ) and

875-501: The former Duchy of Prussia and the parts of former Royal Prussia west of the Vistula ), again played a role in the transformation from feudal traditional agriculture to agricultural business. The Silesian Wars of 1740-1763 had required high taxes, such that many Prussian tax-payers went into debt. Feudal manor estates were not free property sellable at the will of their holders or – in case of over-indebtedness – by way of execution prompted by

910-556: The former House of Representatives building has served as the seat of the Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin (House of Representatives of Berlin). Second Peace of Thorn The Peace of Thorn or Toruń of 1466 , also known as the Second Peace of Thorn or Toruń ( Polish : drugi pokój toruński ; German : Zweiter Friede von Thorn ), was a peace treaty signed in the Hanseatic city of Thorn (Toruń) on 19 October 1466 between

945-416: The higher taxes in order to finance Napoléon's warfare through the compulsory war contributions to France. Serfdom was thus also abolished. Most remaining legal differences between the estates (classes) were abolished in 1810, when almost all Prussian subjects – former feudal lords, serfs , burghers (city dwellers), free peasants, Huguenots etc., turned into citizens of Prussia. The last excepted group -

980-426: The law passed in 1418. However, especially the cities refused that. They had raised most of the funds for the warfares, and now lightened their debt burden by debasing their coins, thus passing on part of the burden to receivers of nominally fixed revenues, such as civic and ecclesiastical creditors and civic, feudal and ecclesiastical collectors of nominally fixed monetarised dues. So Copernicus' effort failed. At least

1015-734: The minting of its own coins, its own Diet meetings (see the Prussian estates ), its own military, and its own administrative usage of the German language for minority. A conflict over the right to name and approve Bishops in Warmia, resulted in the War of the Priests (1467–1479). Eventually, Royal Prussia became integrated into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , but retained some distinctive features until

1050-547: The region of Elbing (Elbląg) and Marienburg (Malbork) , and the Bishopric of Warmia , which were also recognized as part of Poland. The eastern part remained with the Teutonic Order as a fief and protectorate of Poland, also considered an integral part of the "one and indivisible" Kingdom of Poland. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Chełmno became a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Gniezno . From now on, every Grand Master of

1085-583: The revolt of the Prussian Confederation , led by the cities of Danzig (Gdańsk) , Elbing (Elbląg) , Kulm (Chełmno) and Toruń , and the Prussian gentry against the rule of the Teutonic Knights in the Monastic State , in order to join the Kingdom of Poland . Both sides agreed to seek confirmation from Pope Paul II and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III , but the Polish side stressed (and

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1120-463: The solvent manor-estate holders. This affected many opinions and even aroused appeals to abolish the feudal system of manor estate holding, while others demanded the re-establishment of pure feudalism without borrowing at all. In the Napoleonic era (ca 1799-1815) the East Prussian Estates gained some political influence again. King Frederick William III of Prussia needed to raise funds in order to pay

1155-708: The wake of the Revolutions of 1848 did Prussia receive its first constitution providing for the Prussian Landtag as the parliament of the kingdom. It consisted of two chambers, the Herrenhaus ( Prussian House of Lords ) and the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Representatives). In 1899, the Prussian Landtag moved into a new building consisting of a complex of two structures, one for the House of Lords (as of 2015 used by

1190-448: The wars became more and more devastating to the borderlands, and as the policies and attitude of the King of Poland were more liberal towards the Prussian burghers and nobility than that of the Order, the rift between the Teutonic Knights and their subjects widened. The Estates drifted towards the Kingdom of Poland in their political alignment. Norman Housley noted that "The alienation of

1225-421: Was to sell to investors, thus raising credit funds. In return the Estates reached a wider representation of further parts of the population. The reformed body included two new groups: With representation in the estates the newly represented groups were also entitled to eventually raise credits, obliged to liability for credits of others, but simultaneously gained a say in the Estates assembly. On 9 October 1807

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