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62-458: The rights and duties of these dignitaries have varied to some extent at different times and in different local churches. Roughly, the titles archpriest (in Greek ἀρχιπρεσβὐτερος archipresbyteros ), protoiereus ( πρωτοιερεύς protoiereus , πρωτοπρεσβύτερος protopresbyteros ), protopope may be taken as meaning the same thing, though they have occasionally been distinguished. The general idea

124-456: A district containing several parishes which they had to visit occasionally, representing for the clergy the court of first instance. In Orthodox Hungary and Transylvania there are protopresbyterates (eparchies), in which the protopope is elected by clergy and people and rules under the bishop. In these cases he may be compared to rural deans in the Western church. Such an office is the highest to which

186-562: A formal coronation in June 1963. However, as a sign of the perceived need for greater simplification of the papal rites, as well as the changing nature of the papacy itself, he abandoned the use of his tiara in a dramatic ceremony in Saint Peter's Basilica during the second session of Vatican II in November 1963. However his 1975 Apostolic Constitution made it clear the tiara had not been abolished: in

248-459: A married Orthodox priest may aspire, since bishops are always monks. In Russia the protopope (protoierei) sometimes wears the Byzantine mitre (but without a cross atop it) and epigonation , but not the omophorion or sakkos . Archpriest The ecclesiastical title of archpriest or archpresbyter belongs to certain priests with supervisory duties over a number of parishes . The term

310-409: A mitre is always white, although in liturgical usage white also includes vestments made from gold and silver fabrics. The embroidered bands and other ornaments which adorn a mitre and the lappets may be of other colours and often are. On all occasions, an altar server may wear a shawl-style veil , called a vimpa , around the shoulders when holding the bishop's mitre. In ecclesiastical heraldry ,

372-633: A mitre was placed above the shield of all persons who were entitled to wear the mitre, including abbots. It substituted for the helm of military arms, but also appeared as a crest placed atop a helmet, as was common in German heraldry. In the Anglican Churches, the Church of Sweden, and the Lutheran Church of Finland, the mitre is still placed above the arms of bishops instead of the ecclesiastical hat . In

434-515: A mitre. In 1585 a Russian envoy witnessed the patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, and Jerusalem celebrated the divine liturgy together and only the Alexandrian patriarch wore a mitre. Some modern scholars believe that the mitre was first adopted among the Orthodox when Cyril Lucaris (previously patriarch of Alexandria) became Ecumenical Patriarch in the early 1600s. Others instead claim that

496-466: A new pontificate. The most typical mitre in the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches is based on the closed Imperial crown of the late Byzantine Empire . Therefore, it too is ultimately based on the older καμιλαύκιον although it diverged from the secular headdress at a much later date, after it had already undergone further development. Orthodox bishops started wearing mitres around

558-435: A papal mitre (containing still the three levels of 'crowns' representing the powers of the papacy in a simplified form) and pallium . Prior to Benedict XVI, each pope's coat of arms always contained the image of the papal tiara and St. Peter's crossed keys, even though the tiara had fallen into disuse, especially under popes John Paul I and John Paul II . Pope Paul VI was the last pope to date to begin his papal reign with

620-525: A peak and sewn together at the sides. Two short lappets always hang down from the back. The camelaucum ( Greek : καμιλαύκιον , kamilaukion ), the headdress that both the mitre and the papal tiara stem from, was originally a cap used by officials of the Imperial Byzantine court. "The tiara [from which the mitre originates] probably developed from the Phrygian cap , or frigium, a conical cap worn in

682-610: A prayer addressed to Christ asking to "... endue our brother (name) with Thy Grace, and adorn him with virtue to stand at the head of the Presbyters of Thy people, and make him to be a good example to them that are with him ..." In the Russian tradition, protopresbyter is a higher rank than archpriest, as explained in a translation by the Orthodox Church in America : Although entitled "for

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744-475: A protopope in a remote place has episcopal jurisdiction, but not orders, like some vicars Apostolic, or the archpriests in England from 1599 to 1621. In such cases they are distinguished from archpriests and have such officials under them (so the introduction to Nicholas Bulgaris' "Sacred Catechism", Venice, 1681). In imperial Russia, royal Bulgaria, royal Rumania and Habsburg Austria, the protopopes had authority over

806-448: Is Greek , and means a piece of armour , usually a metal guard worn around the waist and under a cuirass , as mentioned in Homer 's Iliad . In later poems, it was used to refer to a headband used by women for their hair, and a sort of formal Babylonian headdress, as mentioned by Herodotus ( Histories 1.195 and 7.90). It also refers to a kind of hairband, such as "the victor's chaplet at

868-412: Is a clerical rank, a title of honor given to non-monastic priests and is conferred by a bishop with the laying on of hands and prayer. An archpriest typically wears an epigonation , a vestment originally worn only by bishops; however, details vary locally, and in some places being given the epigonation is an honor that typically precedes being made an archpriest and in other places, it is an honor that

930-616: Is a survival of local practice of Latin Catholic Church prior to the Reformation . It was first employed in AD 1315 and has been held ever since. It was confirmed by an order in council on 1 April 1913 under King George V. The title reflects the fact that the archpriest has the right to sit beside the bishop and acknowledges no authority below that of the Archbishop of Canterbury, although today it

992-783: Is a type of headgear now known as the traditional, ceremonial headdress of bishops and certain abbots in traditional Christianity. Mitres are worn in the Catholic Church , Eastern Orthodox Church , Oriental Orthodox Churches , the Anglican Communion , some Lutheran churches, for important ceremonies, by the Metropolitan of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church , and also, in the Catholic Church, all cardinals , whether or not bishops, and some Eastern Orthodox archpriests . μίτρα, mítra ( Ionic μίτρη, mítrē )

1054-428: Is given to only some archpriests. An archpriest also wears a pectoral cross both as part of his street clothes and when vested. The ceremony for making an archpriest is analogous to other clerical promotions bestowed with cheirothesia: at the little entrance of the divine liturgy , the candidate is conducted to the ambo in the middle of the church where the bishop is at the time, and the bishop blesses him and says

1116-484: Is more appropriate to go through the usual channels of the church's hierarchy. Haccombe is a village in Devon , near Newton Abbot , where the parish is combined with that of Stoke-in-Teignhead with Combe-in-Teignhead. There is an hereditary patron for the Church of St Blaise, Haccombe. The modern office most closely resembling that of archpriest is the role of rural dean (rural dioceses) or area dean (urban dioceses). Like

1178-740: Is most often used in Eastern Orthodoxy and the Eastern Catholic Churches and may be somewhat analogous to a monsignor , vicar forane or dean in the Latin Church , but in the Eastern churches an archpriest wears an additional vestment and, typically, a pectoral cross , and becomes an archpriest via a liturgical ceremony. The term may be used in the Latin Catholic Church in certain historical titles and may replace in popular usage

1240-416: Is now held by the rectors of the principal basilicas . However, the title is entirely honorary, reflecting the fact that these churches held archpriestly status in the past. In Rome today, there are four archpriests, one for each of the four papal major basilicas ; all of them are presently bishops : The use of "archpriest" in the Latin Catholic Church should not be confused with " protopriest ",

1302-525: Is that the archpriest has the highest rank in his order; he comes immediately after the bishop . In the fifth century he appears as head of the college of priests, as the bishop's delegate for certain duties of visitation and canonical judgment, as his representative in case of absence or death ( sede vacante ). He therefore combined the offices of the Roman Catholic dean of the chapter , vicar-general and vicar capitular . The title recurs constantly in

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1364-592: Is the actual rural or area dean. One example of this historical oddity is the office of Dean of Bocking in Essex. The current Archpriest of St Blaise, Haccombe is the current incumbent, the Reverend Annie Church, the first female priest to hold this office in Haccombe. Archpriest , also protopope ( Ancient Greek : πρωτοπαπᾶς , protopapas ) or protopresbyter ( Ancient Greek : πρωτοπρεσβύτερος , protopresbyteros ),

1426-562: The Latin Catholic Church , it was traditional in some localities for a priest to be assisted at his First Mass by another priest termed for the occasion the archpriest , who functioned as the deacon otherwise does. This was not a permanent title but referred only to the particular occasion. In the Church of England there is at least one archpriest, the Archpriest of Haccombe . The title

1488-529: The Cross ), which the bishop may kiss before he puts it on. Eastern mitres are usually gold, but other liturgical colours may be used. The mitre is topped by a cross, either made out of metal and standing upright, or embroidered in cloth and lying flat on the top. In Greek practice , the mitres of all bishops are topped with a standing cross. The same is true in the Russian tradition . Mitres awarded to priests will have

1550-574: The Early Middle Ages . At imperial Constantinople there was an elaborately organized court of ecclesiastical persons around the Ecumenical Patriarch , whose various places in choir when the patriarch celebrated are given in the Euchologion together with a statement of their duties. Among these the protopope had the first place on the left. "The protopope stands above the left choir when

1612-533: The Ottoman Empire . The mitre is removed at certain solemn moments during the Divine Liturgy and other services, usually being removed and replaced by the protodeacon . The use of the mitre is a prerogative of bishops, but it may be awarded to archpriests , protopresbyters and archimandrites . The priestly mitre is not surmounted by a cross, and is awarded at the discretion of a synod of bishops. During

1674-579: The bearskin or had been replaced by the standard infantry tricorn or bicorn . The British Army made this change in 1765 and the Prussian Army in 1790. All Russian grenadiers continued however to wear mitre caps until 1805, even when on active service. The mitre in its classic metal-fronted 18th-century form survived as an item of ceremonial parade dress in the Prussian Leib-Grenadier No 1 and 1. Garde-Regiment zu Fuß regiments; plus

1736-426: The ekphonesis (ἐκφώνησις - exclamations chanted aloud at the end of prayers and litanies ). In the bishop's absence he took his place as president, and had jurisdiction over his fellow-clergy. George Kodinos (fourteenth century) says of the protopope: "he is first in the tribunal [τοῦ βήματος - tou bematos , in authority] holding the second place after the pontiff" (De Officiis, I, quoted by Goar 237). Distinct from

1798-441: The pontiff celebrates, he gives to him [the pontiff] Holy Communion and in the same way the pontiff to the protopope and he has all first places [τὰ πρωτεῖα πάντα - ta proteia panta ] in the church" (Goar, 225). Under him the "second one" (ὁ δευτερεύων ho deutereuon ), takes his place in his absence (ibid.). So also Leo Allatius's list, where it is said further that: "he holds the place [κρατῶν τόπον - kraton topon , as deputy] of

1860-410: The 16th or 17th century, but the date of adoption is disputed. The use of headgear of any kind by the Byzantine church was a late development, and before the 1500s they wore no headgear. Theodore Balsamon , Patriarch of Antioch (ca. 1130–1140) stated that the patriarch of Alexandria was the only Orthodox prelate to wear a hat during the liturgy. This claim was repeated by Symeon of Thessalonica in

1922-448: The 18th century (and in a few cases the 19th), soldiers designated as grenadiers in various northern European armies wore a mitre (usually called a "mitre cap") similar in outline to those worn by western bishops. As first adopted in the 1680s this cap had been worn instead of the usual broad-brimmed hat to avoid the headdress being knocked off when the soldier threw a grenade . The hand grenade in its primitive form had become obsolete by

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1984-432: The German model was subsequently adopted. The British style—usually simply called a "grenadier cap" instead of a mitre—had a tall cloth front with elaborate regimental embroidery forward of a sloping red back, lined in white. Some German and Russian fusilier regiments also wore a mitre with a smaller brass front-plate. By the end of the 18th century, due to changes in military fashion, the mitre had generally given way to

2046-464: The Graeco-Roman world. In the 10th century the tiara was pictured on papal coins." Other sources claim the tiara developed the other way around, from the mitre. In the late Empire it developed into the closed type of Imperial crown used by Byzantine Emperors (see illustration of Michael III , 842–867). Worn by a bishop, the mitre is depicted for the first time in two miniatures of the beginning of

2108-559: The Patriarch (also granted to the metropolitan of Kiev starting in 1686). The Eastern mitre is made in the shape of a bulbous crown, completely enclosed, and the material is of brocade , damask or cloth of gold . It may also be embroidered , and is often richly decorated with jewels. There are normally four icons attached to the mitre (often of Christ, the Theotokos , John the Baptist and

2170-470: The Roman Catholic Church, the use of the mitre above the shield on the personal arms of clergy was suppressed in 1969, and is now found only on some corporate arms, like those of dioceses. Previously, the mitre was often included under the hat, and even in the arms of a cardinal, the mitre was not entirely displaced. In heraldry the mitre is always shown in gold , and the lappets ( infulae ) are of

2232-573: The Russian Pavlovskii Regiment , until World War I. The bishop in the board game chess is represented by a stylised Western mitre having Unicode codes U+2657 (white) and U+265D (black): ♗♝ . The crowns of the Austrian Empire and Imperial Russia incorporated a mitre of precious metal and jewels into their design. The Austrian Imperial Crown was originally the personal crown of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and has

2294-830: The United States, the first Presiding Bishop, Samuel Seabury wore a mitre as early as 1786. The mitre is also worn by bishops in a number of Lutheran churches, for example the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia , the Church of Sweden , and the Lutheran Church in Great Britain . In the Catholic Church , ecclesial law gives the right to use the mitre and other pontifical insignia (crosier, pectoral cross, and ring) to bishops , abbots , cardinals, and those canonically equivalent to diocesan bishops who do not receive episcopal ordination. The principal celebrant presents

2356-408: The archpriest of old, these officers have supervisory duties, but not ordinary jurisdiction, and are entitled to carry out visitations of subordinate parishes when so commissioned. With this in mind, although the Archpriest of Haccombe holds a unique role in the Church of England, it is considered analogous with certain incumbencies which bear the title "Dean" regardless of whether or not their incumbent

2418-411: The bishop and report to the bishop or vicar general any problems in their territory. Exceptionally, the pope on occasion raised a territory to the rank of archipresbyterate nullius , detached from any prelature, yet under a non-prelate, as happened in 1471 with the future abbacy (1583) and later (1828-1986) Diocese of Guastalla . In 1598, during the persecution of Catholics in England , an archpriest

2480-518: The cold temperatures in Russia. The mitre was first appeared in Russia with Patriarch Nikon , who adopted it from the tradition of the Patriarch of Constantinople. Initially, it was only worn by the Patriarch of Moscow, but it was soon adopted by the rest of the bishops, and a council in 1675 mandated the mitre for all bishops, following the Greek custom. Mitres were also given to some archimandrites , by

2542-426: The constitution he made provision for his successor to receive a coronation. Pope John Paul I, however, declined to follow Paul VI's constitution and opted for a simpler papal inauguration , a precedent followed by his three successors. Pope John Paul II's 1996 Apostolic Constitution left open several options by not specifying what sort of ceremony was to be used, other than that some ceremony would be held to inaugurate

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2604-566: The cross lying flat. Sometimes, instead of the flat cross, the mitre may have an icon on the top. As an item of Imperial regalia , along with other such items as the sakkos (Imperial dalmatic ) and epigonation , the mitre came to signify the temporal authority of bishops (especially that of the Patriarch of Constantinople ) within the administration of the Rum millet (i.e., the Christian community) of

2666-558: The decree of Peter the Great in 1705; in 1786 Catherine the Great awarded a mitre to her spiritual father, Archpriest John Pamphilov. In 1797 the decree of Paul I allowed the mitre to be awarded to archpriests as mark of special distinction. In 1988, the Holy Synod of the Russian Church decided that the mitres of all bishops would be topped with a cross, which until then was reserved for

2728-620: The eleventh century. The first written mention of it is found in a Bull of Pope Leo IX in the year 1049. By 1150 the use had spread to bishops throughout the West. In the Church of England , the mitre fell out of use after the Reformation, but was restored in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a result of the Oxford Movement , and is now worn by most bishops of the Anglican Communion on at least some occasions. In The Episcopal Church of

2790-508: The fifteenth century, who in his Concerning the Holy Temple, wrote that all Eastern hierarchs and priests, with the exception of the patriarch of Alexandria conduct sacred service with uncovered heads. Another evidence pointing to the lack of headgear among the Orthodox bishops was the complaint against John XI of Constantinople who was accused of copying the Catholic pope in wearing

2852-575: The form proper to that of a Holy Roman Emperor . At the Roman rite of their Coronation , the Pope placed a mitre on their heads before placing the crown over it. Their empress consorts also received both a mitre and crown on their heads from a cardinal bishop at the same ceremony. The form of the Russian Imperial Crown dates back to the time of Peter the Great ’s early attempts to westernise Russia and

2914-671: The games", a headband and a badge of rank at the Ptolemaic court , an oriental headdress, perhaps a kind of turban, worn "as a mark of effeminacy", a diadem , the headdress of the priest of Heracles , or the headdress of the Jewish high priest referenced in the Septuagint (Greek) text of Exodus 29 :6. In its modern form in Western Christianity , the mitre is a tall folding cap , consisting of two similar parts (the front and back) rising to

2976-712: The making of a Protopresbyter" it is clear that what is now known as an "Archpriest" is what is usually meant. The rank of "Protopresbyter" as a distinction higher than "Archpriest" is a later addition. The same Order, naturally, is used for what is now called "Protopresbyter". The Unitarian Church of Transylvania is divided into five Archpriestships as a form of territorial governance, virtual dioceses. References Sources Mitre The mitre ( Commonwealth English ) or miter ( American English ; see spelling differences ; both pronounced / ˈ m aɪ t ər / MY -tər ; Greek : μίτρα , romanized :  mítra , lit.   'headband' or 'turban')

3038-414: The mid-18th century but grenadiers continued as elite troops in most European armies, usually retaining the mitre cap as a distinction. Militarily, this headdress came in different styles. The Prussian style had a cone-shaped brass or white metal front with a cloth rear having lace braiding; the Russian style initially consisted of a tall brass plate atop of a leather cap with a peak at the rear, although

3100-599: The mitre and other pontifical insignia to a newly ordained bishop during the Rite of Ordination of a Bishop and to a new abbot during the Rite of Blessing of an Abbot. In the case of a person who is canonically equivalent to a diocesan bishop but does not receive episcopal ordination, this presentation normally occurs during a public installation as the ordinary of his jurisdiction. Catholic ecclesial law also permits former Anglican bishops received into full communion and subsequently ordained to

3162-483: The mitre started being used after the fall of Constantinople (1453). There are some examples of Orthodox religious headgear (and possibly mitres) as early as the 14th century, such as a fresco of Metropolitan Kalevit in the Kremikovtsi Monastery or the mitre donated to the patriarch of Belgrade by Katarina Branković . Some have hypothesized that shape of the mitres adopted after the fall of Constantinople

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3224-529: The official of the patriarchal court, though bearing the same title, were the protopopes in the country parishes. They correspond to Catholic rural deans , having delegate episcopal jurisdiction for minor cases, from which appeal may be made to the bishop. So Theodore Balsamon (twelfth century): "It is forbidden by the canons that there should be bishops in small towns and villages, and because of this they ordain for these priests who are protopopes and chorepiscopi" ( Syntagma , III, 142). There are cases in which

3286-505: The order of presbyter in the Catholic Church to obtain permission to use pontifical insignia as a mark of recognition of their previous ministry (they also may be admitted to the national or regional episcopal conference with status equivalent to that of retired Catholic bishops), but former Anglican bishops typically have not requested permission to use pontifical insignia under this provision. Three types of mitres are worn by Roman Catholic clergy for different occasions: The proper colour of

3348-413: The pontiff" (ibid., 229). He is promoted by presentation to the patriarch, who lays his hand on him with prayer, and the clergy cry " axios " (ἄξιος) three times (the rite from Allatius is given by Goar, 238). Goar notes that the protopope, at least to some extent, succeeded to the place of the chorepiscopus . He could ordain lectors ; at concelebrations where no bishop is present he presided and said

3410-424: The same colour. It has been asserted that before the reformation, a distinction was used to be drawn between the mitre of a bishop and an abbot by the omission of the infulae in the abbot's arms. In England and France it was usual to place the mitre of an abbot slightly in profile. With his inauguration as pope , Benedict XVI broke with tradition and replaced the papal tiara even on his papal coat of arms with

3472-505: The senior Cardinal-Priest in the College of Cardinals . According to the specific historical tradition, many churches throughout the world, other than basilicas, are under the authority of a priest who bears the title of archpriest . However, the title is mostly honorary and today, such an archpriest has no control over subordinate clergy other than that of a parish priest over junior clergy assigned to assist him in meeting pastoral needs. In

3534-551: The time of the Council of Trent the office of archpriest was replaced by the office of vicar forane , also known in English as "dean". The first recorded use of this meaning of the title comes from St Charles Borromeo 's reforms in his own diocese. Unlike vicars general and vicars episcopal, vicars forane are not prelates , which means they do not possess ordinary power. Their role is entirely supervisory, and they perform visitations for

3596-466: The title of vicar forane , otherwise often known as a dean . In ancient times, the archdeacon was the head of the deacons of a diocese, as is still the case in the Eastern Orthodox Church , while the archpriest was the chief of the presbyterate of the diocese, i.e. of the priests as a body. The latter's duties included deputising for the bishop in spiritual matters when necessary. In

3658-476: The western Church, by the Middle Ages , the use of the title had evolved and became assigned to the priest of the principal parish among several local parishes. This priest had general charge of worship in this archpresbyterate, and the parishioners of the smaller parishes had to attend Sunday Mass and hold baptisms at the principal parish while the subordinate parishes instead held daily mass and homilies. By

3720-671: Was appointed by the Holy See as head of the Catholic Church in England . The archpriest had authority over all of the secular clergy in the country. The Archpriest Controversy was a dispute between Roman Catholics supporting and opposed to this structure. In 1623 the Apostolic Vicariate of England was established, headed by an apostolic vicar rather than an archpriest. The title of archpriest has survived in Rome , in Malta and elsewhere, where it

3782-512: Was likely derived by the stemma , the Byzantine imperial crown. Together with other imperial-derived vestements like the sakkos, the crown-like mitre embodied the regality and richness of the defunct empire, of which the bishops inherited the legacy. In medieval Russia bishops wore hats with a fringe, but not a mitre. This is in contrast to Constantinople and most other Orthodox clergy who did not wear any headgear, and might be accounted for by

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3844-483: Was probably inspired by the crowns worn by Habsburg emperors of the Holy Roman Empire and possibly also the Orthodox mitre. Abbesses of certain very ancient abbeys in the West also wore mitres, but of a very different form than that worn by male prelates. The mitral valve of the human heart, which is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle , is named so because of its similarity in shape to

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