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53-525: Kabardian Basleney Temirgoy Abzakh Bzhedugh Shapsug Natkhuaja The consonant system is reconstructed with a four-way phonation contrast in stops and affricates , and a two-way contrast in fricatives . In the Proto-Circassian there was a series of aspirated consonants that survived in the Shapsug and Bzhedugh dialect while they became plain consonants in the other dialects. In

106-466: A glottalic egressive airstream . In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspirated , voiced and tenuis consonants . Some languages have glottalized sonorants with creaky voice that pattern with ejectives phonologically, and other languages have ejectives that pattern with implosives , which has led to phonologists positing a phonological class of glottalic consonants , which includes ejectives. In producing an ejective,

159-403: A voiceless uvular stop . [pʼ] , on the other hand, is quite rare. That is the opposite pattern to what is found in the implosive consonants , in which the bilabial is common and the velar is rare. Ejective fricatives are rare for presumably the same reason: with the air escaping from the mouth while the pressure is being raised, like inflating a leaky bicycle tire, it is harder to distinguish

212-470: A Cyrillic-based script for Kabardian. Over the decades, the popularity in use of Arabic-derived script increased. In 1881, the poet Bekmurza Pachev compiled a standardized Arabic script for Kabardian consisting of 39 letters. He published various literature and wrote poetry in this version of the alphabet. The Arabic alphabet was gaining universal acceptance and increasing usage among Kabardian Circassians. In 1908, Nuri Tsagov compiled another iteration of

265-722: A Latin alphabet for Kabardian. While many in the Circassian community have opposed the move, the endorsement of the project by Turkey's ruling party, AK Party , has resulted in the boosting of ADDER script. Since then, government-endorsed education material and primers have been prepared in ADDER Latin script. Table below lists the 49-letter Kabardian Latin (ADDER) Alphabet and their respective Cyrillic equivalents. Highlighted letters aren't considered independent letters, but are digraphs and are used to correspond to specific Kabardian phonemes. Below table shows Kabardian Arabic alphabet, as it

318-404: A result prefer to maintain a phoneme /aː/ . In a later section of his monograph, Kuipers also attempts to analyze the two vowels phonemes /ə/ and /a/ out of existence. Halle, however, shows that this analysis is flawed, as it requires the introduction of multiple new phonemes to carry the information formerly encoded by the two vowel phonemes. The vowel /o/ appears in some loan words; it

371-421: A series of allophonically ejective stops. Dahalo of Kenya , has ejectives, implosives, and click consonants . Non-contrastively, ejectives are found in many varieties of British English, usually replacing word-final fortis plosives in utterance-final or emphatic contexts. Almost all ejective consonants in the world's languages are stops or affricates , and all ejective consonants are obstruents . [kʼ]

424-509: A single sound. Often the constriction of the larynx causes it to rise in the vocal tract, but this is individual variation and not the initiator of the airflow. Such sounds generally remain voiced. Yeyi has a set of prenasalized ejectives like /ⁿtʼ, ᵑkʼ, ⁿtsʼ/. In the International Phonetic Alphabet , ejectives are indicated with a "modifier letter apostrophe" ⟨ ʼ ⟩ , as in this article. A reversed apostrophe

477-404: Is [kʼ] even if it is more difficult to produce than other ejectives like [tʼ] or [pʼ] because the auditory distinction between [kʼ] and [k] is greater than with other ejectives and voiceless consonants of the same place of articulation . In proportion to the frequency of uvular consonants , [qʼ] is even more common, as would be expected from the very small oral cavity used to pronounce

530-856: Is a Northwest Caucasian language , that is considered to be the east dialect of Adyghe language . While some Soviet linguists have treated the two as distinct languages, the Circassians (including Kabardian people) consider the eastern and western language variants to be dialects of one Circassian language. It is spoken mainly in parts of the North Caucasus republics of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia (Eastern Circassia), and in Turkey , Jordan and Syria (the extensive post-war diaspora). It has 47 or 48 consonant phonemes , of which 22 or 23 are fricatives , depending upon whether one counts [h] as phonemic, but it has only 3 phonemic vowels. It

583-399: Is also complicated somewhat by the existence of Besleney, which is usually considered a dialect of Kabardian but also shares many features with certain dialects of Adyghe. Kabardian is written in a form of Cyrillic and serves as the literary language for Circassians in both Kabardino-Balkaria (where it is usually called the "Kabardian language") and Karachay-Cherkessia (where it is called

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636-567: Is commonly seen with r , l and nasals, but that is Americanist phonetic notation for a glottalized consonant and does not indicate an ejective.) Other ejective sonorants are not known to occur. When sonorants are transcribed with an apostrophe in the literature as if they were ejective, they actually involve a different airstream mechanism: they are glottalized consonants and vowels whose glottalization partially or fully interrupts an otherwise normal voiced pulmonic airstream, somewhat like English uh-uh (either vocalic or nasal) pronounced as

689-467: Is concerned, a majority of diaspora Circasians have tried to follow the conventions and literary practices in place among people living in the Circassian homeland. This is to help diaspora communities maintain ties to their homeland. Therefore, before 1924, the Arabic-based scripts developed for Western and Eastern (Kabardian) Circassian, also took roots among the diaspora communities. This is also why for

742-419: Is interpreted by many as having an ejective fricative [sʼ] , at least historically, but it has been also analyzed as now being a sociolinguistic variant (Takkele Taddese 1992). An ejective retroflex stop [ʈʼ] is rare. It has been reported from Yawelmani and other Yokuts languages , Tolowa , and Gwich'in . Because the complete closing of the glottis required to form an ejective makes voicing impossible,

795-557: Is often pronounced /aw/ . The diphthong /aw/ is pronounced /oː/ in some dialects. /jə/ may be realised as /iː/ , /wə/ as /uː/ and /aj/ as /eː/ . This monophthongisation does not occur in all dialects. The vowels /a, aː/ can have the semi-vowel /j/ in front of it. The official alphabet used for writing Kabardian, is Cyrillic alphabet, including additional letters, totalling 59 letters. Digraphs, trigraphs, and one tetragraph, are counted as independent letters on their own. The Cyrillic alphabet in its current form has been

848-545: Is one of very few languages to possess a clear phonemic distinction between ejective affricates and ejective fricatives . Some linguists argue that Kabardian is only one dialect of an overarching Adyghe or Circassian language , which consists of all of the dialects of Adyghe and Kabardian together, and the Kabardians themselves most often refer to their language using the Circassian term Adighabze ("Adyghe language"). Several linguists, including Georges Dumézil , have used

901-594: Is sometimes used to represent light aspiration, as in Armenian linguistics ⟨ pʼ tʼ kʼ ⟩; this usage is obsolete in the IPA. In other transcription traditions (such as many romanisations of Russian , where it is transliterating the soft sign ), the apostrophe represents palatalization : ⟨ pʼ ⟩ = IPA ⟨ pʲ ⟩. In some Americanist traditions , an apostrophe indicates weak ejection and an exclamation mark strong ejection: ⟨ k̓ , k! ⟩. In

954-455: Is the most common ejective, and [qʼ] is common among languages with uvulars , [tʼ] less so, and [pʼ] is uncommon. Among affricates, [tsʼ], [tʃʼ], [tɬʼ] are all quite common, and [kxʼ] and [ʈʂʼ] are not unusual ( [kxʼ] is particularly common among the Khoisan languages , where it is the ejective equivalent of /k/ ). A few languages have ejective fricatives. In some dialects of Hausa ,

1007-451: The Beslenei dialect, there exists an alveolar lateral ejective affricate [t͡ɬʼ] which corresponds to [ ɬʼ ] in literary Kabardian. The Turkish Kabardians (Uzunyayla) and Besleneys have a palatalized voiced velar stop [ɡʲ] and a palatalized velar ejective [kʲʼ] which corresponds to [ d͡ʒ ] and [ t͡ʃʼ ] in literary Kabardian. The glottalization of

1060-705: The Shapsug dialect , in the Besleney dialect and in the Kabardian Uzunyayla dialect. In other Circassian dialects they were merged with the palato-alveolar consonants дж [ d͡ʒ ] , ч [ t͡ʃ ] and кӏ [ t͡ʃʼ ] respectively. In the Abzakh and the Kabardian dialects, the affricate postalveolar consonants became fricative. Proto-Circassian had a labialized voiceless velar fricative [xʷ] which survived in

1113-1065: The stylohyoid muscle and digastric muscle contract, causing the hyoid bone and the connected glottis to raise, and the forward articulation (at the velum in the case of [kʼ] ) is held, raising air pressure greatly in the mouth so when the oral articulators separate, there is a dramatic burst of air. The Adam's apple may be seen moving when the sound is pronounced. In the languages in which they are more obvious, ejectives are often described as sounding like “spat” consonants, but ejectives are often quite weak. In some contexts and in some languages, they are easy to mistake for tenuis or even voiced stops. These weakly ejective articulations are sometimes called intermediates in older American linguistic literature and are notated with different phonetic symbols: ⟨ C! ⟩ = strongly ejective, ⟨ Cʼ ⟩ = weakly ejective. Strong and weak ejectives have not been found to be contrastive in any natural language. In strict, technical terms, ejectives are glottalic egressive consonants. The most common ejective

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1166-932: The "Cherkess language"). Like all other Northwest Caucasian languages, Kabardian is ergative and has an extremely complex verbal system. Since 2004, the Turkish broadcasting corporation TRT has maintained a half-an-hour programme a week in the Terek dialect of Kabardian. The phoneme written Л л is pronounced as a voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ ɮ ] mostly by the Circassians of Kabarda and Cherkessia , but many Kabardians pronounce it as an alveolar lateral approximant [ l ] in diaspora. The series of labialized alveolar sibilant affricates and fricatives that exist in Adyghe /ʃʷʼ/ /ʒʷ/ /ʃʷ/ /t͡sʷ/ became labiodental consonants /fʼ/ /v/ /f/ /v/ in Kabardian, for example

1219-482: The 19th century, Kabardian did not have a literary tradition yet, and it did not have a native orthography. At the time, Ottoman Turkish was used as the literary language by Circassians. Starting in the 1820s, efforts at compiling and standardizing Arabic-based scripts were undertaken by various Kabardian literaturists, and by the early 1920s, an officially-adopted Arabic-based script was in widespread educational and literary use. However, in 1924, Kabardian Arabic alphabet

1272-542: The 59-letter Kabardian Cyrillic Alphabet. Dighraphs, trigraphs, and a tetragraph are counted as independent letters. Since the genocide and forced expulsion of Circassians in their homeland in the second half of the 19th century, most Circassians have been living as diaspora communities in countries such as Turkey , Syria , Jordan , and elsewhere. In fact more Circassians live in the diaspora than within Circassia . As far as orthographic conventions among diasporic communities

1325-449: The Arabic alphabet, better suited for all consonant and vowel phonemes of Kabardian. This version of the alphabet was widely accepted, with many authors utilizing it to publish books and literature, including a primer . The alphabet gained official status in education and later also inspired the standardization of Arabic-based orthography for Adyghe language by Akhmetov Bekukh. In line with

1378-500: The IPA, the distinction might be written ⟨ kʼ, kʼʼ ⟩, but it seems that no language distinguishes degrees of ejection. Transcriptions of the Caucasian languages often utilize combining dots above or below a letter to indicate an ejective. In alphabets using the Latin script, an IPA-like apostrophe for ejective consonants is common. However, there are other conventions. In Hausa ,

1431-434: The Kabardian words мафӏэ [maːfʼa] "fire", зэвы [zavə] "narrow", фыз [fəz] "wife" and вакъэ [vaːqa] "shoe" are pronounced as машӏо [maːʃʷʼa] , зэжъу [zaʒʷə] , шъуз /ʃʷəz/ and цуакъэ [t͡sʷaːqa] in Adyghe. Kabardian has a labialized voiceless velar fricative [xʷ] which correspond to Adyghe [f] , for example the Adyghe word "тфы" ( [tfə] "five" is тху ( [txʷə] ) in Kabardian. In

1484-495: The Proto-Circassian there was a series of tense consonants that became voiced in the eastern dialects. In the Proto-Circassian language there exist a palatalized voiced velar stop [ɡʲ] ⟨гь⟩ , a palatalized aspirated voiceless velar stop [kʰʲ] , a palatalized voiceless velar stop [kʲ] ⟨кь⟩ and a palatalized velar ejective [kʲʼ] ⟨кӏь⟩ . The consonants гь [ ɡʲ ] , кь [ kʲ ] and кӏь [ kʲʼ ] survive in

1537-930: The South African Plateau (see Geography of Africa ). In the Americas, they are extremely common in the North American Cordillera . They also frequently occur throughout the Andes and Maya Mountains . Elsewhere, they are rare. Language families that distinguish ejective consonants include: According to the glottalic theory , the Proto-Indo-European language had a series of ejectives (or, in some versions, implosives ), but no extant Indo-European language has retained them. Ejectives are found today in Ossetian and some Armenian dialects only because of influence of

1590-597: The allophonic voicing of ejective phonemes causes them to lose their glottalization; this occurs in Blin (modal voice) and Kabardian (creaky voice). A similar historical sound change also occurred in Veinakh and Lezgic in the Caucasus, and it has been postulated by the glottalic theory for Indo-European. Some Khoisan languages have voiced ejective stops and voiced ejective clicks ; however, they actually contain mixed voicing , and

1643-471: The alphabet inconvenient to learn and use. Thus two year later, in 1938, N.F. Yakovlev led a commission that reformed the Cyrillic alphabet to its present form. Among the diasporic Circassian communities, the situation with respect to orthography has been more complex. Some groups have advocated for use of Latin or Arabic in line with the language of the larger society in which Circassian communities reside. On

Proto-Circassian language - Misplaced Pages Continue

1696-401: The boosting of ADDER script and its usage in development of new educational material. The alphabet consists of the following letters: A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, Ć ć, D d, E e, É é, F f, Ḟ ḟ, G g, Ǵ ǵ, Ğ ğ, H h, Ḣ ḣ, I ı, İ i, J j, Ĵ ĵ, K k, Ḱ ḱ, Ǩ ǩ, L l, Ĺ ĺ, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, P p, Ṕ ṕ, Q q, R r, S s, Ś ś, Š š, Ş ş, Ṩ ṩ, T t, Ṫ ṫ, U u, Ü ü, W w, V v, X x, Y y, Z z, Ź ź, ' Table below lists

1749-963: The eastern dialects while it became a voiceless labiodental fricative [f] in the western dialects. Proto-Circassian had a series of labialized postalveolar consonants (t͡ɕʷ, ʑʷ, ɕʷ and ɕʷʼ). These consonants survived in the western dialects while they became labiodental consonants in the eastern dialects. Schleicher's fable in Proto-Circassian: χʷǝ č́ʷara-gjǝ χʷǝ ja laśʷam mә q́ˤ:an č́ʷara pǝʎ́an; mǝ χwanǝta k:ʷǝm q:irǝ, mǝ čʷǝχʷa čʷam, mǝ ć̣ǝm pasa mǝš́ʷrǝ. χʷǝ č́ʷara q̇́ˤan: "źǝʁʷǝ sā ǵʷǝ, q:ać̣am ć̣arǝ č́ʷara ḳ́ʷarǝ." č́ʷara q̇́ˤan: "q:́ˤʷa χʷǝ! źǝʁʷǝ š́a ǵʷǝ ć̣arǝ, q:ać̣a, ł́a, č́ʷara laśʷam ʎ́ʷa ḳ́ač̣ʷǝm čǝ-wǝ, χʷiara-gjǝ laśʷam mә q́ˤ:a." nǝ q:́aˤʷasa χʷǝ rǝq:ʷada q:ˤʷan. Kabardian language Surviving Destroyed or barely existing Kabardian ( / k ə ˈ b ɑːr d i ə n / ), also known as East Circassian ,

1802-413: The ejective release is voiceless. Ejective trill s aren't attested in any language, even allophonically. An ejective [rʼ] would necessarily be voiceless, but the vibration of the trill, combined with a lack of the intense voiceless airflow of [r̥] , gives an impression like that of voicing. Similarly, ejective nasals such as [mʼ, nʼ, ŋʼ] (also necessarily voiceless) are possible. (An apostrophe

1855-452: The ejective stops (but not fricatives) can be quite weak, and has been reported to often be creaky voice , that is, to have laryngealized voicing. Something similar seems to have happened historically in the Veinakh languages . Kabardian has a vertical vowel system . Although many surface vowels appear, they can be analyzed as consisting of at most the following three phonemic vowels: /ə/ , /a/ and /aː/ . The following allophones of

1908-651: The general linguistic policy of the Soviet Union at the time, the existing Arabic script was replaced with a newly developed Kabardian Latin alphabet in 1924. Khuranov is credited for first compiling the first version of Latin alphabet in May 1923. This version closely resembled the Latin alphabet adopted for Adyghe language in 1927. This alphabet consisted of many newly created letters, some even borrowed from Cyrillic. Another interesting feature of this iteration of Adyghe Latin Alphabet

1961-491: The hooked letter ƙ is used for /kʼ/ . In Zulu and Xhosa , whose ejection is variable between speakers, plain consonant letters are used: p t k ts tsh kr for /pʼ tʼ kʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kxʼ/ . In some conventions for Haida and Hadza , double letters are used: tt kk qq ttl tts for /tʼ kʼ qʼ tɬʼ tsʼ/ (Haida) and zz jj dl gg for /tsʼ tʃʼ c𝼆ʼ kxʼ/ (Hadza). A pattern can be observed wherein ejectives correlate geographically with mountainous regions. Everett (2013) argues that

2014-536: The last type. Upper Necaxa Totonac is unusual and perhaps unique in that it has ejective fricatives (alveolar, lateral, and postalveolar [sʼ], [ʃʼ], [ɬʼ] ) but lacks any ejective stop or affricate (Beck 2006). Other languages with ejective fricatives are Yuchi , which some sources analyze as having [ɸʼ], [sʼ], [ʃʼ], and [ɬʼ] (but not the analysis of the Misplaced Pages article), Keres dialects , with [sʼ], [ʂʼ] and [ɕʼ] , and Lakota , with [sʼ], [ʃʼ], and [xʼ] . Amharic

2067-463: The main orthography of the time in the Circassian homeland, i.e. Nuri Tsagov's script. More recently, there has been developments in Turkey . In the 2000s, the Konya -based Adyghe Language Teaching Association (ADDER) has compiled a Latin alphabet for Kabardian. While many in the Circassian community have opposed the move, the endorsement of the project by Turkey's ruling party, AK Party , has resulted in

2120-580: The nearby Northeast Caucasian and/or Kartvelian language families. It had once been predicted that ejectives and implosives would not be found in the same language but both have been found phonemically at several points of articulation in Nilo-Saharan languages ( Gumuz , Me'en , and T'wampa ), Mayan language ( Yucatec ), Salishan ( Lushootseed ), and the Oto-Manguean Mazahua . Nguni languages , such as Zulu have an implosive b alongside

2173-594: The official alphabet since 1938. Kabardian alphabet, while having minor differences reflecting dialectical variations, is very similar to orthography of the Adyghe language , the other prominent Circassian language. Kabardian is also unofficially written and taught in Latin, in some diaspora communities, especially in Turkey where government-backing of a Latin-based script has been a cause for controversy and opposition among Kabardians who still overwhelmingly favor Cyrillic. Prior to

Proto-Circassian language - Misplaced Pages Continue

2226-481: The other hand, since the adoption of Cyrillic in Circassia others have advocated for continued use of Cyrillic as it helps maintain contact with the Circassian homeland and the literary tradition there. This divergence goes back to the early 20th century, when in 1909, Muhammad Pchegatlukov developed a new and independent Arabic-based writing system in the Ottoman Empire . His proposed script didn't manage to displace

2279-411: The past decades up till today, the majority of Circassians, be they in Turkey or Jordan or elsewhere, have adopted the Cyrillic alphabet and insist on educating the new generation in Cyrillic alphabet. Nevertheless, the issue of orthography hasn't been without controversy among diaspora communities. In the 2000s in Turkey , the Konya -based Adyghe Language Teaching Association (ADDER) has compiled

2332-533: The resulting sound as salient as a [kʼ] . Ejectives occur in about 20% of the world's languages. Ejectives that phonemically contrast with pulmonic consonants occur in about 15% of languages around the world. The occurrence of ejectives often correlates to languages in mountainous regions such as the Caucasus which forms an island of ejective languages. They are also found frequently in the East African Rift and

2385-516: The short vowels /ə/ , /a/ appear: According to Kuipers, Most of the long vowels appear as automatic variants of a sequence of short vowel and glide, when it occurs in a single syllable: This leaves only the vowel [aː] . Kuipers claims that this can be analyzed as underlying /ha/ when word-initial, and underlying /ah/ elsewhere, based on the following facts: Halle finds Kuipers' analysis "exemplary". Gordon and Applebaum note this analysis, but also note that some authors disagree, and as

2438-417: The standard affricate [tsʼ] is a fricative [sʼ] ; Ubykh (Northwest Caucasian, now extinct) had an ejective lateral fricative [ɬʼ] ; and the related Kabardian also has ejective labiodental and alveolopalatal fricatives, [fʼ], [ʃʼ], and [ɬʼ] . Tlingit is an extreme case, with ejective alveolar, lateral, velar, and uvular fricatives, [sʼ], [ɬʼ], [xʼ], [xʷʼ], [χʼ], [χʷʼ] ; it may be the only language with

2491-445: The terms "eastern Circassian" (Kabardian) and "western Circassian" (Adyghe) to avoid that confusion, but both "Circassian" and "Kabardian" may still be found in linguistic literature. There are several key phonetic and lexical differences that create a reasonably well-defined separation between the eastern and the western Circassian dialects, but the degree to which the two are mutually intelligible has not yet been determined. The matter

2544-427: Was conducted by famous Kabardian poet, Sh. Nogma, in 1825. His alphabet consisted of 42 letters, including 15 letters introduced by him, some of which had unusual forms, diverging from the conventional rasm (base of letters which are then used for addition of dots and diacritics ). His alphabet thus didn't take hold. In 1830, in collaboration with Russian philologist and orientalist, Gratsilevsky , Nogma developed

2597-408: Was discarded and replaced with Latin.. A second version of Latin script was adopted in 1930. This lasted for another 6 years, and in 1936, Latin alphabet was discarded in favour of Cyrillic. Kabardian Cyrillic alphabet underwent an iteration of modification in 1938, and the 1938 version has been in popular and official use eversince. First ever notable attempt at compiling an orthography for Kabardian

2650-454: Was reintroduced. The alphabet consisted of the following letters: A a, B b, V v, D d, E e, G g, Gu gu, Z z, Ž ž, Z̧ z̧, Ӡ ӡ, Ꜧ ꜧ, Ꜧu ꜧu, I i, J j, K k, Ku ku, Ⱪ ⱪ, Ⱪu ⱪu, Q q, Qu qu, Qh qh, Qhu qhu, L l, [REDACTED] [REDACTED] , Lh lh, M m, N n, O o, P p, Ph ph, R r, S s, Š š, Ş ş, T t, Th th, U u, F f, Fh fh, X x, Xu xu, X̌ x̌, X̌u x̌u, ɦ, C c, Ç ç, Ch ch, Y y, H h, ', Ù ù, Je je, Jo jo, Ju ju, Ja ja . In 1930, Kabardian Latin alphabet

2703-674: Was replaced by a new version derived from the nationally-adopted new standard, Yañalif . In 1936, Kabardian was one of the languages in the Soviet Union to switch to Cyrillic alphabet. Tuta Borukaev , Kabardian public figure and linguist is credited with the compilation of the first official Cyrillic alphabet for Kabardian. They consisted of the following: А а, ’А ’а, Б б, В в, Г г, Гъ гъ, Д д, Е е, Ж ж, Жь жь, З з, И и, Й й, К к, К’ к’, Л л, Ль ль, Л’ л’, М м, Н н, О о, П п, П’ п’, Р р, С с, Т т, Т’ т’, У у, ’У ’у, Ф ф, Ф’ ф’, Х х, Хь хь, Хъ хъ, Ц ц, Ц’ ц’, Ч ч, Ш ш, Щ щ, Щ’ щ’, Ъ ъ, Ы ы, Ь ь, Э э, Ю ю, Я я . The extensive reliance on use of apostrophes made

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2756-530: Was that there was no distinction between lower case and upper case letters. Each letter only had one single case. The alphabet consisted of а b w d g ꜧ [REDACTED] е ӡ z ž ⱬ i j k ⱪ q qh l [REDACTED] lh m n o p ph r s š ş t th v f fh x х̌ ɦ c ç ch y h u è ù â ỳ . Kabardian Latin alphabet underwent another update in 1925. In this version, many of the newly created letters were removed in favour of introduction of accents and diacritics over base Latin letters. In this version, upper-case/lower-case distinction

2809-667: Was the official script of Kabardian Circassian between 1908 and 1924, compiled by Nuri Tsagov. Kabardian, like all Northwest Caucasian languages, has a basic agent–object–verb typology, and is characterized by ergative–absolutive alignment . The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kabardian and Adyghe, along with the original declaration in English. Ejective In phonetics , ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with

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