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43-488: The event was originally part of a series called the Prix Triennal. The first leg, the precursor of the modern version, was introduced in 1882. The second, for three-year-olds, began in 1883, and the third, for four-year-olds, in 1884. Each was restricted to horses owned by the breeder who foaled them. The races were initially held at Fontainebleau , and the juvenile division was contested over 1,100 metres. The Prix Triennal

86-400: A base from which to hunt "the red and black beasts" which abounded in the forest. At the time, the forest covered only 13,365 hectares, but the kings of France extended it through acquisitions and forfeitures. Also under François I, the office of Grand Forestier was created. He was responsible for officers and horse guards, each having the supervision and management of a canton of the forest. It

129-628: A character that is a bit heterogeneous, but harmonious nonetheless. On 18 October 1685, Louis XIV signed the Edict of Fontainebleau there. Also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes , this royal fiat reversed the permission granted to the Huguenots in 1598 to worship publicly in specified locations and hold certain other privileges. The result was that a large number of Protestants were forced to convert to

172-578: A solution to the long-contested struggle for Vietnam's independence from France, but the conference ended in failure. Fontainebleau also hosted the general staff of the Allied Forces in Central Europe (Allied Forces Center or AFCENT) and the land forces command (LANDCENT); the air forces command (AIRCENT) was located nearby at Camp Guynemer . These facilities were in place from the inception of NATO until France's partial withdrawal from NATO in 1967 when

215-483: Is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris , France. It is located 55.5 kilometres (34.5 mi) south-southeast of the centre of Paris . Fontainebleau is a sub-prefecture of the Seine-et-Marne department , and it is the seat of the arrondissement of Fontainebleau . The commune has the largest land area in the Île-de-France region; it is the only one to cover a larger area than Paris itself. The commune

258-462: Is a mixed deciduous forest lying sixty kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Paris , France . It is located primarily in the arrondissement of Fontainebleau in the southwestern part of the department of Seine-et-Marne . Most of it also lies in the canton of Fontainebleau , although parts of it extend into adjoining cantons , and even as far west as the town of Milly-la-Forêt in the neighboring department, Essonne . Several communes lie within

301-441: Is closest to Seine-et-Marne Prefecture, Melun . Fontainebleau, together with the neighbouring commune of Avon and three other smaller communes, form an urban area of 36,724 inhabitants (2018). This urban area is a satellite of Paris. Fontainebleau is renowned for the large and scenic forest of Fontainebleau , a favourite weekend getaway for Parisians, as well as for the historic Château de Fontainebleau , which once belonged to

344-401: Is recognised as a French national park. It is managed in order that its wild plants and trees, such as the rare service tree of Fontainebleau , and its populations of birds, mammals, and butterflies, can be conserved. It is a former royal hunting park often visited by hikers and horse riders . The forest is also well regarded for bouldering and is particularly popular among climbers , as it

387-563: Is the biggest developed area of that kind in the world. The Royal Château de Fontainebleau is a large palace where the kings of France took their ease. It is also the site where the French royal court, from 1528 onwards, entertained the body of new ideas that became known as the Renaissance. The European (and historic) campus of the INSEAD business school is located at the edge of Fontainebleau, by

430-509: Is therefore very permeable. As a result, nowhere in the forest, except on the eastern slope between Veneux-Nadon and Samois-sur-Seine, are there any permanent sources of water. The ponds come from the capture of rainwater in the depressions of the rocky plateaus, except in the vicinity of the pond at Les Evées where clay dominates. The most common trees in the forest are: oak (44%), Scots pine (40%), and European beech (10%). Three thousand species of mushrooms have been discovered. The forest

473-721: The French Revolution , Fontainebleau was temporarily renamed Fontaine-la-Montagne, meaning "Fountain by the Mountain". (The mountain referred to is the series of rocky formations located in the forest of Fontainebleau.) On 29 October 1807, Manuel Godoy , chancellor to the Spanish king, Charles IV and Napoleon signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau , which authorized the passage of French troops through Spanish territories so that they might invade Portugal. On 20 June 1812, Pope Pius VII arrived at

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516-525: The Old Guard , the renowned grognards (gripers) who had served with him since his first campaigns, in the "White Horse Courtyard" (la cour du Cheval Blanc) at the Palace of Fontainebleau. (The courtyard has since been renamed the "Courtyard of Goodbyes".) According to contemporary sources, the occasion was very moving. The 1814 Treaty of Fontainebleau stripped Napoleon of his powers (but not his title as Emperor of

559-470: The kings of France . It is also the home of INSEAD , one of the world's most elite business schools. Inhabitants of Fontainebleau are called Bellifontains . According to the official chateau history, "Fontainebleau" took its name in the 16th century from the "Fontaine Belle-Eau", a natural fresh water spring located in the English garden not far from the chateau. The name means "Spring of beautiful water". In

602-576: The 19th century the spring was rebuilt to flow into an octagonal stone basin. Before the 16th century, Fontainebleau was recorded in the Latinised forms Fons Bleaudi , Fons Bliaudi , and Fons Blaadi in the 12th and 13th centuries, and as Fontem blahaud in 1137. In the 17th century it was also sometimes called by the fanciful Latin Fons Bellaqueus . This the origin of the name Bellifontains sometimes used for residents. A popular legend says that

645-722: The Catholic faith, killed, or forced into exile, mainly in the Low Countries, Prussia and in England. The 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau , a secret agreement between France and Spain concerning the Louisiana territory in North America, was concluded here. Also, preliminary negotiations, held before the 1763 Treaty of Paris was signed, ending the Seven Years' War , were at Fontainebleau. During

688-524: The Chateau. The real tennis World Championship is the oldest in sport and Fontainebleau has one of only two active courts in France. Fontainebleau is a popular tourist destination; each year, 300,000 people visit the palace and more than 13 million people visit the forest. The forest of Fontainebleau surrounds the town and dozens of nearby villages. It is protected by France's Office National des Forêts , and it

731-543: The Fat , (1081–1137) to Napoleon III (1808–1873), spent time at Fontainebleau. The connection between the town of Fontainebleau and the French monarchy was reinforced with the transformation of the royal country house into a true royal palace, the Palace of Fontainebleau . This was accomplished by the great builder-king, Francis I (1494–1547), who, in the largest of his many construction projects, reconstructed, expanded, and transformed

774-610: The Forest of Fontainebleau thus became the first nature reserve in the world. Thirty five million years ago, during the Oligocene age, the area now occupied the Fontainebleau forest was a sea that deposited sediments of fine, white sand about fifty meters thick. This sand is one of the purest in the world and is used for glassware (Murano in Venice) and for optical fiber. The sand later formed

817-500: The French ) and sent him into exile on Elba . Until the 19th century, Fontainebleau was a village and a suburb of Avon . Later, it developed as an independent residential city. For the 1924 Summer Olympics , the town played host to the riding portion of the modern pentathlon event. This event took place near a golf course. In July and August 1946, the town hosted the Franco-Vietnamese Conference, intended to find

860-548: The Germanic word for forest. This hamlet was endowed with a royal hunting lodge and a chapel by Louis VII in the middle of the twelfth century. A century later, Louis IX , also called Saint Louis, who held Fontainebleau in high esteem and referred to it as "his wilderness", had a country house and a hospital constructed there. Philip the Fair was born there in 1268 and died there in 1314. In all, thirty-four sovereigns, from Louis VI,

903-549: The Lycee Francois Couperin. INSEAD students live in local accommodations around the Fontainebleau area, and especially in the surrounding towns. Fontainebleau is served by two stations on the Transilien Paris–Lyon rail line: Fontainebleau–Avon and Thomery . Fontainebleau–Avon station, the station closest to the centre of Fontainebleau, is located near the dividing-line between the commune of Fontainebleau and

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946-575: The United States returned those bases to French control. NATO moved AFCENT to Brunssum in the Netherlands and AIRCENT to Ramstein in West Germany . (The Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, also known as SHAPE, was located at Rocquencourt , west of Paris, quite a distance from Fontainebleau). In 2008, the men's World Championship of Real Tennis (Jeu de Paume) was held in the tennis court of

989-473: The château of Fontainebleau, after a secret transfer from Savona , accompanied by his personal physician, Balthazard Claraz. In poor health, the Pope was the prisoner of Napoleon, and he remained in his genteel prison at Fontainebleau for nineteen months. From June 1812 until 23 January 1814, the Pope never left his apartments. On 20 April 1814, Napoleon Bonaparte, shortly before his first abdication, bid farewell to

1032-630: The commune of Avon , on the Avon side of the border. Fontainebleau has a campus of the Centre hospitalier Sud Seine et Marne . Fontainebleau is twinned with the following cities: The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson, Miscellanies, Volume III, Edinburgh, Longmans Green and Co, 1895 "Fontainebleau : Village Communities of Painters" pp. 201–226 Forest of Fontainebleau The forest of Fontainebleau ( French : Forêt de Fontainebleau , or Forêt de Bière , meaning, in old French, "forest of heather ")

1075-422: The county of Gâtinais, which gave the crown control over the entire territory of the current forest. For the kings of France, the forest had several uses, including hunting and forestry, but also a military interest, as Fontainebleau was a strategic location on the road to Sens and Burgundy. In 1137, Louis VI began construction of a hunting castle consisting of a dungeon, moat and chapel. It is during this period that

1118-624: The first paths in 1842. From 1849, the railway arrived in Fontainebleau, which enabled Parisians to visit Fontainebleau on day trips. This relatively easy access helped to create public support for the protection of the forest. At the request of the painters of the Barbizon School, hardwood cuts were suspended in certain cantons appreciated by artists. In 1853, "nature sanctuaries" covering over 624 hectares of old forests and rocky areas (Bas Bréau, Cuvier Châtillon, Franchard, Apremont, La Solle, Mont Chauvet) were withdrawn from wood harvesting. For

1161-427: The first time in France, concern for “the protection of nature” became one of the objectives of forest management. By the imperial decree of April 13, 1861, the “artistic reserve” was increased to 1,094 hectares and finally to 1,693 hectares from 1892 to 1904. The director general of forests, Henri Faré, explained that the setting aside of 1,600 hectares was tantamount to losing an income of 300,000 gold francs. However,

1204-456: The first use of the word 'Fontainebleau' appears. In 1400, Charles VI initiated the first reform of forest policy; that is, he ordered the complete closure of the forest area for several months in order to verify the rights and uses of each user of the forest. This exceptional procedure was repeated many times under the Ancien Régime . The castle was rebuilt from 1527 by François I , as

1247-399: The forest, notably the towns of Fontainebleau and Avon . The forest has an area of 250 km (97 sq mi). Forty thousand years ago, nomadic populations settled around the forest. Various traces of their presence have been discovered: carved stone tools, bones of such animals as bears, elephants, rhinos, giant stags. More than 2,000 caves with rock carvings are scattered across

1290-552: The forest. They are attributed to all periods between the Upper Paleolithic (around 12000 BC) and modern times. However, the majority of the carvings are from the Mesolithic (between 9000 and 5500 BC). They often take the form of geometric etchings (lattices), though some are figurative. The fourth century BC saw the arrival of Celt and Ligurian tribes. The Celtes settled the region in the fifth century BC. A Celtic necropolis

1333-538: The forestry administration and that of the castle in 1807. In 1830, the planting of another 6,000 hectares of pine provoked the anger of artists who came to seek inspiration in the forest. The Forest of Fontainebleau is famous worldwide for having inspired 19th-century artists, including painters of the Barbizon School and the Impressionists . The Barbizon painters, led by Théodore Rousseau , militated against

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1376-517: The large banks of sandstone boulders – consisting of grains of quartz cemented by a silica gel – that characterise the current landscape of the forest. The boulders often have surprising shapes reminiscent of animals or objects and they are favored by bouldering enthusiasts. The rocks occupy an area of nearly 4,000 hectares and form long banks of almost parallel boulders oriented East South-East, West North-West, and separated by open valleys at both ends. The forest floor contains up to 98% sand and

1419-480: The planting of softwoods which had been carried out at a pace of several hundred hectares per year since 1830. They objected on the grounds that the plantings distorted the landscapes. The artists also opposed the planned regeneration cuts in old forests in 1837 and founded the Society of Friends of the Forest of Fontainebleau to protect it. In 1839, Claude-François Denecourt published his first forest guide and laid out

1462-422: The post-war years it was usually held at Longchamp, but there were short periods at Chantilly (1947, 1,100 metres), Deauville (1955) and Chantilly again (1957–1959). The distance of the race was progressively increased during the late 1960s. There were brief spells at 1,300 metres (1966–67), 1,400 metres (1968) and 1,500 metres (1969), before a sustained period over 1,600 metres began in 1970. The Prix La Rochette

1505-426: The royal château at Fontainebleau into a residence that became his favourite, as well as the residence of his mistress, Anne, duchess of Étampes . From the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, every monarch, from Francis I to Louis XV , made important renovations at the Palace of Fontainebleau, including demolitions, reconstructions, additions, and embellishments of various descriptions, all of which endowed it with

1548-463: The spring and forest took their names from a favourite hunting dog of King Louis IX named "Blaud" or "Blau". According to the legend, during a hunt the dog became separated from the King, who finally found him by the spring. According to another source, the name comes from the medieval compound noun of fontaine , meaning spring and fountain, and blitwald , consisting of the Germanic personal name Blit and

1591-456: The year 1709, 6,000 hectares were planted with deciduous trees, but this turned out to be an almost total failure. In 1750, the 90 km perimeter of the forest was delimited by 1050 boundary markers, some of which are still visible today. In 1786, Scots pines were introduced. After the Revolution, following numerous illegal cuts and the proliferation of game due to lack of hunting, Napoleon I reformed

1634-407: Was at this time, during the 16th century, that the administration responsible for managing the forest took shape. It retained this responsibility until the French Revolution . At the time of Louis XIV , less than 20 percent of the forest area was wooded. Jean-Baptiste Colbert launched a reform from June to September 1664 as well as a tree-planting campaign. In 1716, following the severe winter of

1677-572: Was discovered in Cannes-Écluse, along with arms and auroch horns. Near Bouray (Seine-et-Oise), a bronze Celtic statuette called the God of Bouray was dredged up, while in Bossy-aux-Cailles, a Celtic tintinnabulum was discovered. Around the year 1000, the human occupation of the forest consisted of a series of enclaves controlled by petty lords and wealthy landowners. In 1067, Philippe I acquired

1720-417: Was placed fourth after a stewards' inquiry. The 2016 & 2017 races were run at Saint-Cloud while Longchamp was closed for redevelopment. * The 1942 race was a dead-heat and has joint winners. Fontainebleau Fontainebleau ( / ˈ f ɒ n t ɪ n b l oʊ / FON -tin-bloh , US also /- b l uː / -⁠bloo , French: [fɔ̃tɛnblo] )

1763-620: Was renamed in memory of Charles de La Rochette (1820–1889), a long-serving steward of the Société d'Encouragement, in 1889. It moved to Longchamp in 1892, and the two-year-old leg was cut to 1,000 metres. It reverted to 1,100 metres in 1893. The series switched to Chantilly in 1906, and from this point the two and three-year-old parts were split into separate divisions for colts and fillies . They were abandoned during World War I, but substitutes were held at Maisons-Laffitte in 1918. The series returned to Longchamp in 1919, and to Chantilly in 1920. It

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1806-416: Was restricted to male horses from 1995 to 1999, and it was run at Chantilly from 1997 to 2000. It returned to Longchamp with a length of 1,400 metres in 2001. Leading jockey (8 wins): Leading trainer (10 wins): Leading owner (10 wins): Rainbow Corner finished first in 1991, but he was relegated to second place following a stewards' inquiry. Yasoodd was first in 2005, but he

1849-407: Was staged at Deauville in 1922, and on this occasion the juvenile legs were run over 1,000 metres. It resumed at Chantilly in 1923, and the split-race format continued until 1929. The Prix La Rochette was cancelled three times during World War II, in 1939, 1940 and 1944. It was transferred to Longchamp with a new distance of 1,000 metres in 1941, and temporarily switched to Le Tremblay in 1943. In

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