72-815: French literary prize The Prix Stanislas Julien is a prize for a sinological work (usually) published in the previous year. It is named after the French sinologist, Stanislas Julien , and is awarded by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres . The prize was established in 1872 and first awarded in 1875. Prize winners [ edit ] 1875 James Legge The Chinese Classics 1876 Marquis d'Hervey de Saint-Denys Ethnographie des peuples étrangers à la Chine 1877 Paul-Louis-Félix Philastre Le code annamite: nouvelle traduction complète 1878 Emil Bretschneider for works relative to
144-538: A better guess). He also ran afoul of the Chinese scholar Ku Hung-ming , who declared Dr. Giles' Chinese biographical dictionary, it must be admitted, is a work of immense labour. But here again Dr. Giles shows an utter lack of the most ordinary judgment. In such a work, one would expect to find notices only of really notable men. Nor did Ku appreciate Giles' Chinese-English Dictionary describing it as ... in no sense
216-701: A bridge of communication between the Arab and Chinese peoples. Their interest in the history of China also increased greatly. Many books related to the history of Chinese culture and its people were published in the Arabic language. In 2020 after spending about six years as a consul in Guangzhou , Ali bin Ghanem Al-Hajri , a Qatari diplomat who is considered one of the Arabs with a lot of original Arabic academic works in sinology, published
288-531: A comprehensive Chinese-English Dictionary which took over fifteen years to compile and became a standard reference for many years. Giles also published the first history of Chinese literature and art, which also became a reference work. Some of his translations have stood the test of time and are still among the best available. Giles was not afraid to be controversial and outspoken on numerous topics. To quote his great-grandson, "Most of his enemies were people whose work he had criticized. Such people included E H Parker,
360-431: A dictionary at all. It is merely a collection of Chinese phrases and sentences, translated by Dr. Giles without any attempt at selection, arrangement, order or method," and "decidedly of less value than even the old dictionary of Dr. Williams." . A recent book on Chinese lexicography says Giles' dictionary has "special significance and interest" and "enjoys pride of place in the history of Chinese bilingual dictionaries as
432-543: A rich variety of approaches and disciplines, whether they be mainly empirical or more theoretically inflected." Chinese historical sources indicate that the Chinese had knowledge of the Arabs several centuries before Islam, as the history of relations between the two civilizations dates back to the pre-Islamic era. The policy of the Han Dynasty (206 BC) aimed at opening trade routes with the western regions, which are today called Central Asia, India and Western Asia, extending to
504-537: A sinologist at Manchester University; Sir Walter Hillier a sinologist from London; and Sir Thomas Wade, Minister to China (1870-76 and 1880-82) and therefore Giles's superior in the Consular Service. Wade was later Professor of Chinese at the University of Cambridge (1888-95). Giles was to succeed him in this position in 1897." Giles was also outspoken on the work of Christian Missionaries and British traders because of
576-526: A small scale at that time. Ain Shams University opened the Chinese language specialization in 1958. However, the course was stopped for prevailing political reasons at the time. In the period between 1958 and 1963, 33 Chinese language students graduated from Egyptian universities. In 1977, Ain Shams University reintroduced the Sinology specialization course. In addition to Egypt, there were activities to teach
648-522: A syllable came from my pen which was not examined by her and approved before publication." Elise was herself an author, her best known work being China Coast Tales, which she wrote during her time in Tamsui (1885-1888) and which she published under the pseudonym Lise Boehm. On 4 July 1922, the Royal Asiatic Society awarded Giles their Triennial Gold Medal. His friend L. C. Hopkins , was reported to say
720-13632: A work related to China, Japan or East Asia that was published in the previous two years by a French author References [ edit ] ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1875 19 (4) p.376 . ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1876 20(4) p.286 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1877 21(2) p. 129. ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1878 22(4) p. 254 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1879 23(4) p. 375 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1880 24(4) p. 384 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1881 25(4) p. 321 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1882 26(1) p. 3 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1883 27(4) p. 271 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1884 28(4) p. 479 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1885 29(4) p. 410 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1886 30(4) p. 527 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1887 31(4) p. 521 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1888 32(6) p. 546 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1889 33(6) p. 461 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1890 34(6) p. 494 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1891 35(6) p. 476 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1892 36(2) p. 93 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1893 37(3) p. 133 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1894 38(6) p. 519 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1895 39(6) p. 517 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1896 40(6) p. 517 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1897 41(6) p. 582 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1898 42(6) p. 755 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1899 43(6) p. 697 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1900 44(3) p. 308 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1901 45(3) p. 327 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1902 46(6) p. 591 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1903 47(6) p. 524 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1904 48(6) p. 602 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1905 49(6) p. 652 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1906 50(9) p. 623 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1907 51(11) p. 685 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1907 53(11) p. 685 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1909 53(11) p. 850 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1910 54(8) p. 679 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1911 55(9) p. 689 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1912 56(8) p. 565 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1913 57(8) p. 552 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1914 58(7) p. 639 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1915 59(6) p. 423 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1916 60(6) p. 513 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1917 61(6) p. 411 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1918 62(6) p. 412 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1919 63(1) p. 45 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1920 64(2) p. 167 ^ "Chine ancienne, chine antique, civilisation chinoise: Auteur inconnu, KIAI-TSEU-YUAN HOUA TCHOUAN, Jieziyuan huazhuan, les Enseignements de la Peinture du Jardin grand comme un Grain de Moutarde. Encyclopédie de la peinture chinoise. Traduction et commentaires par Raphaël PETRUCCI" . 2 February 2005. ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1921 65(1) p. 47 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1922 66(2) p. 106 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1925 69(1) p. 60 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1926 70(2) p. 98 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1927 71(1) p. 31. ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'année... - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1928 72(1) p. 69 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1929 73(1) p. 48 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1930 74(1) p. 40 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1931 75(1) p. 40 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1932 76(1) p. 101 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1934 78(1) p. 72 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1935 79(2) p. 176 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1936 80(1) p. 55 ^ Goodrich, L. Carrington (1947). "Some Publications in Occupied China". Pacific Affairs . 20 (4): 432–435. doi : 10.2307/2752547 . JSTOR 2752547 . ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1938 82(2) p. 169 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1939 83(1) p. 90 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1946 90(4) p. 650 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1947 91(4) p. 665 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1948 92(4)p. 475 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1949 93(4) p.378 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1950 94(4) p. 383 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1951 95(4) p. 402 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1952 96(4) p. 559 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1953 97(4) p. 399 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1954 98(4) p. 446 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1955 99(4) p. 459 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1957 101(4) p. 391 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1959 103(2) p. 413 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1962 106(2) p. 366 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1963 107(3) p. 335 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1965 109(1) p. 142 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1967 111(2) p. 217 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1968 112(4) p. 523 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1969 113(1) p. 92 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1970 114(4) p. 615 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1971 115(4) p. 695 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1972 116(4) p. 668 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1973 117(4) p. 589 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1974 118(4) p. 581 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1975 119(4) p. 548 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1976 120(4) p. 635 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1977 121(4) p. 646 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1978 122(4) p. 743 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1979 123(4) p. 675 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1980 124(4) ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1981 125(4) p. 603 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1982 126(4) p. 745 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1983 127(4) p. 637 ^ >Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1983 128(4) p. 620 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1985 129(4) p. 617 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1986 130(4) p.673 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1987 131(2) p. 273 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1988 132(4) p. 701 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1989 133(3) p. 717 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1990 134(4) p. 837 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1991 135(4) p. 729 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1992 136(4) p. 785 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1993 137(4) p. 865 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1994 138(4) p. 907 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1995 139(2) p. 391 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1996 140(4) p. 1219 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1997 141(4) p. 1125 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1998 142(4) p. 1061 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 1999 143(4)p. 1205 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 2000 144(4) p. 1345 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 2001 145(4) p. 1615 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 2002 146(4) p. 1269 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 2003 147(4) p. 1563 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 2004 148(4) p. 1542 ^ Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 2005 149(4) p. 1248 ^ Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres website accessed November 10, 2010 Archived September 27, 2011, at
792-509: Is a subfield of area studies or East Asian studies involved in social sciences and humanities research on China. It is an academic discipline that focuses on the study of the Chinese civilization primarily through Chinese language , history , culture , literature , philosophy , art , music , cinema , and science . Its origin "may be traced to the examination which Chinese scholars made of their own civilization." The academic field of sinology often refers to Western scholarship. Until
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#1732856064616864-706: Is a well-known historical figure in the Arabian Peninsula, made significant contributions to Sinology. Al-Masoudi has traveled all over the world since he was a child, visiting faraway places. In the year 915, he visited India, Ceylon, Champa, and the coastal regions of China, and then visited Zabagh and Turkistan in Central Asia. He died in the year 956, and he is the author of the book "Meadows of Gold", which deals with history, geography, and other fields. He had many records about China, and these records were popular among orient scholars. Abu Zayd's book "On China and India"
936-406: Is called the "commentarial tradition" through critical annotated translation. This emphasis on translating classical texts inhibited the use of social science methodology or comparing these texts of other traditions. One scholar described this type of sinology as "philological hairsplitting" preoccupied with marginal or curious aspects. Secular scholars gradually came to outnumber missionaries, and in
1008-466: Is clear from the foregoing that there had been friction between China and the Arabs from a long time ago, and that there are cultural and commercial relations existing between the Arab and Chinese civilizations, which required the visiting Arabs to learn the Chinese language and vice versa. However, there are no texts indicating that the Arabs during this period studied the Chinese language or culture beyond what their missionary or trades affairs demanded, and
1080-665: The Dark Ages . Among the European literati interested in China was Voltaire , who wrote the play L'orphelin de la Chine inspired by The Orphan of Zhao , Leibniz who penned his famous Novissima Sinica (News from China) and Giambattista Vico . Because Chinese texts did not have any major connections to most important European topics (such as the Bible), they were scarcely studied by European universities until around 1860. An exception to this
1152-744: The Greek Sinae , from the Arabic Sin —which ultimately derive from "Qin", i.e. the Qin dynasty . In the context of area studies , the European and the American usages may differ. In Europe, sinology is usually known as "Chinese studies", whereas in the United States, sinology is a subfield of Chinese studies. A China watcher is a person who monitors current events and power struggles in China . In Japan, sinology
1224-584: The Prix Julien award from the French Academy in 1897 for his Chinese Biographical Dictionary . Generally considered unreliable among modern academics, Endymion Wilkinson described it as: full of inaccuracies and the selection leaves much to be desired. Between one third and a half of the dates are wrong because Giles supposed that if somebody is recorded as having died in 1200 aged 63 he or she must have been born in 1137 (in most cases 1138 would have been
1296-628: The University of Cambridge for 35 years. Giles was educated at Charterhouse School before becoming a British diplomat in China. He modified a Mandarin Chinese romanization system established by Thomas Wade , resulting in the widely known Wade–Giles Chinese romanization system. Among his many works were translations of the Analects of Confucius , the Lao Tzu (Tao Te Ching) , the Chuang Tzu , and, in 1892,
1368-550: The University of Chicago . Tsou emphasized the importance of academic objectivity in general and in sinology in particular, stressing that intellectual and academic exchange between China and the West was the only way for both parties to come to a greater understanding of one another. In 1964 an exchange in the pages of the Journal of Asian Studies debated the continued relevance of sinology. The anthropologist G. William Skinner called for
1440-1863: The Wayback Machine ^ "James Robson Faculty Biography" . Archived from the original on 2014-11-29 . Retrieved 2010-11-09 . ^ Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres website accessed February 25, 2012 ^ Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres website accessed February 25, 2012 ^ Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres website accessed November 13, 2013 ^ Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres website accessed September 29, 2014 ^ Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres website accessed October 2, 2015 ^ Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres website accessed November 4, 2016 ^ Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres website accessed October 10, 2017 ^ Académie des inscriptions et belles-letteres website accessed September 6, 2018 ^ Académie des inscriptions et belles-letteres website accessed September 27, 2019 ^ [ https://fairbank.fas.harvard.edu/professor-stephen-owen-awarded-2020-stanislas-julien-prize/ Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies website accessed August 11, 2020 ^ "Palmarès 2021" . 22 February 2021. ^ "Palmarès 2022" . 29 July 2022. ^ "Palmarès 2023" . 13 July 2023. ^ "Palmarès 2024" . 28 July 2024. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prix_Stanislas_Julien&oldid=1237327638 " Categories : Sinology Academic awards French awards Awards established in 1872 Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Sinology Sinology , also referred to as China studies ,
1512-440: The Wayback Machine ^ Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres website accessed November 10, 2010 Archived May 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres website accessed November 10, 2010 Archived January 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ^ Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres website accessed November 10, 2010 Archived September 27, 2011, at
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#17328560646161584-564: The "Chinese Institute" in Naples—the first school of sinology on the European continent, and sanctioned by Pope Clement XII . The institute was first nucleus of what would become today's Università degli studi di Napoli L'Orientale . Ripa had worked as a painter and copper-engraver in the court of the Kangxi Emperor between 1711 and 1723, and returned to Naples with four young Chinese Christians, who all taught their native language and formed
1656-552: The 20th century sinology slowly gained a substantial presence in Western universities. The Paris-based type of sinology dominated learning about China until the Second World War even outside France. Paul Pelliot , Henri Maspero , and Marcel Granet both published basic studies and trained students. Pelliot's knowledge of the relevant languages, especially those of Central Asia, and control of bibliography in those languages, gave him
1728-492: The 20th century, it was historically seen as equivalent to philology concerning the Chinese classics and other literature written in the Chinese language . Since then, the scope of sinology has expanded to include Chinese history and palaeography , among other subjects. The terms sinology and sinologist were coined around 1838, derived from Late Latin Sinae , in turn from
1800-514: The 20th century, projects of cooperation between China and the Arab countries led to the development of Sinology in the Arab countries nominally after expanding the scope of Chinese-Arab cooperation in the field of education, with some difference according to the level of cooperation. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Egypt in 1956, Egypt began to open the Chinese language specialization course in Egyptian universities, but on
1872-747: The Arab world, although it was not published until recently. He also published "China in the Eyes of Travelers", a book that delved deep into the history of ancient China through the discoveries made by travellers and explorers. Al-hajri further wrote the book "Arts in the Ming Dynasty", in which he elaborated on the political and economic development of the Ming Dynasty and the historical development of Chinese culture. Four of his books are translated into Chinese Many books have been translated from Chinese into Arabic as part of these efforts. Where more than 700 books about
1944-610: The Arabian Peninsula and Africa. Historical studies confirmed that Muslim Arabs entered China during the early days of Islam to spread the religion, when four of Muhammad's companions namely Saad bin Abi Waqqas, Jaafar bin Abi Talib, and Jahsh bin Riab preached in China in the year 616/17. During the reign of Emperor Yongle, the first Chinese fleet arrived on the shores of the Arabian Peninsula, led by Zheng He , on his fourth voyage in 1412 AD. It
2016-3365: The Chinese Dunhuang manuscripts 1975 Chang Hsin-Chang Chinese Literature: Popular Fiction and Drama 1976 Olga Lazarevna Fishman Notes intitulėes Multum in parvo, par Ki-Yun , ėcrivain chinois (1724-1796) 1977 L. Carrington Goodrich Dictionary of Ming Biography (1368-1644) 1978 Miyazaki Ichisada Essais sur l'histoire de l'Asie 1979 A. C. Graham Later Mohist Logic 1980 Léon Vandermeersch Wangdao ou la Voie royale vol. I 1981 Eleonora Nowgorodowa Alte Kunst der Mongolei 1982 Jean-Claude Martzloff Recherches sur l'œuvre mathématique de Méi Wéndǐng, 1633-1721 1983 Martine Vallette-Hémery Yuan Hongdao , 1568-1610 : théorie et pratique littéraires 1984 Liu Pak-Yuen Les Institutions politiques et la lutte pour le pouvoir au milieu de la dynastie des Han antérieurs 1985 Kristofer Schipper Le corps taoïste : corps physique, corps social 1986 Charlotte Von Verschuer Les relations officielles du Japon avec la Chine aux vIIIe et ixe siècles 1987 Dietrich Seckel Buddhistische Tempelnamen in Japan 1988 Lucie Rault-Leyrat La cithare chinoise zheng 1989 Alain Peyraube Syntaxe diachronique du chinois 1990 Jean François Billeter L'Art chinois de l'écriture 1991 Christine Mollier Une apocalypse taoïste du Ve siècle : le Livre des incantations divines des grottes abyssales 1992 André Bareau En suivant Bouddha 1993 Jacques Dars La Marine chinoise du Xe siècle au XIVe siècle 1994 Baoyun Yang Contribution à l'histoire de la principauté des Nguyên au Vietnam méridional : 1600-1775 1995 Kuo Li-Ying Confession et contrition dans le bouddhisme chinois du Ve au Xe siècl 1996 Éric Trombert Le crédit à Dunhuang: vie matérielle et société en Chine médiévale 1997 Françoise Bottéro Sémantisme et classification dans l'écriture chinoise: les systèmes de classement des caractères par clés du Shuowen Jiezi au Kangxi Zidian 1998 Anne Cheng Histoire de la pensée chinoise 1999 Elfriede Regina Knauer The Camel's Load in Life and Death 2000 Robert Hegel Reading Illustrated Fiction in Late Imperial China 2001 Ll Xiaohong Céleste Dragon. - Genèse de l'iconographie du dragon chinois 2002 Marianne Bujard Le Sacrifice au Ciel dans la Chine ancienne. Théorie et pratique sous les Han occidentaux 2003 Michela Bussotti Gravures de Hui, étude du livre illustré chinois du 16e siècle à la première moitié du 17e siècle 2004 Christian Lamouroux Fiscalité, comptes publics et politiques financières dans la Chine des Song. – Le chapitre 179 du Songshi 2005 Mark Elvin The Retreat of
2088-563: The Chinese language in Kuwait as well, but they stopped after a short period. The number of Arabs that learn the Chinese Language has increased. The Chinese Language Department at Ain Shams University is a major center for teaching the Chinese language in Egypt and one of the notable centers for teaching the Chinese language in the Arab world and Africa in terms of student size, teaching quality, and
2160-581: The Chinese people. An early Spanish Dominican mission in Manila operated a printing press; between 1593 and 1607, they produced four works on Catholic doctrine for the Chinese immigrant community, three in Literary Chinese and one in a mixture of Literary Chinese and vernacular Hokkien . Dominican accomplishments among the Chinese diaspora pale in comparison to the success of the Jesuits in mainland China, led by
2232-511: The Chinese using their own terms. During the Age of Enlightenment , sinologists started to introduce Chinese philosophy, ethics, legal system, and aesthetics into the West. Though often unscientific and incomplete, their works inspired the development of chinoiserie and a series of debates comparing Chinese and Western cultures. At that time, sinologists often described China as an enlightened kingdom, comparing it to Europe, which had just emerged from
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2304-759: The Elephants: an Environmental History of China 2006 François Lachaud La jeune fille et la mort 2007 Stephen Teiser Reinventing the Wheel: Paintings of Rebirth in Medieval Buddhist Temples 2008 Christine Mollier Buddhism and Taoism Face to Face: Scripture, Ritual, and Iconographic Exchange in Medieval China 2009 Mark Edward Lewis The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han 2010 James Robson Power of Place: The Religious Landscape of
2376-701: The Evolution of Esoteric Buddhist Rituals 2016 Michel Vieillard-Baron Recueil des joyaux d’or (Kingyoku wakashu) 2017 Terry Frederick Kleeman Celestial Masters : History and Ritual in Early Daoist Communities Awarded in the form of a medal. 2018 Patrick Wertmann Sogdians in China Awarded in the form of a medal. 2019 Jean Levi [ fr ] Les deux arbres de la Voie, Les entretiens de Confucius et Le Livre de Lao-Tseu Awarded in
2448-722: The Former Han Dynasty 1948 Josef Franz Karl Rock Studies in Na-khi literature The romance of K'a-mä-gyu-mi-gkyi 1949 Feng Youlan Xin Yuandao 新原道 1950 Arthur Waley Life and Times of Po Chũ-i 772-846 1951 Tjan Tjoe Som Po Hu T'ung: the Comprehensive Discussions in the White Tiger Hall 1952 Haneda Toru for his scholarship and to mark
2520-523: The People's Republic of China in 1949, China studies developed along diverging lines. The rise of Area studies , the role of China watchers , and the growth of university graduate programs has changed the role of sinology. Funding for Chinese and Taiwanese studies comes from a variety of sources; one prominent source is the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation . The Area studies approach, especially in
2592-549: The Southern Sacred Peak (Nanyue 南嶽) in Medieval China 2011 Rafe de Crespigny Imperial Warlord : A Biography of Cao Cao, 155-220 AD 2012 Pierre Marsone La Steppe et l’Empire. La formation de la dynastie Khitan (Liao), IVe-Xe siècles 2013 Li Fanwen XiXia-Chinese Dictionary 2014 Endymion Wilkinson Chinese History: A New Manual 2015 Koichi Shinohara Spells, Images, and Mandalas: Tracing
2664-401: The United States, challenged the dominance of classical sinology. Scholars such as John King Fairbank promoted the "study of China within a discipline," an approach which downplayed the role of philological sinology and focused on issues in history and the social sciences. One of the earliest American scholars of Cold War China and Sino-American relations was Chinese-American Tang Tsou of
2736-4346: The VIIth Cent. B.C. to A.D. 621 1894 Jan Jakob Maria de Groot Edouard Chavannes La code du Mahâyâna en Chine Mémoire composé à l'époque de la grande dynastie T'ang sur les religieux éminents qui allèrent chercher la loi dans les pays d'Occident 1895 Sėraphin Couvreur Choix de documents 1896 Maurice Courant [ fr ] Bibliographie coréenne volumes I and II 1897 Edouard Chavannes Les Mémoires historiques de Se-Ma Ts'ien volumes I and II 1898 Herbert Giles Jan Jakob Maria de Groot A Chinese Biographical Dictionary fascicle 1 The Religious System of China 1899 Pierre Hoang Ėtienne Zi Notions techniques sur la propriété en Chine Pratique des examens militaires en Chine 1900 Camille August Sainson Mémoires sur l'Annam 1901 Jean Bonet Dictionnaire annamite-français 1902 Dėsirė Lacroix Jan Jakob Maria de Groot Numismatique annamite The Religious System of China volume 4. 1903 Maurice Courant [ fr ] Catalogue des livres chinois, coréens, japonais de la Bibliothèque Nationale 1904 Louis Gaillard Nankin d'alors et d'aujourd'hui 1905 Léon Wieger Rudiments de parler et de style chinois, dialecte de Ho-Kien-Fou 1906 Ėmile Raguet Ono Tota Dictionnaire français-japonais 1907 Étienne Aymonier Antoine Cabaton Dictionnaire Čam-Francais 1908 Eduard Huber Alfred Forke Sutra-lam-kara Lun-Heng 1909 Aurel Stein Ancient Khotan 1910 Paul Vial Stanislas Millot Joseph Esquirol and Gustave Williatte Dictionnaire francais-lolo, dialecte gni Dictionnaire des Formes Cursives des Caractères Chinois Essai de dictionnaire dioi-français reproduisant la langue parlée par les tribus thai de la haute rivière de l'Ouest 1911 Herbert Giles Chinese English Dictionary 2nd edition, revised and expanded. 1912 F. M. Savina Henri Doré [ fr ] Raphael Petrucci Dictionnaire Tay-Annamite Recherches sur les superstitions en Chine Philosophie de la nature dans l'art d'extrême-orient 1913 Maurice Courant [ fr ] Gaston Cahen Essai historique sur la musique classique des Chinois Histoire des relations de la Russie avec la Chine sous Pierre le Grand 1914 Marinus Willem de Visser Pierre Hoang The Dragon in China and Japan Catalogue des tremblements de terre signalés en Chine d'après les sources chinoises. 1915 Maurice Courant [ fr ] La langue chinoise parlėe 1916 Bernard Karlgren Études sur la phonologie chinoise 1917 Sekino Tadashi Album de planches sur les antiquitės de Corėe 朝鮮古蹟図譜 1918 Jérôme Tobar La Chine et les religions étrangères 1919 Samuel Couling Encyclopædia Sinica 1920 Marcel Granet Les fêtes et chansons anciennes de la Chine 1921 Raphael Petrucci Kiai-Tseu-Yuan Houa Tchouan Encyclopédie de la peinture chinoise 1922 Henri Lamasse C.A.S Williams Sin Kouo Wen ou Nouveau manuel de la langue chinoise A Manual of Chinese Metaphor 1925 Guy Boulais Manuel de code chinois 1926 Marcel Granet Danses et lėgendes de la Chine ancienne 1927 Johan Gunnar Andersson Preliminary Reports on Archaeological Research in Kansu 1928 Henri Maspero La Chine antique 1929 Takakusu Junjiro Taishō shinshū Daizōkyō 大正新脩大蔵経 1930 René Grousset Histoire de l'Extrême-Orient 1931 Arthur Christopher Moule Christians in China 1932 Academia Sinica, Institute of History and Archaeology Bulletin and associated publications, in particular
2808-522: The assumption that there is "some implicit hostility between 'Sinology' and the disciplines of history and social sciences." Sinology, he continued, is used in too a wide range of meanings to be so confined: During the Cold War , China Watchers centered in Hong Kong , especially American government officials or journalists. Mutual distrust between the United States and China and the prohibition of travel between
2880-507: The authoritative source for the Wade-Giles system of Romanization." (Yong and Peng 2008: 387). The English sinologist and historian Endymion Wilkinson (2013: 85) says Giles' dictionary is "still interesting as a repository of late Qing documentary Chinese, although there is little or no indication of the citations, mainly from the Kangxi zidian)." (Wilkinson 2013: 85) In 1917, Giles funded an award,
2952-537: The book "Zheng He, Chinese Emperor of the Seas". The book covers the history and adventures of a Chinese commander by the name Zheng He whose fleet went round the known world in seven voyages between the years 1415 and 1432. He also wrote before that the novel "The Fleet of the Sun" inspired by the story of the Chinese commander. It was considered the first Arabic novel with a Chinese as the central character, thus it achieved some fame in
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3024-779: The chair of Chinese at the Collège de France for over 40 years, starting his studies with Rémusat and succeeding him in 1833. He was notable for his translations not only of classical texts but also works of vernacular literature, and for his knowledge of Manchu. Édouard Chavannes succeeded to the position after the death of Marquis d'Hervey-Saint-Denys in 1893. Chavannes pursued broad interests in history as well as language. The image of China as an essentially Confucian society conveyed by Jesuit scholars dominated Western thought in these times. While some in Europe learned to speak Chinese, most studied written classical Chinese. These scholars were in what
3096-445: The countries meant they did not have access to press briefings or interviews. They therefore adopted techniques from Kremlinology , such as the close parsing of official announcements for hidden meanings, movements of officials reported in newspapers, and analysis of photographs of public appearances. But in the years since the opening of China, China watchers can live in China and take advantage of normal sources of information. Towards
3168-405: The end of the century, many of those studying China professionally called for an end to the split between sinology and the disciplines. The Australian scholar Geremie Barmé , for instance, suggests a "New Sinology", one which "emphasizes strong scholastic underpinnings in both the classical and modern Chinese language and studies, at the same time as encouraging an ecumenical attitude in relation to
3240-440: The entire body of his work 1970 No prize awarded 1971 Pierre Ryckmans La vie et l'oeuvre de Su Renshan [ fr ] , rebelle, peintre et fou 1972 Akira Fujieda Moji no bunkashi 文字の文化史 1973 Joseph Needham Science and Civilisation in China 1974 Pan Chung-Kweï Yingya Dunhuang yunji xinbian 瀛涯敦煌韻輯新編 and his studies and textual criticisms of
3312-809: The excavation reports of Anyang 1934 Anastasius van den Wyngaert Sinica Franciscana volumes I and II 1935 Louis de La Vallée-Poussin ed. Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques 1936 Wang Ts'ing-jou [ zh ] for publications on the Xixia language 1937 William Hung Index of the Harvard-Yenching edition of the Li Chi 1938 Paul Ratchnevsky Un code des Yuan 1939 René Grousset L'Empire des Steppes 1946 Étienne Lamotte Le Traité de la grande vertu de sagesse de Nāgārjuna 1947 Homer H. Dubs History of
3384-509: The family and ritual. The Russian school of sinology was focused mainly on learning classical Chinese texts. For example, the contribution of the Russian sinologist Julian Shchutsky was especially valuable. The best full translation of the I Ching ( Book of Changes ) was made by him in 1937. Later his translation was translated in English and other European languages. After the proclamation of
3456-495: The first important secular sinologists in these two countries were James Legge and Hans Georg Conon von der Gabelentz . In 1878, a professorship of Far Eastern languages, the first of its kind in the German-speaking world, was created at the University of Leipzig with von der Gabelentz taking the position. Scholars like Legge often relied on the work of ethnic Chinese scholars such as Wang Tao . Stanislas Julien served as
3528-569: The following. "If he were asked to formulate in a sentence the special mark and merit of Professor Giles's lifelong labours, he would say that beyond all other living scholars he had humanized Chinese studies. He had by his writings made more readers know more things about China, things that were material, things that were vital – he had diffused a better and a truer understanding of Chinese intellect, its capabilities and achievements, than any other scholar." Giles finally retired in 1932, and died at Cambridge on 13 February 1935, aged 89. Giles received
3600-769: The form of a medal 1959 Louis-Charles Damais for studies of Indonesian epigraphy 1962 Jao Tsung-i Yindai zhenbu renwu tongkao awarded in the form of a medal 1963 David Hawkes Ch'u Tz'u: the Songs of the South, an Ancient Chinese Anthology 1965 Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Inventaire et la publication des manuscrits chinois de Touen-Houang 1967 David Nivison The Life and Thought of Chang Hsüeh-ch'eng 1968 No prize awarded 1969 Kôjirô Yoshikawa for
3672-403: The form of a medal. 2020 Stephen Owen Just a Song: Chinese Lyrics from the Eleventh and Early Twelfth Centuries 2021 Frédéric Constant Le droit mongol dans l’État impérial sino-mandchou (1644-1911), entre autonomie et assimilation . Awarded in the form of a medal. 2022 Robert Ford Campany The Chinese Dreamscape, 300 BCE - 800 CE . Awarded in
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#17328560646163744-501: The form of a medal. 2023 Catherine Despeux For her translation of Classique du Thé . Awarded in the form of a medal. 2024 Siyan Jin Awarded in the form of a medal for her work La poétique de Liu Xie: une histoire littéraire de la Chine ancienne . Published as a complement to the translation by Siyan Jin and Leon Vandermeersch titled, L’esprit de la littérature ciseleur de dragons . See also [ edit ] Prix Giles , awarded biennially for
3816-1298: The history and geography of Central Asia in the Middle Ages 1879 Willem Vissering On Chinese Currency and Paper Money 1880 Henri Cordier Bibliotheca sinica. Dictionnaire bibliographique des ouvrages relatifs à l'Empire chinois 1881 Émile Rocher La province chinoise du Yun-Nan 1882 O. du Sartel La Porcelaine de Chine 1883 Maurice Jametel L'Encre De Chine Son Histoire Et Sa Fabrication 1884 Angelo Zottoli Cursus litteraturae sinicae neo-missionariis accommodatus 1885 Léon de Rosny [ fr ] "Kami yo-no maki". Histoire des dynasties divines 1886 Séraphin Couvreur Dictionnaire chinois-français 1887 Gustaaf Schlegel Nederlandsch-Chineesch Woordenboek 1888 Jean-Gabriel Devéria La Frontière Sino-Annamite 1889 No prize awarded. 1890 Abel des Michels Les Annales Impériales de l'Annam 1891 Sėraphin Couvreur Dictionnaire chinois-français 1892 Léon de Rosny [ fr ] Chan-Hai-Cing , antique géographie chinoise 1893 Albert Étienne Jean-Baptiste Terrien de Lacouperie Catalogue of Chinese Coins from
3888-524: The institute to teach Chinese to missionaries en route to China. In 1814, a chair of Chinese and Manchu was founded at Collège de France . Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat , who taught himself Chinese , filled the position, becoming the first professor of Chinese in Europe. By then the first Russian sinologist, Nikita Bichurin , had been living in Beijing for ten years. Abel-Rémusat's counterparts in England and Germany were Samuel Kidd (1797–1843) and Wilhelm Schott (1807–1889) respectively, though
3960-426: The level of teachers and staff. The Bourguiba Institute for Modern Languages was also opened in Tunisia, and it specializes in the Chinese language in 1977. Cairo University also established the Chinese Language Department in September 2004 becoming a major center for Sinology is North Africa . Arab scholars sought to delve deeper into Sinology for academic, political, cultural and diplomatic purposes in order to build
4032-426: The opening of the Fort Santo Domingo Museum – 8 November 2005, that his great-grandfather, Herbert A Giles, was Her Britannic Majesty's Consul in Tamsui, Fort Santo Domingo from 1885 until 1891. Prior to that time, in 1869, Giles was based at Kaoshiung. He married Catherine Maria (Kate) Fenn in 1870 and was the father of Bertram, Valentine, Lancelot, Edith, Mable, and Lionel Giles . In 1897 Herbert Giles became only
4104-443: The other hand, replied that the disciplines were too often treated as ends in themselves. Sinology had its backers. Frederick W. Mote , a specialist in traditional China, replying to Skinner, spoke up for sinology, which he saw as a field or discipline in itself. Another specialist in traditional China, Denis Twitchett , in reply to the back and forth of this debate, issued what he called "A Lone Cheer for Sinology". He did not accept
4176-431: The overcrowding of Chinese emigrants on British ships. Yet as Charles Aylmer wrote, in his Memoirs of H. A. Giles, "Notwithstanding his reputation for abrasiveness, he would speak to anyone in the street from the Vice-Chancellor to a crossing-sweeper and was remembered by acquaintances as a man of great personal charm. " Giles wrote some of his works in conjunction with his son, Dr. Lionel Giles, also an expert on China, who
4248-424: The people of China, their culture, economy, literature and philosophy have been translated into Arabic by the (House of Wisdom) company located in the Ningxia Hui region, northwest China since its establishment in 2011. Herbert Giles Herbert Allen Giles ( / dʒ aɪ l z / , 8 December 1845 – 13 February 1935) was a British diplomat and sinologist who was the professor of Chinese at
4320-508: The pilgrimage to Mecca, in addition to the flourishing of land and sea trade. All this led to the advancement of their studies in geography and thus, new knowledge about China found its way to the Arab world. Up to the twelfth century, the Arabs possessed exclusive knowledge about the East, and they were contributing to the transmission of knowledge to the West, which contributed to the advancement of Islamic civilization and its impact on world culture. Arabs such as Abu al-Hasan Ali al-Masoudi, who
4392-410: The power to write on a range of topics and to criticize in damning detail the mistakes of other scholars. Maspero expanded the scope of sinology from Confucianism to include Daoism, Buddhism, and popular religion, as well as art, mythology, and the history of science. The contribution of Granet was to apply the concepts of Emile Durkheim , a pioneer sociologist, to the society of ancient China, especially
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#17328560646164464-420: The publication of a festshcrift in his honor 1953 Francis Cleaves Sino-Mongolian Inscriptions of 1346 and for his body of work in Sino-Mongolian philology 1954 Étienne Balazs Études sur la société et l'économie de la Chine médiévale 1955 Herbert Franke Sinologie 1957 Edwin O. Reischauer Ennin's Diary and Ennin's Travels in China awarded in
4536-422: The reason for this is due to the fact that the purpose of the visits was often to trade or to spread Islam. At the beginning of the seventh century until the eighth century, the power of the Arabs increased due to the expansion of Islam and its spread throughout the world, and their control expanded to the east and west. Their power was strengthened by their vast lands, their advanced network of postal stations, and
4608-427: The renowned pioneer Matteo Ricci . Ricci arrived in Guangzhou in 1583, and would spend the rest of his life in China. Unlike most of his predecessors and contemporaries, Ricci did not view the Chinese firstly as pagans or idolators, but as "like-minded literati approachable on the level of learning". Like Chinese literati, he studied the Confucian classics in order to present Catholic doctrine and European learning to
4680-532: The second professor of Chinese language appointed at the University of Cambridge , succeeding Thomas Wade . At the time of his appointment, there were no other sinologists at Cambridge. Giles was therefore free to spend most of his time among the ancient Chinese texts earlier donated by Wade, publishing what he chose to translate from his eclectic reading in Chinese literature. Giles published over sixty books, lectures, pamphlets, journal articles, book reviews, and newspaper articles. During his long life he completed
4752-484: The social sciences to make more use of China, but wrote "In recent years the cry has gone up: Sinology is dead; long live Chinese studies!" and concluded that "Sinology, a discipline unto itself, is being replaced by Chinese studies, a multidisciplinary endeavour with specific research objectives." Joseph Levenson , a historian, went further. He doubted that sinology was a tool that social scientists would still find useful, while another historian, Benjamin I. Schwartz , on
4824-427: The widely published A Chinese–English Dictionary . Herbert Allen Giles was the fourth son of John Allen Giles (1808–1884), an Anglican clergyman. After studying at Charterhouse , Herbert became a British diplomat to Qing China , serving from 1867 to 1892. He also spent several years (1885–1888) at Fort Santo Domingo in Tamsui , northern Taiwan . Giles' great-grandson, Giles Pickford, stated in an address at
4896-402: Was France, where Chinese studies were popularized owing to efforts from Louis XIV . In 1711, he appointed a young Chinese man named Arcadio Huang to catalog the royal collection of Chinese texts. Huang was assisted by Étienne Fourmont , who published a grammar of Chinese in 1742. In 1732, Matteo Ripa , a missionary of the Neapolitan "Sacred Congregation" ( De propaganda fide ) founded
4968-437: Was a well-known and highly regarded Arabic historical material. The book had two separate parts, the first part was "History of Indian and Chinese Affairs" by an unknown author, and the second part was "A Collection of Rumors of India and China" by Abu Zayd. The first part was a selection from Solomon's "Chinese experiences" and other anonymous sources, written and recorded in 851, together with their experiences in India. During
5040-418: Was employed as the Deputy Keeper of Oriental Printed Books and Manuscripts at the British Museum. His later works include a history of the Chinese Pictorial Art in 1905 and his 1914 Hibbert Lectures on Confucianism which was published in 1915 by Williams and Norgate . He dedicated the third edition of Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio (1916) to his seven grandchildren, but at the end of his life
5112-665: Was known as kangaku . It was contrasted with the study of Japan ( kokugaku ) as well as with the study of the West (first rangaku , then more broadly yōgaku ). This historical field is distinguished from modern sinology. In modern China, the studies of China-related subjects is known as "national studies" ( 国学 ; 國學 ; guóxué ), and foreign sinology is translated as "Han studies" ( 汉学 ; 漢學 ; Hànxué ). The earliest Westerners known to have studied Chinese in significant numbers were 16th-century Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian missionaries. All were either Jesuits or Dominicans seeking to spread Catholic Christianity to
5184-471: Was on speaking terms with only one of his surviving children. An ardent agnostic, he was also an enthusiastic freemason . He never became a Fellow at one of the constituent colleges of the University of Cambridge, despite being a university professor for 35 years. Dr. Giles was married twice. His first wife was Miss Catherine Maria Fenn and his second wife was Miss Elise Williamina Edersheim, who died in 1921. On her death, Giles wrote, "In all those 38 years not
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