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32-493: The bank was named after the oceanographic campaign of Prince Albert I of Monaco , whose research vessel Princess Alice was involved in its discovery on 9 July 1896. On that day, at 6:00 a.m., at the beginning of a deep water exploration, rocky ledges were discovered 241 metres (791 ft) deep. After scouring the area, the group discovered an extensive "platform", with a perimeter of about 55 km (34 mi), and two extensions of 76 metres (249 ft) in length. The platform

64-688: A German botanist sent him in 1912. In 1918, the US National Academy of Sciences awarded Prince Albert its Alexander Agassiz Medal for his achievements. The Explorers Club elected Albert I to its highest category of membership — Honorary Member — in 1921. He was also awarded the Cullum Geographical Medal of the American Geographical Society . Prince Rainier of Monaco and the International Association for

96-519: A constitution on the principality in 1911. Born on 13 November 1848 in Paris, France , the son of Prince Charles III (1818–1889), and Countess Antoinette Ghislaine de Merode (1828–1864), a Belgian noblewoman , maternal aunt of Donna Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo, Princess della Cisterna , Duchess consort of Aosta and Queen consort of Spain . As a young man, Prince Albert served in the Spanish Navy as

128-670: A navigator. During the Franco-Prussian War , he joined the French Navy where he was awarded the Legion of Honor . In addition to his interest in oceanographic studies, Albert had a keen interest in the origins of man and in Paris, he founded the " Institute for Human Paleontology " that was responsible for a number of archeological digs. The " Grimaldi Man " found in the Baousse-Rousse cave

160-469: A number of techniques and instruments for measurement and exploration. Albert I was also the “instigator and promulgator” of the oceanographic science he contributed to create. He founded the Institut océanographique , Foundation Albert I, Prince of Monaco in 1906, a private foundation recognized of public utility. It has two buildings: The Oceanographic Institute of Paris, now renamed Ocean House, and what became

192-580: A relative of hers to marry into a family who made a living out of gambling. He then suggested Mary, his third cousin and sister of his good friend, the 12th Duke of Hamilton , as a suitable alternative. Mary was a granddaughter of Charles, Grand Duke of Baden and related by blood to the French Imperial family through her maternal grandmother Stéphanie de Beauharnais , Emperor Napoléon I 's adopted daughter and second cousin of Napoléon III's mother, Hortense de Beauharnais . The Hamiltons were well aware of

224-715: Is also the derivation of the name of the Italian region of Campania . The toponym dates back to the Renaissance describing its vast chalk lined flat landscape. In the High Middle Ages , the province was famous for the Champagne fairs , which were very important in the economy of the Western societies. The chivalric romance had its first beginnings in the county of Champagne with the famous writer Chrétien de Troyes who wrote stories of

256-647: The 11th Duke of Hamilton and his wife, Princess Marie Amelie of Baden . The couple met for the first time in August 1869 at a ball hosted by the Emperor and Empress of France; their marriage had been arranged by Albert's grandmother Caroline . Caroline had tried to make a match between Albert and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge , the first cousin of Queen Victoria , and sought the help of Napoléon III (Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte) and his wife, Empress Eugénie . The Emperor convinced Caroline that Queen Victoria would never allow

288-573: The Azores , he discovered the Princess Alice Bank . From an early age, Prince Albert I of Monaco evidenced a strong fascination for the polar regions . In the years 1898-1907 he made four scientific cruises to Svalbard on his yacht Princesse Alice . His efforts are honored by the later naming of Albert I Land on Spitsbergen . The first cruise in the summer of 1898 was an oceanographical and zoological reconnaissance, aimed mainly at adding to

320-743: The British Academy . In 1910 the Prince was the main founder of the Institute of Human Paleontology ( Institut de paléontologie humaine ) in Paris, close to the Jardin des plantes which is the seat of the French National Museum of Natural History . Finally, he showed a keen interest in environmental protection, especially in Svalbard. This is demonstrated by his responses to a questionnaire that Hugo Conwentz ,

352-802: The Monte Carlo Rally , an automobile race designed to draw tourists to Monaco and the Casino . Despite his military service, or perhaps because of it, the Prince became a pacifist, establishing the International Institute of Peace in Monaco as a place to develop a peaceful settlement for conflict through arbitration. In the tension-filled times leading up to World War I , Prince Albert made numerous attempts to dissuade Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm II from war. When war came, Prince Albert could not avoid becoming involved. In one incident, he even wrote personally to

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384-649: The Order of St. Benedict in 1894. Increasingly Princess Alice Bank has become one of the main areas for fishing exploration within the Central Group of the Azorean islands. An area of 50 nautical miles (93 km) around the bank, measured from the coasts of the closest islands, was established by the European Union as a reserve for Azorean fishermen. Princess Alice Bank is one of the main points of friction, or disagreement, in

416-602: The Kaiser in an effort to ameliorate the consequences of Gen. Karl von Bülow 's wrath. Without the Prince's intervention, the French villages of Sissonne and Marchais would have been destroyed. In the "Great War to End All Wars", Monaco declared its neutrality, but in fact, provided the Allied forces with hospitals, convalescent centers, and soldiers, including Prince Albert's only son, Louis. Albert died on 26 June 1922 in Paris, France, and

448-752: The Physical Sciences of the Oceans established the Prince Albert I Medal in the physical and chemical sciences of the oceans in his honor. Albert I constituted a collection of postage stamps . The collection was later continued by Louis II and finally became part of the postal museum Rainier III that created in 1950. Albert I was featured on a €2 commemorative coin issued by the Principality of Monaco in 2022. Champagne (province) Champagne ( French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃paɲ] )

480-513: The collections of the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco, for which the construction had just started. On the second expedition, in 1899, the focus was on the hydrography and topography of Raudfjorden , on the north-western tip of Spitsbergen , of which a map was published. His efforts are acknowledged by the later naming of Albert I Land , which comprises the part of Spitsbergen west of Raudfjorden. The third trip, in 1906, meteorology

512-555: The commercial centers of the area. In 1956, most of Champagne became part of the French administrative region of Champagne-Ardenne , which comprised four departments: Ardennes , Aube , Haute-Marne , and Marne . From 1 January 2016, Champagne-Ardenne merged with the adjoining regions of Alsace and Lorraine to form the new region of Grand Est . The name Champagne , formerly written Champaigne , comes from French meaning "open country" (suited to military maneuvers) and from Latin campanius meaning "level country" or "plain" which

544-772: The current dispute between the Regional Government of the Azores and the European Union regarding the reform of the common fisheries policy . 37°55′N 31°30′W  /  37.917°N 31.500°W  / 37.917; -31.500 Albert I, Prince of Monaco Albert I (Albert Honoré Charles Grimaldi; 13 November 1848 – 26 June 1922) was Prince of Monaco from 10 September 1889 until his death in 1922. He devoted much of his life to oceanography , exploration and science. Alongside his expeditions, Albert I made reforms on political, economic and social levels, bestowing

576-458: The discovery and informing him of the usefulness of the bank for fishing. Returning to Monaco , on 21 August, the prince circulated a press statement reporting the discovery and stressing its importance to Azorean fisheries. In gratitude for the discovery, King Carlos awarded the prince with the "grand collar" of the Order of Santiago , having already granted Captain Carr the honorific degree of master of

608-587: The extent of Monaco's estate, which was no bigger than theirs, but were sufficiently impressed by its status as an independent principality. The couple married at Château de Marchais on 21 September 1869. Within a year of their marriage, the couple's only child (Louis) was born, but Mary disliked Monaco and found the Mediterranean too hot. While Albert was away fighting in the Franco-Prussian war, she left Monaco permanently. The couple divorced and their marriage

640-508: The marriage of Prince Albert and Princess Alice, in 1902, they separated legally, without issue, though did not divorce. According to Anne Edwards ' book The Grimaldis of Monaco , this was due to the Princess's friendship with the composer Isidore de Lara . By the same token, the courtesan Caroline Otero, La Belle Otero , who had served him as a high class prostitute between 1893 and 1897, recalled Albert fondly in her memoirs and claimed that he

672-423: The principality's politics and economy. There was severe unemployment, as the principality lacked factories and farmland, and the casinos did not allow citizens to work there. On 5 January 1911, Prince Albert I granted Monaco a constitution , but the document had little real meaning in terms of reducing autocratic rule and was soon suspended by the Prince when World War I broke out. Also in 1911, Prince Albert created

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704-552: The throne of Monaco on the death of his father. That same year in Paris , on 30 October, he married the Dowager Duchess de Richelieu , née Marie Alice Heine (1858–1925). The American daughter of a New Orleans building contractor of German-Jewish descent, Alice Heine had married the Duc de Richelieu but had been widowed by age 21 and left with a young son, Armand. Her marriage to Prince Albert proved an equal blessing for him and

736-413: The tiny principality of Monaco, since Alice brought a strong business acumen, well in advance of her youth. Having helped put her husband's principality on a sound financial footing, she would devote her energies to making Monaco one of Europe's great cultural centers, with an opera, theater, and a ballet under the direction of the famed Russian impresario Serge Diaghilev . Despite the initial success of

768-496: The world-renowned Oceanographic Museum of Monaco. This includes an aquarium , a museum , and a library , with research facilities in Paris. He owned four, increasingly impressive research yachts, Hirondelle , Princesse Alice , Princesse Alice II and Hirondelle II . Accompanied by some of the world's leading marine scientists, he travelled the length and breadth of the Mediterranean, making numerous oceanographic studies, maps and charts. In 1896, on an oceanographic survey of

800-581: Was 190 metres (620 ft) below the surface, although the peak is only 29 metres (95 ft) from the surface. The bathymetric survey was entrusted to captain Charlwood Henry Carr (1848-1918), who was also the prince's field assistant and navigator of the Princesse Alice . Carr was responsible for the original depth measurements at Princess Alice Bank. On 13 July 1896, from Faial, Prince Albert telegrammed King Carlos I of Portugal announcing

832-514: Was a province in the northeast of the Kingdom of France , now best known as the Champagne wine region for the sparkling white wine that bears its name in modern-day France. The County of Champagne , descended from the early medieval kingdom of Austrasia , passed to the French crown in 1314. Formerly ruled by the counts of Champagne , its western edge is about 160 km (100 miles) east of Paris. The cities of Troyes , Reims , and Épernay are

864-629: Was added to the range of observations and surveys were pursued. The Prince also provided support for two other expeditions, that of the Scotsman, William Bruce , to Prins Karls Forland , and that of the Norwegian, Gunnar Isachsen , to northwestern Spitsbergen. His funding of the latter lead to regular Norwegian scientific expeditions on Svalbard, and in 1928 the foundation of the Norwegian Polar Institute . The Prince's fourth expedition in 1907,

896-572: Was aimed at completing the results from the previous summer. Prince Albert also lent his support, either financially, or through gifts or loans of oceanographic instruments, to numerous Arctic and Antarctic explorers. The same year, he provided funds and support for the foundation of the Friends of the French National Museum of Natural History Society . In 1909 he joined the Société de Géographie and

928-628: Was annulled by the Church on 3 January 1880, although a special provision was made by the Vatican to allow Louis to remain legitimate in the eyes of the Church. Civilly, the marriage was dissolved on 28 July 1880, by the Order of Prince Charles III. That same year, the former Princess of Monaco remarried in Florence, Italy, to a Hungarian nobleman, Prince Tassilo Festetics von Tolna . On 10 September 1889, Albert ascended

960-505: Was named in his honour. Albert's intellectual achievements gained him worldwide recognition and in 1909, the British Academy of Science made him a member. On 21 September 1869 at the Château de Marchais (which is still in the possession of the Grimaldi family today) in Champagne , Prince Albert was married to Lady Mary Victoria Hamilton (1850–1922), of Lanarkshire , Scotland , a daughter of

992-425: Was not a virile man and suffered from erection difficulty . Princess Alice had La Belle Otero banned from the principality in 1897 for being seen with her husband. In March 1910, there were mass protests against his rule. The Monegasques demanded a constitution and a parliament to rein in the absolute monarch or else they would overthrow him and establish a republic. They were dissatisfied about French domination of

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1024-412: Was succeeded by his son, Louis II . Prince Albert I of Monaco devoted much of his life to the study of the sea and oceans, and Monaco diplomats around the world forwarded scientific papers to him. At 22 years old, he embarked on a career in the then relatively new science of oceanography . Understanding the importance of the relationship between living creatures and their environment, he devised

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